蔣偉剛 劉耀升 劉蜀彬
Research progress on preoperative transarterial embolization in patients with spinal metastases
JIANG Wei-gang, LIU Yao-sheng, LIU Shu-bin.Department of Orthopaedics, the 307th Hospital of CPLA, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, 100071, PRCCorresponding author: LIU Yao-sheng, Email: 15810069346@qq.com
脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤術(shù)前動(dòng)脈栓塞研究進(jìn)展
蔣偉剛 劉耀升 劉蜀彬
Research progress on preoperative transarterial embolization in patients with spinal metastases
JIANG Wei-gang, LIU Yao-sheng, LIU Shu-bin.Department of Orthopaedics, the 307th Hospital of CPLA, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, 100071, PRC
Corresponding author: LIU Yao-sheng, Email: 15810069346@qq.com
【關(guān)鍵詞】止血技術(shù);栓塞,治療性;骨腫瘤;脊柱;出血
動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)最主要的目的是減少術(shù)中出血,還可栓塞腫瘤組織的血管,使腫瘤壞死溶解。目前,術(shù)前動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于高血運(yùn)脊柱腫瘤的治療。動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)不但可以作為減少手術(shù)出血的一種術(shù)前輔助措施,增加手術(shù)操作的可行性和安全性,使手術(shù)獲得更好的療效[1-3],而且在某些情況下,其可以單獨(dú)作為姑息性治療的一種,用以減輕腫瘤疼痛及壓迫等癥狀[4]。因此,動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)的結(jié)局可以是不同程度的局部缺血,也可以是目標(biāo)腫瘤的完全壞死。
高血運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤是脊柱腫瘤術(shù)前栓塞術(shù)最常見適應(yīng)證。總體而言,60% 的脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤、40% 的脊柱原發(fā)性良性腫瘤和 85% 的脊柱原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤都是高血運(yùn)[5]。以下內(nèi)容提示存在較高的圍手術(shù)期出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)適當(dāng)考慮進(jìn)行術(shù)前動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù):( 1 ) 組織學(xué)類型:腎細(xì)胞癌[6]、生殖細(xì)胞和內(nèi)分泌腫瘤 ( 如甲狀腺癌 )[3]、侵襲性椎體血管瘤[7-8]、血管母細(xì)胞瘤[9,8]、骨肉瘤[10]、骨巨細(xì)胞瘤[11,8]、骨動(dòng)脈瘤樣囊腫[12]、黑色素瘤[13]、骨母細(xì)胞瘤[8]、血管脂肪瘤[14]、血管外皮細(xì)胞瘤[15]、神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤[16]、血管肉瘤[17]、脊索瘤[18]。臨床最常見的高血運(yùn)脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤來源于腎細(xì)胞癌和甲狀腺癌[1-3]。乳腺癌、前列腺癌、結(jié)腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移以及來歷不明的轉(zhuǎn)移瘤如果血管造影顯示高血運(yùn)狀態(tài)也可適當(dāng)選擇栓塞治療。( 2 ) 臨床表現(xiàn):紅斑、結(jié)節(jié)、褶皺。( 3 ) 影像學(xué)提示腫瘤快速生長。( 4 ) 腫瘤組織的溶解、迅速生長、侵犯周圍軟組織結(jié)構(gòu)以及頻繁的影像學(xué)檢查都可以增加圍手術(shù)期出血[6]。( 5 ) 大范圍的手術(shù)操作。
Robial 等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前栓塞術(shù)雖可降低腎癌脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的術(shù)中出血,但對(duì)乳腺癌和肺癌脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的效果卻不明顯,并認(rèn)為術(shù)中出血受手術(shù)范圍影響較大。
血管造影顯示脊髓前動(dòng)脈與擬栓塞的血管共蒂及操作者缺乏相關(guān)的技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)都是脊柱腫瘤血管栓塞術(shù)禁忌證。栓塞前高血壓和低血壓應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫娇刂?。碘過敏的患者可以術(shù)前 24 h 給予糖皮質(zhì)激素或苯海拉明。腎功能不全是血管造影的相對(duì)禁忌證,對(duì)于腎病患者,應(yīng)當(dāng)限制使用顯影劑,減少靜脈輸液,減少半胱氨酸攝入。外科醫(yī)生應(yīng)當(dāng)注意鐮狀細(xì)胞貧血、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤都可損害腎功能。腎衰的患者造影后應(yīng)進(jìn)行透析。
脊柱腫瘤栓塞治療常用的栓塞劑包括:明膠海綿顆粒[3,20]、聚乙烯醇 ( polyvinyl alcohol,PVA )[21]、金屬線圈[22]、無水酒精海綿[23]、丁基-氰基丙烯鹽酸黏合劑[24]、乙烯醇共聚物及其復(fù)合物[2]。
明膠海綿顆粒在 24 h 內(nèi)誘導(dǎo)血栓形成,閉塞腫瘤血管,溶解后可使血管再通,達(dá)到暫時(shí)性閉塞腫瘤血管的目的。Gellad 等[20]報(bào)道了 2 例骨腫瘤患者成功行明膠海綿栓塞術(shù)后 3 天出現(xiàn)大出血的病例,其主要原因是栓塞的血管再通過快。
直徑為 50~1200 μm 的不可吸收的 PVA 顆粒均可使用,而直徑為 100~300 μm 的顆粒最常使用。手術(shù)應(yīng)在PVA 栓塞后的 7 天內(nèi)進(jìn)行以防血管再通[21]。遠(yuǎn)端 PVA 顆粒栓塞的同時(shí)可采用明膠海綿或金屬線圈栓塞近端營養(yǎng)血管。
動(dòng)脈內(nèi)注射無水乙醇可導(dǎo)致纖維蛋白壞死、血管內(nèi)膜硬化、血管壞死并能對(duì)正常組織產(chǎn)生傷害;暴露于無水乙醇中的腫瘤細(xì)胞可發(fā)生凋亡。無水乙醇已成功用于腎癌脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的術(shù)前栓塞治療[23]。
用 Onyx 栓塞劑經(jīng)動(dòng)脈或直接穿刺到脊柱腫瘤瘤體的栓塞治療已被公認(rèn)為安全有效。Onyx 18 和 34 分別由 6% 和 8% 的乙烯醇共聚物復(fù)合物以及 94% 和 92% 的二甲亞砜組成。與明膠海綿和 PVA 相比,用 Onyx 進(jìn)行的血管栓塞是永久的,不容易發(fā)生瘤體血管的再通現(xiàn)象。栓塞后 8 天可觀察到瘤體軟化。Onyx 栓塞的其它優(yōu)點(diǎn)還包括更深層次的滲透、更廣泛的栓塞以及栓塞導(dǎo)管易于抽出等[2]。
臨床上決定栓塞劑選擇的因素有很多,操作者熟練程度和經(jīng)驗(yàn)是先決條件。液體栓塞劑可以增加非靶血管的栓塞和靶組織外組織壞死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),相對(duì)而言較難掌控,許多操作者選擇顆粒栓塞和不銹鋼或金屬線圈相結(jié)合的方法。目前,有關(guān)栓塞劑結(jié)果的比較研究仍較少。Basile 等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)明膠海綿微粒和 PVA 在減少術(shù)中失血方面效果相似。
栓塞術(shù)前 MRI、CT 及 B 超十分重要,可以辨別腫瘤大小、與某些重要結(jié)構(gòu)的距離、有無共用血管以及復(fù)雜病變部位動(dòng)脈的血供和靜脈分流等。CT 血管造影對(duì)存在多重血供且治療方案復(fù)雜的巨大腫瘤病灶非常必要。
血管造影的安全性指標(biāo)包括血漿凝血酶原時(shí)間、部分活化凝血活酶時(shí)間、血小板計(jì)數(shù)和血紅蛋白等。微粒栓塞、線圈栓塞、注射栓塞劑可能產(chǎn)生凝血級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),因此凝血異常應(yīng)在術(shù)前盡可能獲得糾正。有活動(dòng)性出血或多次輸血史的患者栓塞術(shù)前凝血異常必須獲得糾正。某些情況下腫瘤可以引起凝血異常,如 Kasabach-Merritt 綜合征。
術(shù)前栓塞的最佳時(shí)機(jī)尚未完全確定。由于血管有快速再生、缺血后脊髓水腫受壓或脊髓轉(zhuǎn)移灶出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),手術(shù)當(dāng)天進(jìn)行栓塞比術(shù)前 1 天栓塞在減少術(shù)中失血方面效果更明顯,栓塞術(shù)后應(yīng)盡快施行手術(shù)。栓塞后 3 天進(jìn)行較大手術(shù)出血傾向明顯。Kato 等[3]對(duì) 66 例甲狀腺癌和腎細(xì)胞癌脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移患者后路姑息性減壓手術(shù)前輔助栓塞治療的回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在完全栓塞的患者中,栓塞當(dāng)天手術(shù)組術(shù)中失血以及圍手術(shù)期輸血需求少于第 2 天手術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 [ ( 433±376 ) ml vs. ( 1012±974 ) ml,P=0.01 ]。Pikis 等[1]則建議動(dòng)脈栓塞應(yīng)是在腫瘤引起輕微脊髓壓迫手術(shù)的前 1 天進(jìn)行,或在脊髓病變或脊髓壓迫癥緊急手術(shù)的前幾個(gè)小時(shí)進(jìn)行,這個(gè)時(shí)機(jī)的動(dòng)脈栓塞能最大程度獲得血流阻斷效果,減少潛在的神經(jīng)惡化或血管再通的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
一次成功的栓塞包含以下幾步:決定栓塞和確定時(shí)機(jī)、麻醉和定位、股動(dòng)脈穿刺、血管造影和超選擇性血管造影、腫瘤血流征的評(píng)估、栓塞和栓塞后血管造影。
動(dòng)脈栓塞常規(guī)操作是在患者局部麻醉下經(jīng)皮經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈路徑施行。單排數(shù)字減影血管造影可依賴每個(gè)導(dǎo)管的位置來識(shí)別腫瘤的血液供應(yīng)以及前方和后外側(cè)脊髓動(dòng)脈的位置?;谘茉煊靶g(shù)的結(jié)果腫瘤血管化可分為無血管化、中度血管化、高度血管化或是高度血管化伴隨血管分流和多重供養(yǎng)幾種類型。
在中度血管化和高度血管化腫瘤患者中,顆粒栓塞治療通常是可選擇的方法。其操作是將微導(dǎo)管的尖端放置于椎體節(jié)段動(dòng)脈主干,直至位于鄰近椎動(dòng)脈分支的起始部分。通過微導(dǎo)管將顆粒注入腫瘤團(tuán)塊進(jìn)行栓塞以避免不必要的遠(yuǎn)端栓塞。之前,椎動(dòng)脈主干的遠(yuǎn)側(cè)節(jié)段動(dòng)脈分支是通過導(dǎo)管注射明膠海綿或是安置可拆分的金屬環(huán)進(jìn)行栓塞。一旦通過聚乙烯乙醇化合物微粒注射使得血液暫停,就會(huì)使用液體栓塞劑、金屬環(huán)或明膠海綿去栓塞近端的節(jié)段動(dòng)脈,進(jìn)一步減少了術(shù)前血管再通的可能性。栓塞通常是單側(cè)的、雙側(cè)的、完全的或是不完全的。
術(shù)前栓塞應(yīng)盡量避免栓塞非目標(biāo)血管,在經(jīng)導(dǎo)管動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)時(shí)進(jìn)行相關(guān)血管的造影可以確保栓塞的安全性。只有在栓塞脊柱病灶前確認(rèn)脊髓的血液供應(yīng)才能明確動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)是否可行。一旦腫瘤的供應(yīng)血管被確定,即可以進(jìn)行插管和栓塞。根據(jù)血管的直徑選擇合適的導(dǎo)管。Richard 等[26]報(bào)道使用 4 號(hào)或 5 號(hào)導(dǎo)管作為診斷導(dǎo)管,栓塞較大的血管時(shí)可以繼續(xù)使用相同的導(dǎo)管,也可以再插入 2.3 號(hào)或 2.5 號(hào)的微導(dǎo)管。在有些情況下,大口徑的導(dǎo)管具有很多優(yōu)勢(shì),例如可進(jìn)行多次的路徑測(cè)量,可進(jìn)行脊椎腫瘤血管栓塞時(shí)的高流量生理鹽水沖洗或者可充當(dāng)大直徑高流速的微導(dǎo)管。然而,大口徑導(dǎo)管可以引起動(dòng)脈痙攣、近端血管閉塞和血管損傷,以致栓塞失敗。因此,推薦使用微導(dǎo)管,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:栓塞劑可以遠(yuǎn)離近端血管;減少非靶血管栓塞的可能;腫瘤的供應(yīng)血管是豐富的,微導(dǎo)管較大口徑導(dǎo)管插入方便。
術(shù)中失血量和紅細(xì)胞輸入量是評(píng)估術(shù)前栓塞術(shù)效果的常用指標(biāo)。然而,術(shù)中出血量受多種因素影響,如硬膜外靜脈破裂出血、軟組織切除的范圍、麻醉技術(shù)、腫瘤的位置、患者身體狀態(tài)等。因此,術(shù)中出血量不一定是評(píng)價(jià)術(shù)前栓塞術(shù)效果的可靠指標(biāo)。
Kobayashi 等[27]對(duì)可能影響接受術(shù)前顆粒栓塞的62 例胸腰段脊柱腫瘤患者術(shù)中失血因素進(jìn)行了回顧分析。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示腫瘤體積、手術(shù)方法和手術(shù)的侵襲性是術(shù)中失血的相關(guān)因素;而多因素分析結(jié)果顯示手術(shù)的侵襲性是術(shù)中失血的惟一獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。Rehák 等[6]對(duì) 15 例接受根治性手術(shù)的腎癌脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者的術(shù)中出血特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了回顧性分析,8 例接受術(shù)前栓塞。腫瘤大小和手術(shù)操作復(fù)雜性的不同使栓塞和不栓塞患者分組間不具有可比性。盡管術(shù)者進(jìn)行了充分栓塞,但部分患者失血仍較多。作者認(rèn)為腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的范圍、大小、手術(shù)方式的復(fù)雜程度、栓塞的程度都是影響圍手術(shù)期出血的重要因素。Quraishi 等[28]研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)栓塞后出血也與腫瘤范圍相關(guān),同時(shí)認(rèn)為再灌注、動(dòng)靜脈吻合、廣泛的手術(shù)操作均可能相關(guān)。
Guzman 等[29]對(duì) 24 例高血運(yùn)脊柱腫瘤患者行術(shù)前栓塞術(shù),22 例患者的腫瘤組織血供被完全阻斷。作者認(rèn)為高血運(yùn)脊柱腫瘤術(shù)前栓塞術(shù)是安全有效的,并有利于腫瘤的根治切除;而術(shù)中出血與術(shù)前血管造影顯示的腫瘤組織血管化程度并無明顯聯(lián)系。Kato 等[30]對(duì) 46 例不同部位來源的胸腰椎脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤姑息性減壓手術(shù)的預(yù)后轉(zhuǎn)歸進(jìn)行回顧性對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),23 例行術(shù)前栓塞術(shù)的患者術(shù)中平均出血 520 ( 100~3260 ) ml,另 23 例未行術(shù)前栓塞的患者術(shù)中平均出血 1128 ( 1000~3260 ) ml。作者認(rèn)為術(shù)前栓塞在減少術(shù)中出血方面是安全有效的。
Pikis 等[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在 96 例接受術(shù)前造影的脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者中,84 例 ( 88% ) 行血管栓塞術(shù),6 例 ( 6% ) 造影證實(shí)腫瘤血供不豐富無須栓塞,其它 6 例 ( 6% ) 由于血管畸形或有預(yù)期并發(fā)癥 ( 靠近脊髓前動(dòng)脈、靠近頸胸段 )而不適合栓塞。84 例進(jìn)行栓塞術(shù)的患者中,34 例 ( 40% )表現(xiàn)為高血運(yùn)脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,其中,原發(fā)腫瘤為腎細(xì)胞癌的 22 例,乳腺癌的 6 例,甲狀腺癌的 3 例,另 3 例來源于其它組織。30 例 ( 88% ) 高血運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶進(jìn)行了雙側(cè)或完全栓塞。術(shù)后未出現(xiàn)與操作相關(guān)的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,僅11 例 ( 32% ) 出現(xiàn)了繼發(fā)于栓塞遠(yuǎn)端節(jié)段肌肉短暫輕度到中度疼痛。
通常認(rèn)為脊柱腫瘤術(shù)前栓塞較為安全,除因栓塞顆粒遷移到軟組織引起操作部位肌肉輕度或中度疼痛外,與操作相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥并不多見。然而,必須強(qiáng)調(diào)脊柱腫瘤血管栓塞術(shù)仍有發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥可能,包括無癥狀小腦梗死[31]和急性小腦梗死[32],脊髓梗塞導(dǎo)致的 T12以下的完全截癱[33],脊髓梗塞導(dǎo)致的 T6~7以下 Brown-sequard 半脊髓綜合征[34],脊髓缺血引起的雙下肢持續(xù)性肌無力[29],氰丙烯鹽酸栓塞引起的硬膜外出血等[35]。
中段胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤 ( T4~7) 可能接受該節(jié)段直徑較小的脊髓前動(dòng)脈的營養(yǎng)。此外,要注意縱向和側(cè)支吻合。事實(shí)上,即使只通過不涉及根髓動(dòng)脈的根動(dòng)脈栓塞,粒子也可遷移到上、下一級(jí)的肋間/腰動(dòng)脈或?qū)?cè)動(dòng)脈,再匯入根動(dòng)脈或根髓動(dòng)脈。為了克服這類不常見但可能出現(xiàn)的并發(fā)癥,栓塞前或栓塞術(shù)中選擇性的微血管造影可識(shí)別靶血管和潛在的異常吻合口。血管造影還能評(píng)估栓塞方案,減少栓塞劑回流。
血管栓塞術(shù)并發(fā)癥的另一個(gè)預(yù)防措施是使用直徑300~500 μm 的中號(hào)微粒子。更小的微粒會(huì)從血管管壁的微小孔徑透過,而大的微粒會(huì)迅速閉塞近端血管或聚集在導(dǎo)管中閉塞導(dǎo)管。通過放置在脊髓根動(dòng)脈口的導(dǎo)管隨意注射大量微粒子是危險(xiǎn)的,甚至?xí)鸩豢深A(yù)知的嚴(yán)重危害。
術(shù)前栓塞對(duì)高血運(yùn)脊柱腫瘤治療的有效性已得到公認(rèn)。對(duì)腫瘤供應(yīng)血管的徹底栓塞和盡早地手術(shù) ( 數(shù)小時(shí) )可能是決定栓塞術(shù)療效的關(guān)鍵。靶血管的準(zhǔn)確定位和徹底栓塞可以有效減少術(shù)中出血,增加手術(shù)操作的可行性和安全性。從整體上看,動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)是安全的。可以通過選擇合適的栓塞劑、準(zhǔn)確定位擬栓塞血管、規(guī)范操作者操作來減少動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。
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( 本文編輯:王萌 )
. 會(huì)議紀(jì)要 Meeting summary .
【Abstract】More than 60% of spinal metastases are hypervascular tumors. Intraoperative bleeding often occurred in the surgery for spinal metastases in the past. Therefore, it is necessary to take some preoperative interventions to reduce intraoperative bleeding. Preoperative embolization may be considered in order to decrease the risk of hemorrhage and improve the outcomes. Embolization in the patients with spinal metastases can be performed through the angiographic catheter. When such embolization is performed carefully, the complication rate becomes low. Preoperative transarterial embolization for hypervascular spinal tumors has been extensively used at present, and is considered to be a highly effective adjuvant technique in reducing intraoperative blood loss. Meanwhile, the feasibility and safety of the surgical procedure can be increased and better surgical outcomes can be achieved. Adequate embolization of tumor nutritious blood vessels and early surgery after embolization ( in hours ) seem to determine the curative results of the procedure. Hypervascular spinal tumors are major indications of arterial embolization. One of the main contraindications of preoperative embolization for spinal metastases is a shared vascular pedicle between the anterior spinal artery and the quasi embolism. In general, embolization should be carried out within 72 hours before the surgery. The sooner the excision is performed, the less the blood loss is. After 72 hours, hemorrhage control is decreased due to arterial recanalization, arteriectasia or establishment of collateral circulation. In this paper, the indications and contraindications of preoperative transarterial embolization, the choice of emboliaztion agents, operation time, operation method, curative results and complications are reviewed.
【Key words】Hemostatic techniques; Embolization, therapeutic; Bone neoplasms; Spine; Hemorrhage
( 收稿日期:2014-09-09 )
通信作者:劉耀升,Email: 15810069346@qq.com
基金項(xiàng)目:北京市科委首都臨床特色課題《脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤硬膜外脊髓壓迫癥減壓手術(shù)的預(yù)后因素分析》( z131107002213052 )作者單位:100071 北京,安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)解放軍 307 臨床學(xué)院骨科
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2015.07.018
中圖分類號(hào):R738.1