張曦
翻譯技巧分析
筆者將以此次考試真題為例來具體講解漢譯英時的以下五種翻譯技巧。
給長句斷句
漢語中的一個長句中往往包含多個分句,漢譯英時若很難將多個分句合并譯為一個英語長句,考生可嘗試對漢語長句適當(dāng)斷句。關(guān)系較為緊密的分句應(yīng)該合并譯為一個英語句子,而關(guān)系較為松散的分句則可嘗試將其斷開。下面我們來看幾個例句。
例1:中國應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展核能,因為核電目前只占其總發(fā)電量的2%,該比例在所有核國家中居第30位,幾乎是最低的。
評析:原文分句較多,其中前兩個分句為因果關(guān)系,關(guān)系較為緊密,漢譯英時可以用because、for等表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞將它們合并譯為一個英語長句。后兩個分句的關(guān)系也很緊密,第四個分句是對第三個分句的補充說明,漢譯英時可以將第四個分句譯為名詞短語,作為第三個分句的同位語,起補充說明作用。如此一來,原文的長句在漢譯英時斷為兩部分,條理清晰、意義明確。
參考譯文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of Chinas current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.
例2:閱讀對于中小學(xué)生尤為重要,假如他們沒有在這個關(guān)鍵時期培養(yǎng)閱讀的興趣,以后要培養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣就很難了。
評析:原文第一個分句較為獨立,漢譯英時可將其譯為一個獨立的英語句子。原文后兩個分句的關(guān)系比較緊密,又因第二個分句提出了一種“假設(shè)”,因此漢譯英時可嘗試將第二個分句譯為if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,將最后一個分句譯為主句。
參考譯文:Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they dont develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.
關(guān)注時態(tài)和語態(tài)
時態(tài)和語態(tài)也是漢譯英時考生需要關(guān)注的問題,比如,若句子的時間狀語涉及過去,譯文要采用一般過去時;若句子的時間狀語由過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響,譯文要采用現(xiàn)在完成時。另外,漢語中有不少句子雖然沒有表示被動的標(biāo)志性詞語,但主語和謂語之間卻存在被動關(guān)系,漢譯英時仍然需要采用被動語態(tài)。下面我們來看幾個例句。
例1:中國教育工作者早就認(rèn)識到讀書對于國家的重要意義。有些教育工作者2003年就建議設(shè)立全民讀書日。
評析:原文第一個句子中的謂語“早就認(rèn)識到”說明情況在過去就已發(fā)生,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,因此漢譯英時譯文應(yīng)采用現(xiàn)在完成時。第二個句子的時間狀語“2003年”為過去的時間,其譯文應(yīng)采用一般過去時。
參考譯文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day.
例2:換句話說,核能是可以完全開發(fā)和利用的。
評析:原文中的“核能”和“可以完全開發(fā)和利用”之間雖然沒有表示被動關(guān)系的詞語,但兩者存在被動關(guān)系,所以譯文要采用被動語態(tài)。
參考譯文:In other words, nuclear energy can now be fully developed and utilized.
注意調(diào)整語序
漢譯英時需要正確調(diào)整語序,尤其在中文句子的定語和狀語較多、較長的情況下,考生需要先確定出短語的中心詞,而后將修飾成分重新安排,譯出流暢的譯文。
例:一些為接受更好教育而轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)的學(xué)生如今又回到本地農(nóng)村學(xué)校就讀。
評析:原文“為接受更好教育而轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)的學(xué)生”中,中心詞為“學(xué)生”,定語非常復(fù)雜,漢譯英時可將其處理為定語從句,按照從后往前的順序?qū)訉犹幚矶ㄕZ,先譯“轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)”,再譯“為接受更好教育”。此外,漢語中的動詞較多,漢譯英時可適當(dāng)省略,如“為接受更好教育”可簡化為for a better education。
參考譯文:As a result, some students who had initially transferred to urban schools for a better education have returned to their country homes to be educated in local schools.
避免中式英語
在漢語中,“讓”字句和“使”字句出現(xiàn)頻率較高,將其譯成英文時,不少考生常用let和make去對應(yīng),這樣就會使譯文的中式英語痕跡較重。在翻譯這類句型時,考生可以使用一些英語及物動詞,或省略“讓”字或者“使”字,以使譯文更為地道。
例:這些資金用于改善教學(xué)設(shè)施、購買書籍,使16萬多所中小學(xué)受益。
評析:原文中的“使……受益”可以結(jié)合起來譯為“benefit …”,又因“使”字所在的分句體現(xiàn)了一種目的,漢譯英時可以為此分句添加表示目的的連接詞so as to或in order to,銜接到前文上。
參考譯文:The funds are being used to upgrade teaching facilities and purchase books so as to benefit over 160,000 elementary and secondary schools.
采用亮點句型和結(jié)構(gòu)
在翻譯中文句子時,英語譯文可適當(dāng)采用一些地道的英語句型和結(jié)構(gòu),例如倒裝句、強調(diào)句、并列結(jié)構(gòu)等,這些亮點句型和結(jié)構(gòu)會使譯文更具有表現(xiàn)力,幫助考生取得高分。
例1:通過閱讀,人們能更好地學(xué)會感恩、有責(zé)任心和與人合作,而教育的目的正是要培養(yǎng)這些基本素質(zhì)。
評析:英語中的并列結(jié)構(gòu)具有較強的表現(xiàn)力,對于漢語中并列的信息,英語中可以采用并列結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯。例如原文中的“感恩、有責(zé)任心和與人合作”可以采用三個平行的形容詞(grateful, responsible, and cooperative)來翻譯,或者采用三個平行的不定式短語(to be grateful, to have a sense of responsibility, and to cooperate with others)來翻譯。
參考譯文:Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate.
例2:到2012年10月,審批才又謹(jǐn)慎地恢復(fù)。
評析:原文若按照英語的一般語序來翻譯,可以得出如下譯文:“Approval wasnt renewed with caution until October of 2012.”如果對譯文的語序適當(dāng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,采用強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯,就能使句子更具表現(xiàn)力。
參考譯文:It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.
漢譯英真題及參考譯文
本次四級考試共出現(xiàn)了三道段落翻譯題,內(nèi)容涉及核能發(fā)展、閱讀的重要性和教育公平。以下是筆者給出的真題及參考譯文,僅供參考。
中國應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展核能,因為核電目前只占其總發(fā)電量的2%,該比例在所有核國家中居第30位,幾乎是最低的。
2011年3月日本核電站事故后,中國的核能開發(fā)停了下來,中止審批新的核電站,并開展全國性的核安全檢查。到2012年10月,審批才又謹(jǐn)慎地恢復(fù)。
隨著技術(shù)和安全措施的改進(jìn),發(fā)生核事故的可能性完全可以降到最低程度。換句話說,核能是可以完全開發(fā)和利用的。
參考譯文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of Chinas current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.
After the Japanese nuclear power station accident in March of 2011, China halted its development of nuclear energy, suspended its approval for new nuclear power plants and carried out the nuclear safety inspections across the country. It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.
With improvements in technology and security measures, the possibility of nuclear accidents can be reduced to a minimum. In other words, nuclear energy can be fully developed and utilized.
中國教育工作者早就認(rèn)識到讀書對于國家的重要意義。有些教育工作者2003年就建議設(shè)立全民讀書日。他們強調(diào),人們應(yīng)當(dāng)讀好書,尤其是經(jīng)典著作。通過閱讀,人們能更好地學(xué)會感恩、有責(zé)任心和與人合作,而教育的目的正是要培養(yǎng)這些基本素質(zhì)。閱讀對于中小學(xué)生尤為重要,假如他們沒有在這個關(guān)鍵時期培養(yǎng)閱讀的興趣,以后要培養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣就很難了。
參考譯文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day. They stressed that people should read good books, especially classics. Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate. Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they dont develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.
為了促進(jìn)教育公平,中國已投入360億元,用于改善農(nóng)村地區(qū)教育設(shè)施和加強中西部農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育(compulsory education)。這些資金用于改善教學(xué)設(shè)施、購買書籍,使16萬多所中小學(xué)受益。資金還用于購置音樂和繪畫器材?,F(xiàn)在農(nóng)村和山區(qū)的兒童可以與沿海城市的兒童一樣上音樂和繪畫課。一些為接受更好教育而轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)的學(xué)生如今又回到本地農(nóng)村學(xué)校就讀。
參考譯文:In order to promote equality in education, China has invested 36 billion yuan to improve the educational facilities in rural areas and enhance compulsory education in the midwestern rural regions. The funds are being used to upgrade teaching facilities and purchase books so as to benefit over 160,000 elementary and secondary schools. The funds are also being used to purchase musical instruments and painting materials so that now the children in rural and mountainous regions can have music and painting lessons just like those in the coastal cities. As a result, some students who had initially transferred to urban schools for a better education have returned to their country homes to be educated in local schools.