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硫化氫對(duì)糖尿病大鼠視神經(jīng)病變的防治作用

2014-12-20 17:04喻小龍等
關(guān)鍵詞:髓鞘斜視視神經(jīng)

喻小龍等

[摘要] 目的 觀察硫化氫(H2S)對(duì)糖尿病大鼠視神經(jīng)病變的影響,并探討其可能的機(jī)制。 方法 將SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組、糖尿病模型組和外源性H2S供體硫氫化鈉(NaHS)治療組,每組最終選入大鼠10只。糖尿病模型組和NaHS治療組大鼠通過尾靜脈注射鏈脲佐菌素(50 mg/kg)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,NaHS治療組大鼠腹腔注射NaHS(100 μmol/kg),對(duì)照組和糖尿病模型組大鼠給予相同量的生理鹽水腹腔注射,每天1次,共8周。于實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)┎捎脛诳藞?jiān)牢藍(lán)染色法觀察大鼠視神經(jīng)髓鞘結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,分別檢測(cè)血漿活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平,采用化學(xué)法測(cè)定血漿H2S濃度,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定(ELISA)法檢測(cè)血漿睫狀神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子

Preventive effects of hydrogen sulfide against diabetic optical neuropathy in rats

YU Xiaolong1 ZHOU Shouhong2 TAN Gang1 LIU Erhua1

1.Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hu'nan Province, Hengyang 421001, China; 2.Department of Physiology, Medical College of University of South China, Hu'nan Province, Hengyang 421001, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) against diabetic optic neuropathy and to explore its mechanism in rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats were randomly divided into the control group, diabetes group and extrogenous hydrogen sulfide donator sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) group, with 10 rats in each group after disposing. Diabetic rats models were established by injecting 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin through the caudal vein. NaHS (100 μmol/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection every day for eight weeks. The same amount of saline was administered by intraperitoneal injection every day for eight weeks in the control and diabetic model group. The morphology of the optical myelin was observated by Lauck fast blue myelin stain. The levels of blood plasma reactive oxygen specie (ROS), malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. The concentration of blood plasma H2S was tested by chemical methods. The level of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was measured by ELISA assay. Results Compared with the control group, the concentration of blood plasma H2S in the diabetes group was significantly decreased [(73.85±8.27 ) μmol/L vs (38.45±4.82) μmol/L, t=3.24, P < 0.05). Compared with the diabetes group, the concentration of blood plasma H2S in the NaHS group [(82.36±7.41) μmol/L] was significantly increased (t=2.97, P < 0.05). The myelin sheath of optic nerve was uniformly stained in control group. All the diameter of optic tract of optic nerve and the thickness of myelin sheath of optic nerve were coincident. The degeneration of myelin sheath of optic nerve was found, myelin sheath of optic nerve bursted into the half ring or blank and the vacuolar degeneration and disintegrating debris were found in the diabetes group. Compared to the diabetes group, above-mentioned phenomenons were significantly decreased. Compared to the control group, the percentage of optic nerve myelin sheath area was significantly decreased in the diabetes group [(22.56±14.81)% vs (11.37±2.94)%, t=4.02, P < 0.05]. Compared with the diabetes group, the percentage of optic nerve myelin sheath area was significantly increased in the NaHS group [(11.37±2.94)% vs (19.78±3.05)%, t=3.42, P < 0.05]. Compared to the control group, the levels of blood plasma ROS [(458.61±65.75) au vs (1128.46±91.32) au, t=2.84, P﹤0.05] and MDA [(5.21±0.47) μmol/L vs (9.76±0.86) μmol/L, t=4.18, P < 0.05] were significantly increased and the level of SOD was significantly decreased in the diabetes group [(127.58±10.52 ) kU/L vs (48.31±5.39) kU/L, t=2.91, P < 0.05]. Compared to the diabetes group, the levels of blood plasma ROS [(1128.46±91.32) au vs (652.19±62.84) au, t=3.37, P < 0.05] and MDA [(9.76±0.86) μmol/L vs (5.84±0.63) μmol/L, t=3.85, P < 0.05] were significantly decreased and the level of SOD was significantly increased in the NaHS group [(48.31±5.39) kU/L vs (108.46±8.41) kU/L, t=4.21, P < 0.05]. Compared to the control group, the level of CNTF was significantly decreased in the diabetes group [(9.75±1.13) nmol/L vs (3.46±0.64) nmol/L, t=3.67, P < 0.05]. Compared to the diabetes group, the level of CNTF was significantly increased in the NaHS group [(3.46±0.64) nmol/L vs (8.24±0.92) nmol/L, t=3.43, P < 0.05]. Conclusion H2S protects against the optic neuropathy in the rats with the diabetes optic neuropathy, the mechanism of which may be related with the inhibition of oxidative stress and decrease of blood plasma CNTF induced by H2S.

[Key words] Hydrogen sulfide; Diabetes; Optic neuropathy; Oxidative stress; Ciliary neurotrophic factor

糖尿病是嚴(yán)重危害人類健康的慢性病,我國(guó)是個(gè)糖尿病的大國(guó),研究表明目前我國(guó)糖尿病的患病率已高達(dá)10%[1-2]。糖尿病并發(fā)癥是導(dǎo)致糖尿病患者死亡和殘疾的主要原因,糖尿病眼部并發(fā)癥是導(dǎo)致糖尿病患者失明的主要原因之一[3]。目前對(duì)糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變、糖尿病角膜潰瘍和糖尿病黃斑水腫等眼部并發(fā)癥開展了廣泛的研究[4-5],而糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變(diabetic optic neuropathy,DON)的認(rèn)識(shí)尚不夠深刻。DON的發(fā)病機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,目前尚沒有完全闡明清楚[6-8]。

硫化氫(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)被認(rèn)為是機(jī)體內(nèi)的第三種氣體信號(hào)分子,廣泛分布于內(nèi)臟、心血管系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等[9]。H2S的生理作用十分廣泛,也參與了很多疾病的發(fā)展進(jìn)程[10]。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),H2S具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,與多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),包括阿爾茨海默、震顫麻痹和抑郁癥等[11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),H2S能調(diào)節(jié)腦血管的阻力,從而調(diào)節(jié)腦的血液供應(yīng)[12-13]。研究表明H2S能抑制神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中的氧化應(yīng)激,清除氧自由基,從而保護(hù)神經(jīng)元[14]。那么H2S對(duì)糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變是否有保護(hù)作用,其機(jī)制又是什么,目前還未見文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。因此本研究擬觀察外源性H2S供體硫氫化鈉(sodiumhydrosulfide,NaHS)對(duì)糖尿病大鼠視神經(jīng)病變的防護(hù)作用,并探討其可能機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 主要試劑及儀器

NaHS購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司;酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定(ELISA)法睫狀神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(ciliary neurotrophic factor,CNTF)檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自上海微蒙生物技術(shù)有限公司;活性氧(reactive oxygen specie,ROS)、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)檢測(cè)試劑盒均購(gòu)自南京建成生物工程有限公司。酶標(biāo)儀為芬蘭Thermo Labsystem公司產(chǎn)品。

1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物

清潔級(jí)雄性SD大鼠40只,體重200 g左右,購(gòu)自南華大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物學(xué)部,大鼠由專人飼養(yǎng),每籠6~8只,自由進(jìn)食和飲水,大鼠飼養(yǎng)在12 h光照,溫度控制在(22±3)℃條件下。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)遵循南華大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用保護(hù)條例。

1.3 大鼠模型制備與實(shí)驗(yàn)分組

大鼠在適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后,40只SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(10只)和糖尿病造模組(30只),用于造糖尿病模型的30只大鼠禁食12 h,鏈脲佐菌素按50 mg/kg體重通過尾靜脈注射給藥。大鼠在代謝籠內(nèi)飼養(yǎng),記錄每天大鼠的飲水量,在大鼠禁食12 h后通過尾動(dòng)脈取血檢測(cè)空腹血糖水平,收集尿液,進(jìn)行尿糖定性檢測(cè)。糖尿病模型制備成功的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:鏈脲佐菌素注射72 h后尾靜脈采血測(cè)隨機(jī)血糖,血糖值>16.7 mmol/L,每天飲水量≥40 mL,尿糖定性在+++以上,持續(xù)3周。在制備糖尿病模型過程中,鏈脲佐菌素的注射引起6只大鼠死亡,成功制備糖尿病模型大鼠24只,模型成功率為80%。通過隨機(jī)數(shù)字表選取20只糖尿病大鼠,并將其分為糖尿病模型組和外源性H2S供體NaHS處理組,每組10只,余下的大鼠舍棄。將NaHS用生理鹽水溶解,按100 μmol/kg體重進(jìn)行腹腔注射,對(duì)照組和糖尿病模型組給予等量的生理鹽水腹腔注射,每天1次,連續(xù)8周。

1.4 組織病理學(xué)觀察大鼠視神經(jīng)髓鞘的結(jié)構(gòu)

NaHS處理8周后,采用戊巴比妥鈉麻醉大鼠后,心臟放血,收集血液,處死大鼠后,摘取一側(cè)保留有一段視神經(jīng)的眼球,用磷酸鹽緩沖液反復(fù)清洗后,放入到10%的中性甲醛中固定,石蠟包埋,切片,切片厚度設(shè)定為10 μm。對(duì)切片進(jìn)行勞克堅(jiān)牢藍(lán)染色,在光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察視神經(jīng)髓鞘的結(jié)構(gòu),用計(jì)算機(jī)顯微鏡成像系統(tǒng)在放大倍數(shù)為400倍的鏡下拍照,保存結(jié)果。采用Image-ProPlus 6.0圖像分析軟件測(cè)量神經(jīng)束的橫截面積和相同神經(jīng)束內(nèi)染色的髓鞘面積,計(jì)算單位面積下的髓鞘面積所占神經(jīng)束面積的百分率。

1.5 血漿H2S濃度的測(cè)定

心臟放血處死大鼠,收集血液,離心后收集血漿。收集血漿后立即檢測(cè)血漿H2S的濃度。取玻璃試管,然后依次加入加入0.5 mL的醋酸鋅(10 g/L)和0.1 mL的血清標(biāo)本,充分混勻,再依次加入20 mmol/L對(duì)苯二胺鹽酸鹽和30 mmol/L的三氯化鐵各0.5 mL,在室溫下孵育20 min,然后加入10%三氯醋酸1 mL和蒸餾水2.5 mL,混勻,2000 g離心5 min。在670 nm波長(zhǎng),用721分光光度計(jì)測(cè)量其吸光度,根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線計(jì)算出血漿中H2S的濃度。

1.6 血漿ROS、MDA、SOD和CNTF水平的測(cè)定

NaHS處理8周后,采用戊巴比妥鈉麻醉大鼠后,心臟放血,處死大鼠,收集血液,采用肝素抗凝,離心后收集血漿,分別檢測(cè)血ROS、MDA和SOD水平。采用ELISA法檢測(cè)血漿CNTF的水平。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)操作按試劑盒的說明書進(jìn)行。

1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 各組大鼠血漿H2S水平的變化

與對(duì)照組[(73.85±8.27)μmol/L]比較,糖尿病模型組大鼠血漿中H2S水平顯著降低[(38.45±4.82)μmol/L],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.24,P < 0.05);與糖尿病模型組[(38.45±4.82)μmol/L]大鼠比較,NaHS處理組大鼠血漿中H2S水平[(82.36±7.41)μmol/L]顯著升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.97,P < 0.05),這些結(jié)果表明補(bǔ)充NaHS能夠增加體內(nèi)H2S的濃度。

2.2 H2S對(duì)糖尿病模型大鼠視神經(jīng)病理形態(tài)學(xué)的影響

NaHS處理8周后,采用勞克堅(jiān)牢藍(lán)染色觀察視神經(jīng)和髓鞘形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,結(jié)果如圖1所示:對(duì)照組視神經(jīng)髓鞘的染色均勻,視神經(jīng)視束的直徑和髓鞘的厚度一致。糖尿病模型組大鼠視神經(jīng)的髓鞘出現(xiàn)較明顯的潰變,有的髓鞘潰變成半環(huán)狀或空白,可見空泡變性和崩解碎片。與糖尿病模型組比較,NaHS組大鼠視神經(jīng)髓鞘的上述變化明顯減輕。

通過Image-ProPlus 6.0圖像分析軟件測(cè)量并計(jì)算單位面積下的髓鞘面積所占神經(jīng)束面積的百分率。結(jié)果顯示:與對(duì)照組[(22.56±14.81)%]比較,糖尿病模型組大鼠視神經(jīng)髓鞘面積所占的百分率[(11.37±2.94)%]顯著降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.02,P < 0.05)。NaHS處理組[(11.37±2.94)%]大鼠視神經(jīng)髓鞘面積所占的百分率與糖尿病模型組大鼠[(19.78±3.05)% ]比較顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.42,P < 0.05)。

3 討論

糖尿病眼部并發(fā)癥是導(dǎo)致糖尿病患者失明的重要原因,探討其發(fā)病機(jī)制和尋求有效的治療方法,已經(jīng)成為國(guó)內(nèi)外眼科界研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。糖尿病眼部并發(fā)癥主要包括角膜潰瘍、青光眼、玻璃體積血、糖尿病黃斑水腫、視網(wǎng)膜病變和視神經(jīng)病病變等。其中視神經(jīng)病變由于起病隱匿,臨床癥狀不明顯,而沒有受到眼科醫(yī)師的重視。研究顯示病程為1~5年的糖尿病患者,視神經(jīng)病變的發(fā)病率大約為5%,而病程為6~10年的糖尿病患者視神經(jīng)病變的發(fā)病率則可高達(dá)8%[2]。糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變?cè)谂R床上主要表現(xiàn)為視盤炎樣改變、視盤水腫、視盤新生血管或增生膜、前段缺血性視神經(jīng)病變等,晚期則可出現(xiàn)視神經(jīng)萎縮[15]。但其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不清楚。

糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變是一個(gè)十分復(fù)雜的病理過程,其發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚未完全闡明清楚。近年來的研究表明長(zhǎng)期慢性高血糖癥在糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。高糖能促進(jìn)谷氨酸的釋放,增加其興奮毒性,可引起氧化應(yīng)激,導(dǎo)致線粒體功能障礙和細(xì)胞鈣超載,高糖還可導(dǎo)致免疫復(fù)合物在視神經(jīng)上的沉積以及減少神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的產(chǎn)生等,這些均可導(dǎo)致視神經(jīng)病變[16]。研究表明糖尿病血管病變導(dǎo)致的微循環(huán)障礙在視神經(jīng)病變中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用[17]。利用激光多普勒測(cè)速儀測(cè)量視盤血流量發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者視盤毛細(xì)血管血流速度明顯減慢,視神經(jīng)血流量明顯下降[18]。趙軍平等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病大鼠在3個(gè)月時(shí)視神經(jīng)存在低血流灌注現(xiàn)象,視神經(jīng)已出現(xiàn)明顯的組織病理學(xué)改變。

研究表明H2S同一氧化氮和一氧化碳一樣,具備作為體內(nèi)的氣體信使物質(zhì)的要求,因此被稱為第三種氣體信號(hào)分子。H2S在體內(nèi)可以通過酶促反應(yīng)和非酶促反應(yīng)兩條途徑產(chǎn)生,酶促反應(yīng)途徑是指以L-半胱氨酸為底物,由胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶、胱硫醚-β-合成酶和半胱氨酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶等催化而成,這是體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生H2S的主要途徑,被稱為內(nèi)源性H2S[19],而非酶促反應(yīng)途徑是指體內(nèi)的糖通過糖酵解作用降解后產(chǎn)生的代謝中間產(chǎn)物與血液中的硫元素直接結(jié)合而生成H2S[20]。H2S的生理作用十分廣泛,參與了機(jī)體許多生理功能的調(diào)節(jié),目前還沒有闡明清楚。H2S的病理生理作用也十分廣泛,參與許多疾病包括心血管、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和代謝性疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[21-22]。研究表明H2S與糖尿病密切相關(guān)[23]。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)H2S具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,是一種神經(jīng)保護(hù)劑,內(nèi)源性H2S的減少可降低其保護(hù)作用[24]。本研究的結(jié)果顯示糖尿病伴有視神經(jīng)病變的大鼠血漿中H2S的濃度降低,這說明而內(nèi)源性H2S的水平降低參與了糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變的發(fā)展進(jìn)程,這提示H2S可能是保護(hù)糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變的新靶點(diǎn),增加體內(nèi)H2S的水平可能對(duì)糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變具有保護(hù)或者治療作用。

H2S在體內(nèi)有兩種存在形式,即NaHS和氣體H2S。NaHS在體內(nèi)液體環(huán)境中離解為Na+和HS-,而HS-可與H+結(jié)合生成H2S、NaHS和H2S之間是一種動(dòng)態(tài)平衡[25]。由于NaHS可NaHS在溶液中離解為Na+和HS-,而HS-可與H+結(jié)合生成H2S,能夠保證溶液中H2S濃度的精確度和穩(wěn)定性,因此NaHS常作為外源性H2S的供體使用。本研究中的結(jié)果顯示NaHS減輕了糖尿病大鼠視神經(jīng)的病變。這些結(jié)果表明通過外源性H2S增加體內(nèi)H2S的水平能防治糖尿病大鼠視神經(jīng)的病變,也證實(shí)H2S可能是一種治療糖尿病大鼠視神經(jīng)病變的新途徑和策略。

氧化應(yīng)激和神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的缺乏是糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變發(fā)生的重要機(jī)制。機(jī)體在遭受有害刺激時(shí),會(huì)產(chǎn)生了大量的活性氧自由基,超出了機(jī)體對(duì)其清除能力時(shí),會(huì)損傷細(xì)胞的DNA、蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)等,而發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激[26]。MDA是活性氧使脂質(zhì)發(fā)生過氧化反應(yīng)的終產(chǎn)物,是衡量體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激的指標(biāo)。SOD可通過催化超氧化物發(fā)生岐化反應(yīng)而清除自由基,是主要自由基清除劑。CNTF是一種非靶源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,具有廣泛的生物學(xué)作用,能促進(jìn)感覺神經(jīng)元、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元和海馬膽堿能神經(jīng)元的存活,并具有修復(fù)損傷的神經(jīng)的作用[27]。CNTF及其受體均在視神經(jīng)中表達(dá),表明CNTF可能在視神經(jīng)病變中起著十分重要的作用[28]。本研究結(jié)果顯示H2S降低了糖尿病視神經(jīng)病變大鼠血漿中的MDA水平,增加了血漿中的SOD和CNTF的水平。這些結(jié)果表明H2S對(duì)糖尿病大鼠視神經(jīng)病變有防治作用,可能與H2S抑制氧化應(yīng)激增加血漿CNTF水平有關(guān)。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[2] Wang C,Yu Y,Zhang X,et al. Awareness,treatment,control of diabetes mellitus and the risk factors:survey results from northeast china [J]. PLoS One,2014,9(7):e103594.

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[6] 趙軍平,馬志中,宋琛,等.糖尿病大鼠視神經(jīng)病變及發(fā)病機(jī)理研究[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2006,86(48):3435-3437.

[7] Bikbova G,Oshitari T,Baba T,et al. Neurotrophic factors for retinal ganglion cell neuropathy-with a special reference to diabetic neuropathy in the retina [J]. Curr Diabetes Rev,2014,10(3):166-176.

[8] Petropoulos IN,Alam U,F(xiàn)adavi H,et al. Rapid automated diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with in vivo corneal confocal microscopy [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2014,55(4):2071-2078.

[9] Barr LA,Calvert JW. Discoveries of hydrogen sulfide as a novel cardiovascular therapeutic [J]. Circ J,2014,78(9):2111-2118.

[10] Polhemus DJ,Lefer DJ. Emergence of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule in cardiovascular disease [J]. Circ Res,2014,114(4):730-737.

[11] Jia J,Xiao Y,Wang W,et al. Differential mechanisms underlying neuroprotection of hydrogen sulfide donors against oxidative stress [J]. Neurochem Int,2013,62(8):1072-1078.

[12] Kimura H. Physiological role of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide in the central nervous system [J]. Neurochem Int,2013,63(5):492-497.

[13] Ren YS,Wu SY,Wang XJ,et al. Multiple hemodynamic effects of endogenous hydrogen sulfide on central nervous system in rats [J]. Chin Med J(Engl),2011,124(21):3468-3475.

[14] Kimura Y,Goto Y,Kimura H. Hydrogen sulfide increases glutathione production and suppresses oxidative stress in mitochondria [J]. Antioxid Redox Signal,2010,12(1):1-13.

[15] Jeon C,Shin JH,Woo KI,et al. Clinical profile and visual outcomes after treatment in patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy [J]. Korean J Ophthalmol,2012,26(2):73-79.

[16] Kusari J,Zhou SX,Padillo E,et al. Inhibition of vitreoretinal VEGF elevation and blood-retinal barrier breakdown in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by brimonidine [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2010,51(2):1044-1051.

[17] 陳志鈞,夏博,汪澤,等.外展神經(jīng)麻痹的病因和臨床表現(xiàn)探討[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(1):25-27.

[18] Ogasawara H,Yoshida A,F(xiàn)eke GT. Analysis of optic nerve head circulation in diabetics using a laser Doppler technique [J]. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi,1992,96(10):1311-1316.

[19] Shen Y,Guo W,Wang Z,et al. Protective effects of hydrogen sulfide in hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells: a possible mitochondria-dependent pathway [J]. Int J Mol Sci,2013,14(7):13093-13108.

[20] Suzuki K,Olah G,Modis K,et al. Hydrogen sulfide replacement therapy protects the vascular endothelium in hyperglycemia by preserving mitochondrial function [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108(33):13829-13834.

[21] Stein A,Bailey SM. Redox biology of hydrogen sulfide:implications for physiology,pathophysiology,and pharmacology [J]. Redox Biol,2013,1(1):32-39.

[22] Liu F,Chen DD,Sun X,et al. Hydrogen sulfide improves wound healing via restoration of endothelial progenitor cell functions and activation of angiopoietin-1 in type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes,2014,63(5):1763-1778.

[23] 孫桂珍,丁波,盧海龍,等.糖尿病性麻痹性斜視17例[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(3):32-33.

[24] Wang Y,Jia J,Ao G,et al. Hydrogen sulfide protects blood-brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia [J]. J Neurochem,2014,129(5):827-838.

[25] Renga B. Hydrogen sulfide generation in mammals:the molecular biology of cystathionine-β-synthase(CBS)and cystathionine-γ-lyase(CSE) [J]. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets,2011,10(2):85-91.

[26] Kitamoto M,Kato K,Sugimoto A,et al. Sairei-to ameliorates rat peritoneal fibrosis partly through suppression of oxidative stress [J]. Nephron Exp Nephrol,2011,117(3):71-81.

[27] Wang K,Zhou F,Zhu X,et al. Neuroprotective properties of ciliary neurotrophic factor on retinoic acid(RA)-predifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells [J]. Folia Neuropathol,2014,52(2):121-127.

[28] Thanos S,Bhm MR,Meyer Zu Hrste M,et al. Role of crystallins in ocular neuroprotection and axonal regeneration [J]. Prog Retin Eye Res,2014,42(1):145-161.

(收稿日期:2014-08-22 本文編輯:任 念)

[17] 陳志鈞,夏博,汪澤,等.外展神經(jīng)麻痹的病因和臨床表現(xiàn)探討[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(1):25-27.

[18] Ogasawara H,Yoshida A,F(xiàn)eke GT. Analysis of optic nerve head circulation in diabetics using a laser Doppler technique [J]. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi,1992,96(10):1311-1316.

[19] Shen Y,Guo W,Wang Z,et al. Protective effects of hydrogen sulfide in hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells: a possible mitochondria-dependent pathway [J]. Int J Mol Sci,2013,14(7):13093-13108.

[20] Suzuki K,Olah G,Modis K,et al. Hydrogen sulfide replacement therapy protects the vascular endothelium in hyperglycemia by preserving mitochondrial function [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108(33):13829-13834.

[21] Stein A,Bailey SM. Redox biology of hydrogen sulfide:implications for physiology,pathophysiology,and pharmacology [J]. Redox Biol,2013,1(1):32-39.

[22] Liu F,Chen DD,Sun X,et al. Hydrogen sulfide improves wound healing via restoration of endothelial progenitor cell functions and activation of angiopoietin-1 in type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes,2014,63(5):1763-1778.

[23] 孫桂珍,丁波,盧海龍,等.糖尿病性麻痹性斜視17例[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(3):32-33.

[24] Wang Y,Jia J,Ao G,et al. Hydrogen sulfide protects blood-brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia [J]. J Neurochem,2014,129(5):827-838.

[25] Renga B. Hydrogen sulfide generation in mammals:the molecular biology of cystathionine-β-synthase(CBS)and cystathionine-γ-lyase(CSE) [J]. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets,2011,10(2):85-91.

[26] Kitamoto M,Kato K,Sugimoto A,et al. Sairei-to ameliorates rat peritoneal fibrosis partly through suppression of oxidative stress [J]. Nephron Exp Nephrol,2011,117(3):71-81.

[27] Wang K,Zhou F,Zhu X,et al. Neuroprotective properties of ciliary neurotrophic factor on retinoic acid(RA)-predifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells [J]. Folia Neuropathol,2014,52(2):121-127.

[28] Thanos S,Bhm MR,Meyer Zu Hrste M,et al. Role of crystallins in ocular neuroprotection and axonal regeneration [J]. Prog Retin Eye Res,2014,42(1):145-161.

(收稿日期:2014-08-22 本文編輯:任 念)

[17] 陳志鈞,夏博,汪澤,等.外展神經(jīng)麻痹的病因和臨床表現(xiàn)探討[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(1):25-27.

[18] Ogasawara H,Yoshida A,F(xiàn)eke GT. Analysis of optic nerve head circulation in diabetics using a laser Doppler technique [J]. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi,1992,96(10):1311-1316.

[19] Shen Y,Guo W,Wang Z,et al. Protective effects of hydrogen sulfide in hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells: a possible mitochondria-dependent pathway [J]. Int J Mol Sci,2013,14(7):13093-13108.

[20] Suzuki K,Olah G,Modis K,et al. Hydrogen sulfide replacement therapy protects the vascular endothelium in hyperglycemia by preserving mitochondrial function [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108(33):13829-13834.

[21] Stein A,Bailey SM. Redox biology of hydrogen sulfide:implications for physiology,pathophysiology,and pharmacology [J]. Redox Biol,2013,1(1):32-39.

[22] Liu F,Chen DD,Sun X,et al. Hydrogen sulfide improves wound healing via restoration of endothelial progenitor cell functions and activation of angiopoietin-1 in type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes,2014,63(5):1763-1778.

[23] 孫桂珍,丁波,盧海龍,等.糖尿病性麻痹性斜視17例[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(3):32-33.

[24] Wang Y,Jia J,Ao G,et al. Hydrogen sulfide protects blood-brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia [J]. J Neurochem,2014,129(5):827-838.

[25] Renga B. Hydrogen sulfide generation in mammals:the molecular biology of cystathionine-β-synthase(CBS)and cystathionine-γ-lyase(CSE) [J]. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets,2011,10(2):85-91.

[26] Kitamoto M,Kato K,Sugimoto A,et al. Sairei-to ameliorates rat peritoneal fibrosis partly through suppression of oxidative stress [J]. Nephron Exp Nephrol,2011,117(3):71-81.

[27] Wang K,Zhou F,Zhu X,et al. Neuroprotective properties of ciliary neurotrophic factor on retinoic acid(RA)-predifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells [J]. Folia Neuropathol,2014,52(2):121-127.

[28] Thanos S,Bhm MR,Meyer Zu Hrste M,et al. Role of crystallins in ocular neuroprotection and axonal regeneration [J]. Prog Retin Eye Res,2014,42(1):145-161.

(收稿日期:2014-08-22 本文編輯:任 念)

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