陳清軍 周成杰 楊永勝
摘要:提出了一種新的損傷指標(biāo)用于框架結(jié)構(gòu)的震后損傷識(shí)別.以環(huán)境振動(dòng)作為激勵(lì)信號(hào),采用小波包分解理論,利用框架結(jié)構(gòu)損傷后振動(dòng)信號(hào)的能量在頻域內(nèi)的變化,構(gòu)建損傷指標(biāo)DI,并給出了損傷識(shí)別流程圖.在此基礎(chǔ)上,以某鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)為例,設(shè)定4種震后損傷工況,對(duì)框架結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了震后損傷識(shí)別分析,探討了不同樓層、不同類型振動(dòng)信號(hào)對(duì)損傷識(shí)別效果的影響.結(jié)果表明:本文構(gòu)建的損傷指標(biāo)DI可以有效識(shí)別框架結(jié)構(gòu)的震后損傷,損傷指標(biāo)DI與損傷程度之間有近似線性的關(guān)系;基于較高樓層振動(dòng)信號(hào)的損傷指標(biāo)值對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷識(shí)別效果較佳;利用速度信號(hào)可獲得比加速度信號(hào)更好的識(shí)別效果.
關(guān)鍵詞:環(huán)境振動(dòng)信號(hào);小波包分解;框架結(jié)構(gòu);震后損傷識(shí)別;識(shí)別效果對(duì)比
中圖分類號(hào):TU311.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Abstract: To address the damage identification problem of frame structures after earthquakes, a new damage identification method based on the wavelet packet decomposition was proposed. The structural vibration signal under environmental vibrations was used to constitute damage indicator (DI) as follows: the vibration signal was decomposed into each frequency band with wavelet packet decomposition, then, a damage indicator was established on the basis of the energy ratio variation on frequency domain. On the above basis, a 3D finite element model of a frame structure was created by calculating DI using the proposed method. The influence on the damage identification of different floors and different types of excitation was discussed.The results show that the DI proposed can be used to identify damage effectively and the DI value is approximately linear to the damage degree. Damage identification based on vibration signal of higher floor is better than that of lower floor and the damage identification effect with velocity signals is better than acceleration signals.
Key words: environmental vibration record; wavelet packet decomposition; RC frame structure; damage identification; identification effect
我國是一個(gè)地震災(zāi)害頻發(fā)的國家,城市中建筑結(jié)構(gòu)密集.在高烈度地震發(fā)生后,能夠?qū)φ鸷鬄?zāi)區(qū)的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行快速有效的損傷診斷顯得非常重要.傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)損傷識(shí)別方法,往往采用結(jié)構(gòu)的自振頻率、阻尼比、振型、質(zhì)量和剛度矩陣等作為損傷指標(biāo),雖然這些損傷指標(biāo)理論上可以用來識(shí)別損傷,但實(shí)際工程中由于測(cè)試誤差和噪音等因素很難準(zhǔn)確地獲得這些物理參數(shù)\[1\].
近年來,隨著小波包分解理論的應(yīng)用,基于結(jié)構(gòu)振動(dòng)信號(hào)的損傷識(shí)別方法逐漸得到了重視.滕軍等\[2\]對(duì)高層結(jié)構(gòu)的加速度信號(hào)進(jìn)行小波包分解,由頻帶能量變化率指標(biāo)判別出結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷程度.丁幼亮等\[3\]對(duì)混凝土板損傷前后的動(dòng)力響應(yīng)進(jìn)行小波包分解,由特征頻帶的能量變化識(shí)別損傷.譚冬梅等\[4\]對(duì)輸電塔架的結(jié)構(gòu)振動(dòng)信號(hào)進(jìn)行小波包分解和聚類分析識(shí)別出了輸電塔架的多個(gè)損傷工況.Hae等\[5\]利用小波變換分解結(jié)構(gòu)振動(dòng)信號(hào),根據(jù)時(shí)域內(nèi)的能量分布構(gòu)建損傷指標(biāo),對(duì)4層鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了損傷識(shí)別分析.這些研究是通過對(duì)振動(dòng)信號(hào)進(jìn)行小波包分解或者小波變換得到頻域或時(shí)域內(nèi)能量分布,由結(jié)構(gòu)損傷前后能量分布的改變情況構(gòu)建損傷指標(biāo).但在實(shí)際工程應(yīng)用中存在以下兩個(gè)問題:第一,難以對(duì)大型結(jié)構(gòu)施加動(dòng)荷載;第二,難以保證結(jié)構(gòu)損傷前后的激勵(lì)完全一致.
眾所周知,地球表面無時(shí)無刻都在作不規(guī)則的微弱振動(dòng),這種振動(dòng)的產(chǎn)生可以認(rèn)為是氣象變化、潮汐、海浪等自然力和交通運(yùn)輸、動(dòng)力機(jī)器、爆破沖擊等人為振源經(jīng)地層介質(zhì)多重反射和透射、由四面八方傳播到測(cè)試點(diǎn)的各種諧波集合而成,隨時(shí)間作不規(guī)則的微弱振動(dòng),可理解為橫波在場(chǎng)地表土層中的多重反射結(jié)果,具有平穩(wěn)隨機(jī)過程的性質(zhì)\[6\].由此,本文探索以環(huán)境振動(dòng)作為激勵(lì)信號(hào),采用小波包分解和概率統(tǒng)計(jì)相關(guān)理論,利用框架結(jié)構(gòu)損傷后振動(dòng)信號(hào)的能量在頻域內(nèi)的變化構(gòu)建損傷指標(biāo)DI,進(jìn)行鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)的震后損傷識(shí)別分析,以避免上述的兩個(gè)缺陷.
5 結(jié)論
針對(duì)鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)的震后損傷識(shí)別問題,本文建立了一種基于環(huán)境振動(dòng)信號(hào)的小波包分解損傷識(shí)別方法,并以某鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)為例,對(duì)框架結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了震后損傷識(shí)別分析,探討了不同樓層、不同類型振動(dòng)信號(hào)對(duì)損傷識(shí)別效果的影響.通過本文的算例分析,可以得到如下初步結(jié)論:
1) 利用文中構(gòu)建的損傷指標(biāo)DI可以有效識(shí)別框架結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷,損傷指標(biāo)DI與損傷程度之間有近似線性的關(guān)系.
2) 選取不同樓層的振動(dòng)信號(hào)對(duì)損傷識(shí)別效果有較大影響.基于較高樓層振動(dòng)信號(hào)的損傷指標(biāo)值對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷識(shí)別效果較好,建議采用結(jié)構(gòu)頂層的振動(dòng)信號(hào)構(gòu)造損傷指標(biāo).
3) 在本文算例中,速度信號(hào)比加速度信號(hào)對(duì)損傷變化更為敏感;基于速度信號(hào)的損傷指標(biāo)與損傷程度的擬合結(jié)果,較基于加速度信號(hào)的擬合結(jié)果更接近線性,識(shí)別效果更好.
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]宗周紅,任偉新,阮毅.土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)損傷診斷研究進(jìn)展\[J\].土木工程學(xué)報(bào),2003,36(5):105-110.
ZONG Zhouhong, REN Weixin, RUAN Yi. Recent advances in research on damage diagnosis for civil engineering structures\[J\]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2003, 36(5):105-110.(In Chinese)
[2]滕軍,何春凱.高層結(jié)構(gòu)震后損傷的小波包分析模糊評(píng)價(jià)方法\[J\].土木建筑與環(huán)境工程,2010,32(12):469-471.
TENG Jun, HE Chunkai. Wavelet packet analysis of earthquake damage of highrise structures based on fuzzy evaluation method\[J\]. Journal of Civil Architectural & Environmental Engineering, 2010, 32(12):469-471.(In Chinese)
[3]丁幼亮,李愛群,繆長(zhǎng)青.基于小波包能量譜的結(jié)構(gòu)損傷預(yù)警方法研究\[J\].工程力學(xué),2006,23(8):42-48.
DING Youliang, LI Aiqun, MIAO Changqing. Investigation on the structural damage alarming method based on wavelet packet energy spectrum\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2006, 23(8): 42-48.(In Chinese)
[4]譚冬梅,瞿偉廉,秦文科.基于小波包和模糊聚類的輸電塔架結(jié)構(gòu)損傷診斷\[J\].天津大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2011,44(8):695-700.
TAN Dongmei, QU Weilian, QIN Wenke. Damage identification of transmission tower based on wavelet packet transform and fuzzy clustering \[J\]. Journal of Tianjin University, 2011, 44(8): 695-700.(In Chinese)
[5]YONG N H,KRISHNAN N K, LIGNOS D G, et al. Use of waveletbased damagesensitive features for structural damage diagnosis using strong motion data[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2011,137(10):1215-1228.
[6]中國工程建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(huì)建筑振動(dòng)專業(yè)委員會(huì).建筑振動(dòng)工程手冊(cè)\[M\].北京:中國建筑工業(yè)出版社,2002:586-588.
Branch of architectural vibration, China association for engineering construction standardization. Building vibration engineering handbook[M]. Beijing: Chinese Building Industry Press, 2002:586-588.(In Chinese)
[7]熊立紅,杜修力,陸鳴,等.5.12汶川地震中多層房屋典型震害規(guī)律研究\[J\].北京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2008,34(11):1166-1172.
XIONG Lihong, DU Xiuli, LU Ming, et al. Damage of multistory buildings during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake\[J\]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2008, 34(11):1166-1172.(In Chinese)
[8]齊岳,鄭文忠.低周反復(fù)荷載下核心高強(qiáng)混凝土柱抗震性能試驗(yàn)研究\[J\] .湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2009,36(12):6-12.
1) 利用文中構(gòu)建的損傷指標(biāo)DI可以有效識(shí)別框架結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷,損傷指標(biāo)DI與損傷程度之間有近似線性的關(guān)系.
2) 選取不同樓層的振動(dòng)信號(hào)對(duì)損傷識(shí)別效果有較大影響.基于較高樓層振動(dòng)信號(hào)的損傷指標(biāo)值對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷識(shí)別效果較好,建議采用結(jié)構(gòu)頂層的振動(dòng)信號(hào)構(gòu)造損傷指標(biāo).
3) 在本文算例中,速度信號(hào)比加速度信號(hào)對(duì)損傷變化更為敏感;基于速度信號(hào)的損傷指標(biāo)與損傷程度的擬合結(jié)果,較基于加速度信號(hào)的擬合結(jié)果更接近線性,識(shí)別效果更好.
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]宗周紅,任偉新,阮毅.土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)損傷診斷研究進(jìn)展\[J\].土木工程學(xué)報(bào),2003,36(5):105-110.
ZONG Zhouhong, REN Weixin, RUAN Yi. Recent advances in research on damage diagnosis for civil engineering structures\[J\]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2003, 36(5):105-110.(In Chinese)
[2]滕軍,何春凱.高層結(jié)構(gòu)震后損傷的小波包分析模糊評(píng)價(jià)方法\[J\].土木建筑與環(huán)境工程,2010,32(12):469-471.
TENG Jun, HE Chunkai. Wavelet packet analysis of earthquake damage of highrise structures based on fuzzy evaluation method\[J\]. Journal of Civil Architectural & Environmental Engineering, 2010, 32(12):469-471.(In Chinese)
[3]丁幼亮,李愛群,繆長(zhǎng)青.基于小波包能量譜的結(jié)構(gòu)損傷預(yù)警方法研究\[J\].工程力學(xué),2006,23(8):42-48.
DING Youliang, LI Aiqun, MIAO Changqing. Investigation on the structural damage alarming method based on wavelet packet energy spectrum\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2006, 23(8): 42-48.(In Chinese)
[4]譚冬梅,瞿偉廉,秦文科.基于小波包和模糊聚類的輸電塔架結(jié)構(gòu)損傷診斷\[J\].天津大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2011,44(8):695-700.
TAN Dongmei, QU Weilian, QIN Wenke. Damage identification of transmission tower based on wavelet packet transform and fuzzy clustering \[J\]. Journal of Tianjin University, 2011, 44(8): 695-700.(In Chinese)
[5]YONG N H,KRISHNAN N K, LIGNOS D G, et al. Use of waveletbased damagesensitive features for structural damage diagnosis using strong motion data[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2011,137(10):1215-1228.
[6]中國工程建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(huì)建筑振動(dòng)專業(yè)委員會(huì).建筑振動(dòng)工程手冊(cè)\[M\].北京:中國建筑工業(yè)出版社,2002:586-588.
Branch of architectural vibration, China association for engineering construction standardization. Building vibration engineering handbook[M]. Beijing: Chinese Building Industry Press, 2002:586-588.(In Chinese)
[7]熊立紅,杜修力,陸鳴,等.5.12汶川地震中多層房屋典型震害規(guī)律研究\[J\].北京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2008,34(11):1166-1172.
XIONG Lihong, DU Xiuli, LU Ming, et al. Damage of multistory buildings during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake\[J\]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2008, 34(11):1166-1172.(In Chinese)
[8]齊岳,鄭文忠.低周反復(fù)荷載下核心高強(qiáng)混凝土柱抗震性能試驗(yàn)研究\[J\] .湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2009,36(12):6-12.
1) 利用文中構(gòu)建的損傷指標(biāo)DI可以有效識(shí)別框架結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷,損傷指標(biāo)DI與損傷程度之間有近似線性的關(guān)系.
2) 選取不同樓層的振動(dòng)信號(hào)對(duì)損傷識(shí)別效果有較大影響.基于較高樓層振動(dòng)信號(hào)的損傷指標(biāo)值對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷識(shí)別效果較好,建議采用結(jié)構(gòu)頂層的振動(dòng)信號(hào)構(gòu)造損傷指標(biāo).
3) 在本文算例中,速度信號(hào)比加速度信號(hào)對(duì)損傷變化更為敏感;基于速度信號(hào)的損傷指標(biāo)與損傷程度的擬合結(jié)果,較基于加速度信號(hào)的擬合結(jié)果更接近線性,識(shí)別效果更好.
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]宗周紅,任偉新,阮毅.土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)損傷診斷研究進(jìn)展\[J\].土木工程學(xué)報(bào),2003,36(5):105-110.
ZONG Zhouhong, REN Weixin, RUAN Yi. Recent advances in research on damage diagnosis for civil engineering structures\[J\]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2003, 36(5):105-110.(In Chinese)
[2]滕軍,何春凱.高層結(jié)構(gòu)震后損傷的小波包分析模糊評(píng)價(jià)方法\[J\].土木建筑與環(huán)境工程,2010,32(12):469-471.
TENG Jun, HE Chunkai. Wavelet packet analysis of earthquake damage of highrise structures based on fuzzy evaluation method\[J\]. Journal of Civil Architectural & Environmental Engineering, 2010, 32(12):469-471.(In Chinese)
[3]丁幼亮,李愛群,繆長(zhǎng)青.基于小波包能量譜的結(jié)構(gòu)損傷預(yù)警方法研究\[J\].工程力學(xué),2006,23(8):42-48.
DING Youliang, LI Aiqun, MIAO Changqing. Investigation on the structural damage alarming method based on wavelet packet energy spectrum\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2006, 23(8): 42-48.(In Chinese)
[4]譚冬梅,瞿偉廉,秦文科.基于小波包和模糊聚類的輸電塔架結(jié)構(gòu)損傷診斷\[J\].天津大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2011,44(8):695-700.
TAN Dongmei, QU Weilian, QIN Wenke. Damage identification of transmission tower based on wavelet packet transform and fuzzy clustering \[J\]. Journal of Tianjin University, 2011, 44(8): 695-700.(In Chinese)
[5]YONG N H,KRISHNAN N K, LIGNOS D G, et al. Use of waveletbased damagesensitive features for structural damage diagnosis using strong motion data[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2011,137(10):1215-1228.
[6]中國工程建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(huì)建筑振動(dòng)專業(yè)委員會(huì).建筑振動(dòng)工程手冊(cè)\[M\].北京:中國建筑工業(yè)出版社,2002:586-588.
Branch of architectural vibration, China association for engineering construction standardization. Building vibration engineering handbook[M]. Beijing: Chinese Building Industry Press, 2002:586-588.(In Chinese)
[7]熊立紅,杜修力,陸鳴,等.5.12汶川地震中多層房屋典型震害規(guī)律研究\[J\].北京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2008,34(11):1166-1172.
XIONG Lihong, DU Xiuli, LU Ming, et al. Damage of multistory buildings during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake\[J\]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2008, 34(11):1166-1172.(In Chinese)
[8]齊岳,鄭文忠.低周反復(fù)荷載下核心高強(qiáng)混凝土柱抗震性能試驗(yàn)研究\[J\] .湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2009,36(12):6-12.