∷王偉濱
伊甸園
李白在《襄陽歌》中唱道,“清風(fēng)明月不用一錢買”,但如今買“清風(fēng)明月”不曉得要花多少錢。
朋友在微信上曬出在麗江古城旅游的幸福照,而我則剛剛從一個(gè)嚴(yán)重污染的城市,回到一個(gè)污染更為嚴(yán)重的城市,灰蒙蒙的夜空,刺鼻的空氣味道。兩個(gè)世界的反差,不由得讓我想起去年一部美國(guó)影片Elysium。片名譯作《極樂空間》,有些不知所云,不如干脆譯作“極樂世界”或“極樂凈土”來得簡(jiǎn)單干凈。當(dāng)然,這樣譯又不免會(huì)讓人將它與并不相干的佛教思想聯(lián)系起來。然而,推究起來,不管哪種文化、教派、思潮,最終不都是要找到那么一片“樂土”嗎?可惜,幾千年尋尋覓覓,我們離“樂土”似乎不是更近,而是更遠(yuǎn)了。
大致說來,古代人想象中的“樂土”,不外乎遠(yuǎn)離“勞作之苦”的一片田園,雖然在那里也并非全然無所事事,但人們終歸不至忙于“土里刨食”,而有很多閑暇時(shí)光可以自由支配。按照《失樂園》里的說法,最初上帝為人類創(chuàng)造了“樂土”——伊甸(Eden),也稱作樂園(Paradise),人類不需要做什么,便可以快樂地住在那里。那時(shí),他們并沒有被“欲望”侵染,也不懂得煩惱,就連為上帝看管園子的工作,也只是開心之事,根本與操勞無關(guān):“Under a tuft of shade that on a green1. tuft: a patch,一片;green: grassy spot,草地。/ Stood whispering soft, by a fresh fountain side / They sat them down and, after no more toil /Of their sweet gardening labor than suf ficed / To recommend cool Zephyr,2. recommend: 此處=commend,夸贊;zephyr: the west wind,西風(fēng),和風(fēng)。and made ease / More easy, wholesome thirst and appetite3. 顯然,在伊甸園,適度勞作是為了更有胃口,心情更好。/ More grateful, to their supper-fruits they fell, / Nectarine fruits which the compliant boughs4. nectarine: sweet as nectar,甜如蜜的;compliant: yielding, obeying,順從的。/ Yielded them, side-long as they sat recline / On the soft downy bank, damasked5. damasked: variegated,斑斕多樣的。with flowers.”(Paradise Lost,Book IV, 325-334)。
可惜,這悠然自得的生活,因?yàn)槿祟愂甲孢`抗了上帝的命令而轉(zhuǎn)眼結(jié)束。上帝說:“Cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life;thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken; for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return”(Genesis3: 17-19)。因?yàn)槿说摹坝保瑥拇嗽贈(zèng)]有“免費(fèi)的午餐”,“辛勞”、“痛苦”成為人生的核心詞匯;從此,人類只能帶著深深的遺憾,緬懷曾經(jīng)的樂園:上帝派天使仗劍守衛(wèi)伊甸園東門,“伊甸園之東”(East of Eden,John Steinbeck有關(guān)于骨肉相煎的同名小說)不僅是人類始祖的羞辱之地,也是殺弟的該隱(Cain)躲藏的罪惡之地(Genesis4:16)。于是,我們只能遠(yuǎn)眺彼岸的樂園,而“樂園此岸”(This Side of Paradise,Fitzgerald的小說題目)卻全是憂傷。
不過,在詩人彌爾頓(Milton)看來,人類從樂園中被驅(qū)逐,卻是為了我們有一天可以在上帝之子的教導(dǎo)下,重新回到這里;而這一次,是在經(jīng)歷了失去之后的回歸——人生最大的幸福,不是失而復(fù)得嗎?這也是彌爾頓試圖解釋“the ways of God”(Paradise Lost, Book I, 26)時(shí)所遵循的邏輯。于是,得到了重返樂園的許諾和途徑,亞當(dāng)與夏娃向他們?cè)?jīng)無憂無慮的日子告別,向一個(gè)新的世界走去。樂園也許本就是上帝為人類創(chuàng)造的溫室,當(dāng)他們“睜開眼”,便要去真正的世界闖闖了:“They looking back, all the eastern side beheld/ Of Paradise, so late their happy seat, / Waved over by that flaming brand6. 這是上帝安放在這里的不停旋轉(zhuǎn)的冒火的劍,以驅(qū)趕亞當(dāng)與夏娃。, the gate / With dreadful faces thronged(擠滿)and fiery arms. / Some natural tears they dropped, but wiped them soon7. 眼淚很快被希望代替,因?yàn)樗麄兊玫搅艘粋€(gè)重回樂園的許諾。. / The world was all before them, where to choose / Their place of rest, and Providence(天道)their guide. / They hand in hand, with wandering steps and slow./ Through Eden took their solitary way.”(Paradise Lost,Book I, 641-649)
雖說,樂園終會(huì)失而復(fù)得,但這“復(fù)得”終究離現(xiàn)世的人們遠(yuǎn)些。按照基督教的說法,現(xiàn)世是短暫的,永恒要在人們穿過墳?zāi)怪?,才能?shí)現(xiàn):麻風(fēng)病人拉撒路(Lazarus)在拋棄塵世痛苦屈辱的皮囊后,將在亞伯拉罕的懷里安眠(Luke16: 19-31);與耶穌一同釘上十字架的悔罪的罪人,將與基督一同步入樂園(Luke23: 43)。耶穌應(yīng)許那些追隨他的人們,離開這個(gè)物質(zhì)世界之后,他們必將進(jìn)入“kingdom of heaven”。
“heaven”與“paradise”都可譯作“天堂”,但卻有著不同的意思。從《創(chuàng)世記》記載的人類造通天塔的故事看,“heaven”應(yīng)當(dāng)是神在上界居住的地方,與人類始祖的“paradise”不同。以色列人的祖先雅各(Jacob),也曾經(jīng)夢(mèng)到直達(dá)天庭的階梯,天使們?cè)谀抢锿ㄐ校℅enesis28: 12),而人,哪怕是無罪的人,也不可以越級(jí)而上?;皆S諾信徒們可以去“kingdom of heaven”,按照彌爾頓的說法,那是“a fairer Paradise”(Paradise Regained, Book IV, 613);然而,它已經(jīng)不再是某個(gè)我們可以在今生找到的地方了。那曾經(jīng)“實(shí)在的”、“具體的”樂園,已經(jīng)隨著人類始祖一同消失。從此,我們只能仰望。
自從文藝復(fù)興時(shí)代起,“paradise”便開始與希臘神話中“Elysium”或“Elysian Fields”的概念相互影響,甚至逐漸互相代替。與“a fairer Paradise”一樣,“Elysium”也是塵世之外的地方。按照希臘傳說,它是地府(Hades)之外另辟出來的一片地方,本是與諸神或諸英雄有親緣關(guān)系的人死后的去處,后來,擴(kuò)大到被神靈選中的、正直的、或英勇的人們,在死后都可以來這里永享幸福生活。在電影《角斗士》(The Gladiator)中有一段慷慨激昂的臺(tái)詞——大敵當(dāng)前,主帥Maximus對(duì)他的弟兄們說:“Three weeks from now I will be harvesting my crops, imagine where you will be and it will be so. Hold the line, stay with me. If you find yourself alone riding in green fields with the sun on your face, do not be troubled, for you are in Elysium and you’re already dead! Brothers, what we do in life, echoes in eternity!”
不過,與猶太人或基督徒不同,希臘人對(duì)現(xiàn)世的認(rèn)可度顯然要高許多;他們的神并不生活在虛無縹緲的天上,而是同樣生活在地球上——奧林匹斯山頂,是眾神居住的地方,大神宙斯的笑聲,人們?cè)谏较乱材軙r(shí)常聽到。而“Elysian Fields”,按照荷馬的說法,在地球的最西邊,這里也被稱作“Fortunate Isles”或“Isles (or Islands) of the Blessed”。古羅馬作家Plutarch(普魯塔克)這樣描述“Elysium”,“These are two in number, separated by a very narrow strait; they are ten thousand furlongs(浪,1浪=220碼=201.17米)distant from Africa, and are called the Islands of the Blest. They enjoy moderate rains at long intervals, and winds which for the most part are soft and precipitate(落下)dews, so that the islands not only have a rich soil which is excellent for plowing and planting, but also produce a natural fruit that is plentiful and wholesome enough to feed, without toil or trouble, a leisured folk.Moreover, an air that is salubrious(有益健康的), owing to the climate and the moderate changes in the seasons, prevails on the islands. For the north and east winds which blow out from our part of the world plunge into fathomless space, and,owing to the distance, dissipate(耗盡)themselves and lose their power before they reach the islands; while the south and west winds that envelope the islands sometimes bring in their train(緊隨其后)soft and intermittent showers, but for the most part cool them with moist breezes and gently nourish the soil. Therefore a firm belief has made its way, even to the Barbarians, that here is the Elysian Field and the abode(住所) of the blessed, of which Homer sang.”(Plutarch,Life of Sertorius, VIII, 2)
正因?yàn)镋lysium的具體與親近,如今在世上,我們可以時(shí)時(shí)見到它的蹤跡,許多地方更是直接喚作這個(gè)名字,其中包括聞名世界的巴黎香榭麗舍(Champs-élysées =Elysian Fields)。當(dāng)然,因?yàn)镋lysium離我們?nèi)绱酥?,便也不可避免地沾染了太多人類的氣味。比如,美?guó)著名劇作家Tennessee Williams(田納西·威廉姆斯)的名劇A Streetcar Named
Desire(《欲望號(hào)街車》),故事發(fā)生的背景是New Orleans一條叫做Elysian Fields的真實(shí)存在的街道??上?,在這里,女主人公Blanche并沒有找到她的樂土,因?yàn)檫@里居住的人們,如她的妹妹Stella與妹夫Stanley,都是充滿了野性和暴力之輩;這里仿佛是一片煉獄,但它不會(huì)把人的靈魂滌凈,而是將它打碎,然后將那具軀殼拖入欲望的泥潭。
在電影Elysium描寫的22世紀(jì)中葉,地球人口過剩、資源缺乏、空氣污濁,大部分人在各種“血汗工廠”中討生活。而在他們頭頂上,有一個(gè)類似超大型宇宙空間站的東西,叫做Elysium,那里住著世界上最富有的人們。他們可以呼吸新鮮空氣,可以遠(yuǎn)離疾病,可以不必辛勞,可以享受生活。而地球上的人們只能仰望,渴望有一天也能去那個(gè)地方。耶穌說:“Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. And again I say unto you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.”(Matthew19:23-24)但是,Elysium拒絕窮人進(jìn)入。
電影《極樂空間》
影片結(jié)尾,主人公終于通過自我犧牲,篡改了Elysium主控制臺(tái)的程序,于是,所有地球上的人們都被接受為Elysium的合法公民了。然而,歡笑著的人們也許很快就會(huì)明白,少數(shù)人的樂園,Elysium的存在,總要以無數(shù)人在地獄里打拼為代價(jià)。一旦所有人被賦予Elysium的居民權(quán),這居民權(quán)便沒有意義了,因?yàn)椴幌f一個(gè)類似宇宙空間站的東西,即使像地球這么大的地方,在人類無休止的欲望“開發(fā)”之下,不也已經(jīng)變成地獄了嗎?劇終時(shí),所有人懷著希望,朝這個(gè)向他們張開懷抱的地方跑去……但這也許不過是新的悲劇的開始。
其實(shí),Elysium并不是誰創(chuàng)造出來的,它原本就在那里,只是因?yàn)槿藗儎?chuàng)造出了地獄,才開始緬懷Elysium的美好。天堂與地獄本是同一個(gè)地方,因?yàn)榫用竦睦斫獠煌谑潜阌辛朔謩e。與其焦急地等待,迫切地找尋什么Elysium,倒不如學(xué)著關(guān)心一下腳下的這一小方土地。