張寶瑋龔 惠張 潔
(1上海立信會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)院體育教學(xué)部 上海 200235;2上海市第一人民醫(yī)院影像科 上海 200013;3復(fù)旦大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究院 上海 200032)
運(yùn)動(dòng)降低冠心病發(fā)病率與血漿氧化低密度脂蛋白低水平相關(guān)
張寶瑋1龔 惠3張 潔2△
(1上海立信會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)院體育教學(xué)部 上海 200235;2上海市第一人民醫(yī)院影像科 上海 200013;
3復(fù)旦大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究院 上海 200032)
目的 探討運(yùn)動(dòng)降低冠心病發(fā)病率與血漿氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,Ox-LDL)低水平相關(guān)。方法健康體檢者和急性心梗(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者根據(jù)有無高血脂分為常脂組和高脂組,再根據(jù)有無運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣進(jìn)一步分為運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組,觀察血脂參數(shù)總膽固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白及Ox-LDL的水平,并分析AMI患者的血管病變程度。結(jié)果與健康體檢者相比,無論是高脂還是常脂的AMI患者血漿Ox-LDL水平均明顯升高。運(yùn)動(dòng)組的血漿Ox-LDL水平比相應(yīng)對(duì)照組低,但其他血脂參數(shù)的差異不大。在AMI患者中,運(yùn)動(dòng)組多支冠狀動(dòng)脈損害較對(duì)照組輕微。結(jié)論運(yùn)動(dòng)抑制冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展與血漿Ox-LDL低水平可能相關(guān),培養(yǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣可在一定程度上抑制冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
運(yùn)動(dòng); 冠心?。?氧化低密度脂蛋白; 血脂
【Abstraet】 Objcetivc To explore whether the occurrence of coronary heart disease prevented by sport has relationship to the low level of plasma oxidized low density lipoprotein(Ox-LDL). Mcthods
Healthy subjects and patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI)were recruited in the trial and were devided into hyperlipidemia group and ortholiposis group,respectively,which were re-devided into sport group and control group.The plasma lipids parameters,such as TC,TG,HDL,LDL and Ox-LDL,were evaluated,and the vascular damage was analyzed in AMI patients. Rcsults Plasma Ox-LDL level was significantly increased in AMI patients compared to healthy subjects.Sport greatly decreased plasma Ox-LDL level either in healthy subjects with hyperlipidemia or in AMI patients with or without hyperlipidemia,although it had little effect on other plasma lipids level.In AMI patients,multi-vessel damage in sport group was better than that in control group. Conelusions The high level of Ox-LDL may be one of critical factors for the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease.Sport couldprevent the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease in subjects with or without hyperlipemia,which is associated with low Ox-LDL level in plasma.
【Kcy words】 sport; coronary heart disease; oxidized low density lipoprotein; plasma lipid
*This work was supportcd by thc National Natural Seicnec Foundation of China(81370258).
血脂代謝異常是引起冠心病的重要原因。運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)血脂具有調(diào)控作用,提示運(yùn)動(dòng)調(diào)控血脂可防治冠心病。目前臨床上檢測(cè)的血脂參數(shù)主要有總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC),三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TG),高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL),低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL),其中LDL被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致冠脈粥樣硬化的主要脂蛋白[1]。有研究認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)可降低血清LDL水平,尤其可降低高脂患者的LDL水平,但也有研究認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)LDL無明顯影響[2]。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為血漿LDL高水平導(dǎo)致LDL氧化生成氧化LDL (oxidized LDL,Ox-LDL)[3],而Ox-LDL可導(dǎo)致冠狀血管內(nèi)皮炎癥、凋亡等損傷,進(jìn)而發(fā)展為冠心?。?]。即使血漿LDL水平正常,體內(nèi)炎癥等因素也會(huì)引起LDL氧化,從而導(dǎo)致血漿Ox-LDL水平急劇升高,引發(fā)冠心?。?]。
本研究在健康體檢者和急性心梗(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者中分別篩選出有運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣和無運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣的人群,觀察運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)血脂參數(shù)TC、TG、HDL、LDL及血漿Ox-LDL水平的作用,并比較有無運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣的AMI患者心梗發(fā)展的嚴(yán)重程度,從而研究運(yùn)動(dòng)是否與血漿Ox-LDL低水平相關(guān),以期為防治冠心病提供參考。
研究對(duì)象健康體檢者來自上海市第一人民醫(yī)院門診體檢者,年齡40~70歲,男女不限,無代謝性疾病,無高血壓[收縮壓<140 mmHg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,下同),舒張壓<90 mmHg],包括部分高血脂但無器質(zhì)性病變的體檢者。AMI患者為上海市第一人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科收治的初發(fā)AMI患者,年齡40~70歲,ST段明顯抬高,診斷明確且病程在3個(gè)月以內(nèi),糖尿病、高血壓、肝、腎、肺、腦病及其他心臟病和近2周內(nèi)服用抗氧化劑及調(diào)脂劑者除外。健康體檢者和AMI患者在性別及年齡方面無差異。在上述兩組內(nèi)篩選出入院前有運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣者作為運(yùn)動(dòng)組,即每天參加快走、慢跑、游泳、打乒乓球等運(yùn)動(dòng)40 min以上或每周運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間>5 h且持續(xù)2年以上者。在上述兩組內(nèi)篩選出2年內(nèi)基本無運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣或每周運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間<2 h者作為對(duì)照組。常脂組:TC<5.2 mmol/L,TG為0.6~1.7 mmol/L,HDL>1.04 mmol/L,LDL<3.12 mmol/L;高脂組:TC、TG或LDL超出上述范圍。除Ox-LDL外,以上血脂參數(shù)由我院檢驗(yàn)科測(cè)定。
血漿Ox-LDL檢測(cè)所有受試者取靜脈血,離心分離血漿,經(jīng)LDL沉淀化處理后,用ELISA試劑盒(美國(guó)Cell Bio Labs公司)檢測(cè)血漿Ox-LDL水平。最終樣品用酶標(biāo)儀(Infinite M200,瑞士Tecan公司)在波長(zhǎng)450 nm處讀取吸光度(D)值,根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線計(jì)算各樣本的Ox-LDL水平。
細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)培養(yǎng)的冠脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞用不同濃度的Ox-LDL和LDL處理48 h后,4%多聚甲醛固定后用TUNEL染色試劑盒(德國(guó)默克公司)進(jìn)行染色,在Leica顯微鏡下觀察拍照,TUNEL陽性核呈棕色(表示細(xì)胞凋亡),TUNEL陰性核呈藍(lán)色,細(xì)胞凋亡率用TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞占總細(xì)胞的百分?jǐn)?shù)來表示。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析數(shù)據(jù)分析和圖標(biāo)制作使用Prism 5.0軟件,數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果以±s表示。兩組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),血管病變采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.01為差異有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
高脂組運(yùn)動(dòng)人群的血漿Ox-LDL水平健康體檢者及AMI患者的基本指標(biāo)見表1,已排除高血壓及器質(zhì)性病變的患者。在健康體檢者中,有運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣的占33.4%,高于AMI組的19.0%。血漿Ox-LDL水平受高脂的影響較大,將健康體檢者分為高脂組和常脂組,分別觀察運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組的血脂參數(shù)TC、TG、LDL、HDL及Ox-LDL水平,以明確運(yùn)動(dòng)與血脂的關(guān)系(表2)。結(jié)果提示,常脂運(yùn)動(dòng)組健康體檢者血漿中TC、LDL及Ox-LDL水平較對(duì)照組低,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。高脂組的 TC、TG、LDL、HDL及Ox-LDL均明顯高于常脂組,與對(duì)照組相比,運(yùn)動(dòng)組的TC、TG、LDL及HDL相應(yīng)降低,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但Ox-LDL顯著降低(P<0.05)。Ox-LDL水平升高是心梗的重要誘發(fā)因素,由此推測(cè)在高脂狀態(tài)下,運(yùn)動(dòng)與血漿Ox-LDL低水平相關(guān),可能對(duì)于預(yù)防心梗有重要作用。
AMI患者運(yùn)動(dòng)組的血漿Ox-LDL水平及血管病變程度AMI患者的血脂水平見表3,高脂組的TC、TG和LDL均高于常脂組。無論是高脂還是常脂的AMI患者血漿中Ox-LDL水平均明顯高于健康體檢者的相應(yīng)各組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。無論在高脂組還是常脂組,運(yùn)動(dòng)組的血漿Ox-LDL水平均明顯低于相應(yīng)對(duì)照組,但其他血脂參數(shù)變化不大。為了進(jìn)一步說明運(yùn)動(dòng)抑制心梗的發(fā)生發(fā)展是否與Ox-LDL低水平有關(guān),本研究觀察了AMI患者對(duì)照組和運(yùn)動(dòng)組的單支血管病變和多支血管病變患者的比例(表4)。結(jié)果顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)組的多支病變血管比例為23.4%,明顯低于對(duì)照組的42.7%。提示運(yùn)動(dòng)與血漿Ox-LDL低水平有關(guān),可能在一定程度上抑制對(duì)血管的損傷作用,這可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)抑制冠心病發(fā)生發(fā)展的原因之一。
表1 健康體檢者和 AMI患者的基本指標(biāo)Tab 1 Charaetcristies of hcalthy subjcets and AMI paticnts
表2 運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)健康體檢者血脂的影響Tab 2 Thc cffcet of sport on blood lipids in hcalthy subjcets(±s)
表2 運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)健康體檢者血脂的影響Tab 2 Thc cffcet of sport on blood lipids in hcalthy subjcets(±s)
BMI:Body mass index;TC:Total cholesterol;TG:Triglyceride;HDL:High density lipid;LDL:Low density lipid;Ox-LDL:Oxidized low density lipid.(1)Sport vs.Control,P<0.05;(2)Hyperlipidemia vs.Ortholiposis,P<0.05.
GroupBMI(kg/m2)TC(mmol/L)TG(mmol/L)HDL(mmol/L)LDL(mmol/L)Ox-LDL(mg/L)OrtholiposisControl(n=94)24.11±3.204.38±0.571.28±0.711.50±0.402.31±0.402.90±0.85Sport(n=83)23.62±2.813.98±0.651.31±0.621.84±0.522.29±0.542.25±0.76HyperlipidemiaControl(n=74)24.81±2.535.51±0.65(2)2.27±1.25(2)1.94±0.36(2)3.35±0.71(2)3.38±0.57(2)Sport(n=48)24.28±2.925.24±0.722.02±0.781.98±0.673.09±0.592.42±0.43(1)
表3 運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)AMI患者血脂的影響Tab 3 Thc cffcet of sport on blood lipids of AMI paticnts(±s)
表3 運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)AMI患者血脂的影響Tab 3 Thc cffcet of sport on blood lipids of AMI paticnts(±s)
BMI:Body mass index;TC:Total cholesterol;TG:Triglyceride;HDL:High density lipid;LDL:Low density lipid;Ox-LDL:Oxidized low density lipid.(1)Sport vs.Control,P<0.05;(2)Hyperlipoidemia vs.Ortholiposis,P<0.05.
GroupBMI(kg/m2)TC(mmol/L)TG(mmol/L)HDL(mmol/L)LDL(mmol/L)Ox-LDL(mg/L)OrtholiposisControl(n=83)24.52±3.003.73±0.541.20±0.310.95±0.182.25±0.535.98±0.63Sport(n=42)24.05±3.213.85±0.661.26±0.521.23±0.342.29±0.473.84±0.43(1)HyperlipidemiaControl(n=68)25.26±2.655.63±1.08(2)1.99±0.90(2)1.07±0.31(2)3.96±1.15(2)6.32±0.96Sport(n=30)24.87±2.965.49±0.97(2)1.78±0.76(2)1.13±0.433.32±0.89(1)4.05±0.62(1)
表4 AMI患者運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組的血管病變Tab 4 Comparison of vcsscl damagc bctwccn sport group and eontrol group in AMI paticnts[n(%)]
冠心病是由于脂質(zhì)沉積在冠狀動(dòng)脈壁,使管腔變窄或完全阻塞導(dǎo)致心肌漸進(jìn)性或突發(fā)性缺血缺氧而引起血管腔狹窄或阻塞,進(jìn)而造成心肌缺血、缺氧或壞死而引起的心臟病[6],死亡率高。Ox-LDL參與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊(包括冠狀血管內(nèi)斑塊)形成的多個(gè)進(jìn)程,包括脂質(zhì)沉積、局部免疫、細(xì)胞凋亡等,可導(dǎo)致斑塊破裂等嚴(yán)重后果[7]。因此血漿Ox-LDL水平升高被認(rèn)為是引起動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化或者動(dòng)脈粥樣斑塊惡化進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致冠心病的重要原因之一。
生理情況下,體內(nèi)氧化系統(tǒng)和抗氧化系統(tǒng)處于相對(duì)平衡狀態(tài),體內(nèi)的LDL不易被氧化或氧化后迅速被清除,因此Ox-LDL在血漿及組織中的含量極低[1,4]。既往研究認(rèn)為,在高血脂情況下,血漿中增多的脂質(zhì)以LDL的形式經(jīng)完整的內(nèi)膜侵入內(nèi)皮下發(fā)生氧化,從而引起Ox-LDL升高,進(jìn)一步損傷血管。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,即使LDL水平正常,在體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激水平較高的情況下(如高血壓、感染),LDL也易發(fā)生氧化,導(dǎo)致Ox-LDL水平明顯升高,從而導(dǎo)致血管損傷,引起冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展[4]。這可以解釋為何臨床上急性冠心病患者血漿Ox-LDL急劇升高[9],但僅有部分患者伴有高血脂[10]。
有關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)如何降低冠心病發(fā)病率的相關(guān)報(bào)道較多。運(yùn)動(dòng)能提高神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的功能,產(chǎn)生大量?jī)翰璺影?,后者一方面促進(jìn)肝臟脂肪組織中脂肪分解成游離脂肪酸入血,被肌肉等組織攝取并分解產(chǎn)能,另一方面使心臟收縮加強(qiáng)、加快,提高吸氧量,為脂肪的徹底氧化提供足夠的氧氣[11]。既往研究認(rèn)為,運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)血脂的調(diào)控作用是抑制冠心病發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要原因。有研究顯示運(yùn)動(dòng)可明顯降低TC 及LDL,但也有不同觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)LDL等影響不大,這可能與入選人群的年齡、運(yùn)動(dòng)量及持續(xù)時(shí)間等多種因素相關(guān)[2]。
運(yùn)動(dòng)是否與血漿低Ox-LDL水平相關(guān)從而抑制冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展,相關(guān)研究較少。本研究觀察到,高脂體檢者血漿Ox-LDL水平升高,而運(yùn)動(dòng)組血漿Ox-LDL水平相對(duì)較低,這可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)降低冠心病發(fā)病率的原因之一。AMI患者無論是常脂組還是高脂組,血漿Ox-LDL水平均明顯升高,升高程度與冠心病嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)[12]。AMI患者運(yùn)動(dòng)組血漿Ox-LDL水平相應(yīng)降低,血管損傷程度較對(duì)照組輕微。綜上所述,運(yùn)動(dòng)與血漿Ox-LDL低水平有關(guān),從而可能抑制血管病變。另外,在健康體檢者和AMI患者中,運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組相比,LDL和TC的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能與本文研究對(duì)象的年齡較大、相對(duì)以及運(yùn)動(dòng)量相對(duì)較小有關(guān)。
目前有關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)降低血漿Ox-LDL水平的具體機(jī)制研究甚少。Ox-LDL主要由LDL在一些氧化酶的作用下氧化修飾而成,氧自由基等在其生成過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用[1]。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可有效清除氧自由基,抑制過氧化反應(yīng)[13]。由此推測(cè),運(yùn)動(dòng)抑制LDL的氧化修飾,從而降低血漿Ox-LDL水平。因此,培養(yǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣可在一定程度上預(yù)防血漿Ox-LDL水平升高,而低水平Ox-LDL對(duì)于抑制冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有一定的作用。
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Sport prcvcnts thc oeeurrcnec and dcvclopmcnt of eoronary hcart discasc aeeoeiatcd with low plasma Ox-LDL lcvcl
ZHANG Bao-wei1,GONG Hui3,ZHANG Jie2△
(1Department of Physical Education,Shanghai Lixin University of Commerce,Shanghai 200235,China;2Departemnt of Radiology,Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai 200013,China;3Institutes of Biomedical Sciences,F(xiàn)udan University,Shanghai 200032,China)
R 543.3
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2015.06.007
2015-04-20;編輯:段佳)
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81370258)
△Corresponding author E-mail:zhangjie1975@163.com