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項(xiàng)目組合一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度及其選擇決策研究

2014-11-11 14:19趙靜郭鵬賈穎穎
預(yù)測(cè) 2014年5期

趙靜 郭鵬 賈穎穎

摘要:隨著項(xiàng)目管理進(jìn)入“大尺度”時(shí)代,項(xiàng)目間交互關(guān)系成為項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度及選擇決策研究的重要基礎(chǔ)?;贏rtzner風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義,本文提出了以超預(yù)期收益率為隨機(jī)變量的項(xiàng)目組合一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度策略,構(gòu)建以交互關(guān)系分類為基礎(chǔ)的多因子模型,借以度量項(xiàng)目間風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互效應(yīng),并討論一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度框架下項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和單項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定量關(guān)系。在此基礎(chǔ)上,提出了以收益最大化和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小化為目標(biāo)的項(xiàng)目組合選擇決策模型及其求解算法。

關(guān)鍵詞:項(xiàng)目組合;交互效應(yīng);一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度;選擇決策

中圖分類號(hào):C934文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):10035192(2014)05005906doi:10.11847/fj.33.5.59

Abstract:As project management enters into the large scale era, project interactions prove to be an important basis of risk measurement and selection decision making of project portfolio. According to the risk definition given by Artzner, the coherent risk measurement of project portfolio by taking expected extra returns as the random variable is put forward and a multi factor model is constructed based on the interactive relationship classification to measure risk interaction effect between projects and discuss the quantitative relationship of portfolio risk and single project risk. On this basis, a selection decision making model of project portfolio with the goal of maximum profit and minimum risk is generated and solved.

Key words:project portfolio; interaction; coherent risk measurement; selection decisionmaking

1引言

項(xiàng)目組合是指由項(xiàng)目、項(xiàng)目群以及其它工作所形成的集合,通過(guò)有效的管理達(dá)成組織戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)[1],通常表現(xiàn)為為了增加效益而采取統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)管理的一組項(xiàng)目,為獲得共同的稀缺資源而相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)[2]。如何更好地進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目組合管理成為研究和實(shí)踐的熱點(diǎn)[3],其中項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)又是構(gòu)成項(xiàng)目組合管理決策不可回避的基本問(wèn)題。

在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)金融范疇內(nèi),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究成果大致可分為:(1)以均值方差理論為代表的側(cè)重于系統(tǒng)外部效應(yīng),以后果與概率為基礎(chǔ)測(cè)度風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而較少考慮組合內(nèi)不同單元或子系統(tǒng)間的依賴性[4]。然而,與資本組合不同的是,項(xiàng)目組合屬于高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)且與管理相結(jié)合的投資行為,其收益率和波動(dòng)率不能通過(guò)歷史數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)出來(lái)[5],且項(xiàng)目的不可分割性、規(guī)模性和持續(xù)性導(dǎo)致資本組合決策方法在項(xiàng)目組合中應(yīng)用效果不佳[6,7]。(2)以Artzner一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度理論[8]為標(biāo)志,側(cè)重于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的數(shù)理基礎(chǔ)和經(jīng)濟(jì)涵義[6,9]。其中,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)次可加性公理的提出使組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的內(nèi)部構(gòu)成機(jī)制研究上升到理論層面,這也為經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中最優(yōu)投資組合、最優(yōu)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)配置等問(wèn)題提供決策支持。

與此同時(shí),伴隨著大型工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目和研發(fā)項(xiàng)目的大量涌現(xiàn),項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。復(fù)雜性使項(xiàng)目組合管理進(jìn)入“大尺度”時(shí)代,形成了層次多、因素復(fù)雜、不確定性程度高等特征[10],且項(xiàng)目實(shí)體特征使得“試錯(cuò)”成本越來(lái)越高,必須在規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)階段對(duì)其運(yùn)營(yíng)后果做出前瞻。從一般意義上開(kāi)展項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與單項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定量研究,建立項(xiàng)目間風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的非對(duì)稱作用與項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度直接聯(lián)系,深入分析項(xiàng)目組合不同單元或子結(jié)構(gòu)間的依賴性對(duì)解釋項(xiàng)目組合及其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)在構(gòu)成機(jī)制和選擇決策具有重要意義[11,12]。由此,Archer等[13]關(guān)于交互關(guān)系應(yīng)該被納入項(xiàng)目組合決策的思想逐步受到學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注,交互關(guān)系理論從一個(gè)全新的視角揭示了項(xiàng)目組合的內(nèi)涵和意義,論證其對(duì)項(xiàng)目選擇、成功率和組合收益等的影響[14~17]。郭鵬等基于交互關(guān)系視角研究了單項(xiàng)目到項(xiàng)目組合的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)變化,并在交互效應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)上,將項(xiàng)目間交互風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定量化[6,18,19]。

綜上,本文以一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度理論為基礎(chǔ),研究不對(duì)稱風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互作用下的項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度及其選擇決策問(wèn)題。基于Artzner的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義及其測(cè)度理論,提出以超預(yù)期收益率為隨機(jī)變量的項(xiàng)目組合一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度策略,構(gòu)建基于多因子模型的歐氏空間,在此空間下定量分析項(xiàng)目間風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互效應(yīng),并討論一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度框架下的項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和單項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)間關(guān)系。以此為基礎(chǔ),建立基于均值方差風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究范式的項(xiàng)目組合選擇決策模型,并針對(duì)該多目標(biāo)模型提出了一種實(shí)用的混合遺傳算法。

2項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度的一致性策略

2.1Artzner風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義與一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度

與Markowitz[20]風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度思想不同,Artzner等提出的一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度理論認(rèn)為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度應(yīng)該是面向未來(lái)的,也就是說(shuō),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)該是反映資本的未來(lái)價(jià)值[9]。在具體計(jì)量時(shí),一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度理論以資本未來(lái)價(jià)值為隨機(jī)變量,替代資產(chǎn)價(jià)值在不同時(shí)期內(nèi)的變化量,將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度定義為

5小結(jié)

項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是構(gòu)成項(xiàng)目組合管理決策不可回避的基本問(wèn)題。與單項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不同,項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的復(fù)雜性表現(xiàn)為項(xiàng)目間風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互效應(yīng)的存在,使得組合中某一項(xiàng)目的成本、收益和成功概率等參數(shù)在很大程度上依賴于另外某一些項(xiàng)目是否被選擇。因此,深入研究項(xiàng)目間風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互效應(yīng)及其對(duì)項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響具有重要意義。

本文以Artzner一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度理論和項(xiàng)目間交互關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ),研究項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度及其選擇決策問(wèn)題。提出以超預(yù)期收益率為隨機(jī)變量的項(xiàng)目組合一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度策略,并構(gòu)建了基于多因子模型的項(xiàng)目間風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互效應(yīng)度量模型,借以探討項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與單項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定量關(guān)系。在此基礎(chǔ)上,提出了MV風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究范式下的項(xiàng)目組合選擇決策模型及其求解算法,該模型在符合一致性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)度的前提下,滿足最大化組合收益與最小化組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等目標(biāo)。

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[19]郭鵬,潘女兆,趙靜.高新技術(shù)項(xiàng)目組合的雙模式風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警機(jī)制研究[J].管理學(xué)報(bào),2011,8(10):15241529.

[20]Markowitz H. Portfolio selection[J]. The Journal of Finance, 1952, 7(1): 7791.

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[24]Wu Y, Wang N, Wang Z. A new improved genetic algorithm and its property analysis[J]. Journal of Northwest SciTech University of Agriculture and Forestry, 2003, 32(9): 124126.

[25]Srinivas M, Patnaik L M. Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in gas[J].IEEE Transaction on System, Man, and Cybemetics, 1994, 24(4): 656667.

[26]玄光男,程潤(rùn)偉.遺傳算法與工程優(yōu)化[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2004.8688.

[17]Liesio J, Mild P, Salo A. Robust portfolio modeling with incomplete cost information and project interdependencies[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2008, 190(3): 679695.

[18]郭鵬,潘女兆,趙靜.基于項(xiàng)目交互效應(yīng)的高新技術(shù)項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究[J].科學(xué)學(xué)與科學(xué)技術(shù)管理,2009,(6):59.

[19]郭鵬,潘女兆,趙靜.高新技術(shù)項(xiàng)目組合的雙模式風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警機(jī)制研究[J].管理學(xué)報(bào),2011,8(10):15241529.

[20]Markowitz H. Portfolio selection[J]. The Journal of Finance, 1952, 7(1): 7791.

[21]Gear T E, Cowie G C. A note on modeling project interdependence in research and development[J]. Decision Science, 1980, 11: 738748.

[22]Radhika S, George J K. A decision model for interdependent information system project selection[J]

. European Journal of Operational Research, 1996, 89(2): 380399.

[23]Harel E, Boaz G, Avraham S. Constructing and evaluating balanced portfolios of R&D projects with interactions: a DEA based methodology[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2006, 172(3): 10181039.

[24]Wu Y, Wang N, Wang Z. A new improved genetic algorithm and its property analysis[J]. Journal of Northwest SciTech University of Agriculture and Forestry, 2003, 32(9): 124126.

[25]Srinivas M, Patnaik L M. Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in gas[J].IEEE Transaction on System, Man, and Cybemetics, 1994, 24(4): 656667.

[26]玄光男,程潤(rùn)偉.遺傳算法與工程優(yōu)化[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2004.8688.

[17]Liesio J, Mild P, Salo A. Robust portfolio modeling with incomplete cost information and project interdependencies[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2008, 190(3): 679695.

[18]郭鵬,潘女兆,趙靜.基于項(xiàng)目交互效應(yīng)的高新技術(shù)項(xiàng)目組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究[J].科學(xué)學(xué)與科學(xué)技術(shù)管理,2009,(6):59.

[19]郭鵬,潘女兆,趙靜.高新技術(shù)項(xiàng)目組合的雙模式風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警機(jī)制研究[J].管理學(xué)報(bào),2011,8(10):15241529.

[20]Markowitz H. Portfolio selection[J]. The Journal of Finance, 1952, 7(1): 7791.

[21]Gear T E, Cowie G C. A note on modeling project interdependence in research and development[J]. Decision Science, 1980, 11: 738748.

[22]Radhika S, George J K. A decision model for interdependent information system project selection[J]

. European Journal of Operational Research, 1996, 89(2): 380399.

[23]Harel E, Boaz G, Avraham S. Constructing and evaluating balanced portfolios of R&D projects with interactions: a DEA based methodology[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2006, 172(3): 10181039.

[24]Wu Y, Wang N, Wang Z. A new improved genetic algorithm and its property analysis[J]. Journal of Northwest SciTech University of Agriculture and Forestry, 2003, 32(9): 124126.

[25]Srinivas M, Patnaik L M. Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in gas[J].IEEE Transaction on System, Man, and Cybemetics, 1994, 24(4): 656667.

[26]玄光男,程潤(rùn)偉.遺傳算法與工程優(yōu)化[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2004.8688.

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