徐才祺 王蕾
作者單位:200025 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院骨科
Treatment strategies and update of irreparable rotator cuff tears
XU Cai-qi, WANG Lei
Orthopaedic Department,
Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, PRCCorresponding author: WANG Lei, Email: ray_wangs@hotmail.com
巨大不可修復(fù)性肩袖損傷治療的現(xiàn)狀與展望
徐才祺 王蕾
作者單位:200025 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院骨科
Treatment strategies and update of irreparable rotator cuff tears
XU Cai-qi, WANG Lei
Orthopaedic Department,
Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, PRC
Corresponding author: WANG Lei, Email: ray_wangs@hotmail.com
【關(guān)鍵詞】肩關(guān)節(jié);軟組織損傷;創(chuàng)傷和損傷;肩袖損傷
隨著人口老齡化趨勢日益增快,肩袖病損呈明顯增加的趨勢[1-2],各種原因造成的巨大不可修復(fù)性肩袖損傷 ( irreparable rotator cuff tears,IRCTs ) 也越來越多[2]。近年來,盡管在治療巨大及 IRCTs 的方法,不斷有新的治療新方法出現(xiàn)[3-5],但尚沒有一種理性的治療方案。各種治療方法由于結(jié)果不盡相同,缺乏統(tǒng)一的認識,嚴重影響、制約著肩袖病損治療的發(fā)展。這需要潛心研究,加強合作,充分交流,不斷總結(jié),才有可能用循證醫(yī)學(xué)的方法去探索,有臨床推廣意義的治療方法。
1. 巨大肩袖損傷:肩袖 ( rotator cuff ),是維持肩關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定的主要解剖構(gòu)造,主要由岡上肌、岡下肌、小圓肌及肩胛下肌組成的一組具有相似功能的肌群,4 塊肌肉的肌腱部分在肱骨頭解剖頸處形成袖套狀結(jié)構(gòu),圍繞肩關(guān)節(jié)的上、后和前方,并與肩關(guān)節(jié)囊附著[1]。而肩關(guān)節(jié) ( 主要是肱盂關(guān)節(jié) ) 為典型的多軸球窩關(guān)節(jié),雖然在關(guān)節(jié)盂的周緣有纖維軟骨構(gòu)成的盂唇來加深關(guān)節(jié)窩,但仍僅能容納肱骨頭關(guān)節(jié)面的 1/4~1/3,因此肩袖組織對肩關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性起著重要的作用[2]。
對于巨大肩袖損傷 ( massive rotator cuff tears ) 的定義,并無通用概念,歐洲地區(qū)將損傷涉及 2 個以上的肌腱劃分為巨大肩袖損傷[3],而北美地區(qū)將巨大肩袖損傷定義為撕裂的直徑 > 5 cm[4]。
2. IRCTs:巨大肩袖損傷并不完全等同于 IRCTs,不可修復(fù)的損傷也并不總是巨大的。國際上將不可修復(fù)的肩袖損傷定義為:清除無血管組織后,把上臂置于體側(cè)內(nèi)收位時,肌腱組織的質(zhì)量很差,以至于不能直接行肌腱-骨修復(fù)[5]。不可修復(fù)損傷的其它重要指征包括:肩峰-肱骨頭距離 < 5 cm、固定的肱骨頭上方半脫位、MRI 顯示肩袖肌肉的嚴重萎縮、進展性脂肪浸潤[6-7]。
3. 巨大 IRCTs 的患病率:肩袖損傷是肩部功能障礙的主要原因,有報道 60 歲左右人群患病率高達 25.6%[8]。若不能正確認識并及時就診,可發(fā)展成巨大的 IRCTs。由于慢性病程導(dǎo)致的肩袖肌肉內(nèi)脂肪浸潤、肩袖組織萎縮等因素,導(dǎo)致巨大損傷修復(fù)的失敗率高達 94%[9]。IRCTs 對于骨科醫(yī)生,特別是運動醫(yī)學(xué)科醫(yī)生來說,是一種巨大的挑戰(zhàn),對于患者來說,IRCTs 引起其肩關(guān)節(jié)運動受限,從而致使喪失部分日常生活能力,往往對其生理與心理造成巨大的影響。
近年來,由于 IRCTs 患病率不斷提高,不同的治療方案也不斷受到全世界的重視,從簡單的保守治療,如制動、應(yīng)用非甾體抗炎藥緩解疼痛和理療等[10],到簡單關(guān)節(jié)鏡下肩峰成形與清創(chuàng)術(shù)[11],關(guān)節(jié)鏡下巨大肩袖損傷的部分修復(fù)[12-15]以及肌腱轉(zhuǎn)位重建肩袖組織[16-24],各類自體與異體組織替代肩袖[25-29],反肩置換[30],采用自體或是異體肌腱重建肩袖等[31],都能短期內(nèi)有效改善患者疼痛、活動受限等,但長期效果都欠理想。
1. 保守治療:目前國際上,對于 IRCTs 的非手術(shù)治療,即僅僅是對癥處理,如理療,藥物,皮質(zhì)激素關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)注射等。對于肩關(guān)節(jié)僵硬的患者,理療應(yīng)著重于被動的牽拉練習(xí),然后進行肩關(guān)節(jié)周圍肌肉的力量鍛煉。同時,應(yīng)當(dāng)著力于改善內(nèi)旋和外旋活動、三角肌功能以及肩胛骨的穩(wěn)定作用,從而來補償損傷肩袖的功能。
2. 關(guān)節(jié)鏡下治療:手術(shù)方式包括關(guān)節(jié)鏡下單純清理術(shù) + 肩峰下減壓成形術(shù)[32-33]、肱二頭肌長頭肌肌腱切斷或腱固定術(shù)、肩胛上神經(jīng)減壓術(shù)、部分肩袖修補術(shù)等[12-13,34-35]。( 1 ) 單純肩峰成形、肩峰下減壓術(shù):該技術(shù)最初適用于有疼痛和活動要求較低的老年患者。盡管這些患者的肩部力量沒有改善,但由于消除了機械撞擊引起的疼痛,功能可以有所提高。這種治療方法適用于年齡 > 60 歲、前屈上舉至少達 120° ( 肩峰下注射麻醉后 )、外旋力量至少保留 80% 的患者。但是,此方法的總體治療效果不穩(wěn)定,肩關(guān)節(jié)功能有可能隨著時間的延長而惡化[33]。( 2 ) 肩胛上神經(jīng)減壓術(shù):該方法主要目的是解決患者疼痛以及肩胛上神經(jīng)卡壓癥狀,能夠部分緩解患者疼痛主訴,但是對于恢復(fù)肩關(guān)節(jié)功能基本沒有作用,若結(jié)合肩峰下減壓以及肩關(guān)節(jié)清理,疼痛緩解時間能夠較長[32]。( 3 ) 肩袖部分修補術(shù):Burkhart 報告巨大損傷的部分修復(fù)技術(shù)[34-35],并介紹了這種術(shù)式的生物力學(xué)原理。假設(shè)巨大損傷的部分修復(fù)重新創(chuàng)建了肩袖前部和后部的力偶。就像一個“吊橋系統(tǒng)”,這個力偶的作用是讓力量經(jīng)過肩關(guān)節(jié)傳導(dǎo),并且把肱骨頭穩(wěn)定在關(guān)節(jié)盂內(nèi),而增加三角肌提供的前屈上舉的力量。巨大損傷部分修復(fù)的目的是把無功能損傷轉(zhuǎn)化為有功能損傷。肩袖的前部和后部被固定在肱骨頭中緯線以上的位置,而肩袖剩下的部分提供穩(wěn)定的力量。為了達到這個目的。不需要完全覆蓋肱骨頭。應(yīng)用邊緣集中去提高肩袖前部和后部的對合,降低修復(fù)的腱骨界面的磨損。識別損傷的模式很重要。損傷裂口的頂端會向內(nèi)側(cè)延伸,顯示肌腱的嚴重回縮。通過在頂端縫合巨大損傷的邊緣,可以在沒有很大張力的情況下,易于用縫合錨把損傷修復(fù)到大結(jié)節(jié)上。
有學(xué)者評估了平均隨訪 3.5 年的 59 例患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)包括巨大損傷的各種大小損傷的患者,在疼痛、功能、力量和活動方面都有非常顯著的改善[34]。
這些方法短期能緩解癥狀和改善部分功能,長期效果不佳,僅看作是姑息性治療手段[36]。
3. 肌腱移位的肩袖重建術(shù):在肩袖重建方面,較早提出主要以肩關(guān)節(jié)周圍肌肉進行轉(zhuǎn)位從而替代肩袖組織的解剖以及功能,主要包括背闊肌肌腱轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)[37-38]、三角肌肌腱轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)[16-17]、大圓肌肌腱轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)等,一般來說,對于由于疼痛造成功能明顯下降的肩袖損傷,以及進行初期重建成功的概率很低的患者,都可以考慮肌腱移位術(shù)。對于以前肌腱修復(fù)失敗的患者,肌腱移位是否有用不是很清楚。在這種情況下,許多因素會影響功能的成功改善,包括喙突肩峰弓的破壞、三角肌的缺陷和僵硬及神經(jīng)損傷,但以上的肩袖重建技術(shù)都是對患者肩關(guān)節(jié)功能的“轉(zhuǎn)移性破壞”,從生物力學(xué)角度評估,以及長期隨訪效果并不滿意[38]。
4. 反肩關(guān)節(jié)置換:當(dāng) IRCTs 發(fā)展成肩袖-骨關(guān)節(jié)病時,對于功能要求不高患者,可選擇行反置式人工肩關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),目前反肩關(guān)節(jié)置換治療肩袖撕裂性關(guān)節(jié)病逐漸引起大家的重視。其基本生物力學(xué)目標(biāo)在于內(nèi)移盂肱關(guān)節(jié)旋轉(zhuǎn)中心以降低剪切力,同時增加三角肌的力臂,更好地改善上舉功能。手術(shù)操作中,將半球形假體通過底座固定于肩關(guān)節(jié)盂之上。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),將旋轉(zhuǎn)中心內(nèi)移 10 mm,三角肌力矩 ( 主要由中部三角肌和部分前部及后部三角肌產(chǎn)生 ) 可增加 20%~60%。將旋轉(zhuǎn)中心下移 10 mm,可使三角肌力矩增加 30%~60%,但仍有很高的并發(fā)癥和翻修率[30]。
目前,缺乏手術(shù)的長期預(yù)后隨訪結(jié)果,基于以上原因,應(yīng)謹慎選擇手術(shù)適應(yīng)證,一般推薦:反肩關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)可適用于低活動水平需求的老年患者。
有學(xué)者報道了治療巨大 IRCTs。移植材料包括自體組織[39]、同種異體組織[40]、異種組織以及人工合成組織等[26-27,41]。來源于異種組織及人工合成的各種生物材料“補片”,成為近來關(guān)注的熱點。這些“補片增強”修補技術(shù),盡管初期對殘存肌腱組織能起到“組織支架”和“誘導(dǎo)再生”作用,以及早期覆蓋肱骨頭的作用,但從生物力學(xué)和生物學(xué)角度講,它并不具備肌腱本身的固有特性[42-43]。而且,隨著相對高的感染率和慢性免疫反應(yīng)報道,目前已在使用的合成材料,其生物相容性仍是個問題。因此,臨床使用補片修補受有效性、安全性和費用等因素限制。
近期,Mihata 等[44]報道采用自體移植物 ( 大腿部闊筋膜 ) 重建并加強肩關(guān)節(jié)上方關(guān)節(jié)囊以治療 IRCTs,得到了較好的臨床效果,此外,其相關(guān)生物力學(xué)研究也證實其有可靠地固定作用以及對于加強上方關(guān)節(jié)囊的重要性[45]。但此僅限于關(guān)節(jié)囊重建水平以及使用闊筋膜作為移植物,并未涉及真正的肩袖組織。
總之,在筆者強調(diào)在 IRCTs 的臨床實踐中,首先須作好術(shù)前評估,評估的內(nèi)容是包括完善的體格檢查( 肩袖各個肌肉的力量、肩關(guān)節(jié)活動度等 )、MRI 了解肩袖損傷程度 ( 損傷面積大小、肩袖脂肪浸潤程度 ) 以及患者的期望值;其次需要針對不同功能需求的患者選擇不同的治療方案。對于肩袖質(zhì)地較好以及脂肪浸潤程度較低且對肩關(guān)節(jié)活動度要求較高的患者,可考慮肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡下肩袖修補 ( 或部分修補 ) + 肩峰下間隙清理;對于肩袖質(zhì)地較差、脂肪浸潤較多且僅需要解決肩關(guān)節(jié)疼痛的患者,可以選肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡下肩關(guān)節(jié)清理 + 肩峰下減壓 + 肩峰部分成形 ( 保留喙肩弓 );對于一些肩袖脂肪浸潤較多、回縮嚴重且對肩關(guān)節(jié)活動度要求較高的患者,在體檢確認三角肌肌力正常的前提下,反置肩關(guān)節(jié)置換可以達到較好的療效。
目前,生物組織替代肩袖組織已成為研究熱點,但新材料能否很好地與腱骨愈合?是否有較好的生物力學(xué)強度?是否有正常肩袖的功能?是目前亟待解決的問題。有效地避免或延緩 IRCTs 患者肩袖關(guān)節(jié)病的發(fā)生,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量,是需要骨科臨床醫(yī)學(xué)和生物工程學(xué)共同攻克的一個課題!
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
. 肩關(guān)節(jié)外科 Shoulder surgery .
【Abstract】Irreparable rotator cuff tears ( IRCTs ), due to fatty infiltration and tendon retraction of the rotator cuff, is a challenge for orthropaedic surgeons, especially surgeons of sports medicine. It also has a huge influence on shoulder range of motion ( ROM ) loss and life quality. Currently, the treatment strategies of IRCTs still remain controversial, including conservative procedures, arthroscopic acromioplasty, partial repair, rotator cuff reconstruction and shoulder preserving athroplasty. With the popularity of new biomaterial application, there is another option to IRCTs surgery. However, healing effects of the new material with bone and tendon, mechanical strength, rotator cuff functions are still in need to be explored.
【Key words】Shoulder joint; Soft tissue injuries; Wounds and injuries; Rotator cuff tears
( 收稿日期:2015-04-27 )
通信作者:王蕾,Email: ray_wangs@hotmail.com
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金 ( 31400800 )
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2015.07.002
中圖分類號:R684