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唇腭裂患者上頜骨發(fā)育的研究進(jìn)展

2015-01-21 17:10姜嬋媛尹寧北審校
組織工程與重建外科雜志 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:上頜骨腭裂唇裂

姜嬋媛 綜 述 尹寧北 審校

唇腭裂患者上頜骨發(fā)育的研究進(jìn)展

姜嬋媛 綜 述 尹寧北 審校

唇腭裂患者常伴有不同程度的上頜后縮,自身發(fā)育不足、功能性及醫(yī)源性的因素均能引起上頜骨發(fā)育受限。我們對(duì)唇腭裂患者的顱底形態(tài)、上頜骨形態(tài)、上頜骨與顱底的關(guān)系,以及引起上頜后縮的原因進(jìn)行綜述。

唇腭裂上頜骨發(fā)育上頜后縮

唇腭裂是發(fā)病率最高的先天性顱面部畸形。自身發(fā)育不足,功能性以及醫(yī)源性的因素常導(dǎo)致唇腭裂患者伴有不同程度的上頜骨后縮[1-5]。上頜骨發(fā)育缺陷可引起牙槽骨,牙弓形態(tài)以及相應(yīng)軟組織的畸形[6]。唇腭裂患者上頜骨畸形通常表現(xiàn)為上頜骨后縮,前牙反牙合,嚴(yán)重者呈碟形臉,牙弓狹窄,牙列擁擠,在磨牙區(qū)通常表現(xiàn)為輕度反牙合,前牙表現(xiàn)為重度反牙合,即前后牙齒表現(xiàn)為畸形程度不一致。大約25%~60%的唇腭裂上頜后縮需行手術(shù)治療,通過(guò)上頜骨前移來(lái)恢復(fù)面部凸度[7]。畸形本身引起的上頜骨矢狀向長(zhǎng)度減小,以及相對(duì)于顱底的位置后移,均可導(dǎo)致唇腭裂患者面中部凸度不足。我們主要對(duì)唇腭裂患者的顱底形態(tài)、上頜骨形態(tài)、上頜骨與顱底的關(guān)系,以及引起上頜后縮的原因進(jìn)行綜述。

1 唇腭裂患者的顱底形態(tài)

關(guān)于唇腭裂患者是否存在顱底畸形一直存在爭(zhēng)議,其顱底發(fā)育趨勢(shì)與健康人群有無(wú)差異,對(duì)研究唇腭裂患者的上頜骨與顱底的位置關(guān)系至關(guān)重要。有研究認(rèn)為,畸形本身以及手術(shù)干預(yù),并不會(huì)影響顱底的發(fā)育,唇腭裂患者不存在特定的顱底形態(tài)[8];也有研究認(rèn)為,由于顱面各部分生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育相互影響,唇腭裂畸形和修復(fù)手術(shù)的瘢痕都可能會(huì)影響顱面其他部分的發(fā)育。

Capelozza等[5]對(duì)未行手術(shù)治療的唇腭裂患者進(jìn)行頭影測(cè)量分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),這些患者的全顱底長(zhǎng)度要小于非唇腭裂人群,但是前后顱底的長(zhǎng)度比例沒(méi)有改變,顱底曲度與對(duì)照組沒(méi)有差異,認(rèn)為單側(cè)完全性唇腭裂患者顱底的改變是因?yàn)榛伪旧?,而與治療無(wú)關(guān)。但是Bishara等[9-10]認(rèn)為,未行手術(shù)的唇腭裂患者前、后顱底及全顱底均長(zhǎng)于非唇腭裂人群,而顱底曲度減小。有研究認(rèn)為,手術(shù)修復(fù)后的唇腭裂患者的顱底角大小,與非唇腭裂患者相比無(wú)明顯差異,同時(shí)修復(fù)唇腭裂后,患者的顱底長(zhǎng)度和曲度與健康人群比均無(wú)差異,腭裂修復(fù)時(shí)間的差異也不會(huì)影響顱底曲度和前顱底的發(fā)育趨勢(shì)[11-13]。頭影測(cè)量分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后唇腭裂患者顱底發(fā)育并未受影響,但其顱底曲度與對(duì)照組相比更趨于扁平[14-15]。Hayashi等[16]通過(guò)大樣本的縱向研究后也發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后唇腭裂患者前顱底的生長(zhǎng)速率,同非唇腭裂人群相比并無(wú)明顯異常,但是顱底曲度與對(duì)照組比更接近扁平。雖然有報(bào)道觀察到術(shù)后唇腭裂患者的顱底角更大[17-18],Harris等卻發(fā)現(xiàn)顱底角度減小[19]。不同的研究結(jié)果可能是由于選取的對(duì)照人群顱底發(fā)育存在個(gè)體差異和樣本量太小,不能完全代表健康人群;研究對(duì)象數(shù)量不足、年齡跨度大、不能做到年齡和性別的匹配等。為了更好地了解唇腭裂患者的顱底發(fā)育情況,需要研究正常人群的顱底發(fā)育趨勢(shì),進(jìn)行大樣本的長(zhǎng)期隨訪,將不同年齡段和性別的唇腭裂患者與其行對(duì)照研究。

2 唇腭裂患者上頜骨發(fā)育特征

1982年,Noordhoof等[20]首次報(bào)道了8例診斷為面中部發(fā)育不全的唇腭裂患者,在他們中心就診的唇腭裂患者中有2%存在面中部發(fā)育不良,通過(guò)對(duì)59名面中部發(fā)育不全的患者進(jìn)行測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管唇裂修復(fù)的方法和時(shí)間不同,這些患者∠SNA與∠ANB與正常值相比均減小,而∠SNB在正常值范圍之內(nèi),提示不同程度的上頜后縮。Ozturk等[15]對(duì)術(shù)后唇腭裂患者行頭影測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組比較,其∠SNA及∠ANB減小,上頜骨長(zhǎng)度(ANS-PNS)也縮短,認(rèn)為唇腭裂上頜后縮的原因包括了上頜骨長(zhǎng)度減少和上頜骨的位置相對(duì)顱底后移。Williams等[21]研究了215名12歲術(shù)后單側(cè)完全性唇腭裂(UCLP)患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)70%為Ⅲ類(lèi)咬牙合關(guān)系(∠ANB<2°),50%為明顯的Ⅲ類(lèi)咬牙合關(guān)系(∠ANB<0°),約40%左右的患者以后需要行正頜手術(shù),并認(rèn)為隨著年齡增加這些患兒的錯(cuò)頜畸形會(huì)加重,這個(gè)比例可能被低估了。Holst等[22]測(cè)量了126名術(shù)后的唇腭裂患者青春期前后的頭顱側(cè)位片,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著年齡增加,上頜后縮逐漸明顯,但下頜后移的程度減輕;而男性UCLP患者的測(cè)量結(jié)果表明,不管是上頜骨長(zhǎng)度還是其相對(duì)于前顱底的位置都小于對(duì)照組;青春期后的∠SNA、∠SNB及∠ANB都相對(duì)減少。認(rèn)為經(jīng)過(guò)序列治療的患者盡管為骨性Ⅰ類(lèi)的咬牙合關(guān)系,但有向骨性Ⅲ類(lèi)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。Fudalej等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后的UCLP患者∠SNA明顯減小,上頜骨矢狀向長(zhǎng)度不足,以及相對(duì)顱底位置后移對(duì)上頜骨凸度不足的作用,分別為60%和40%。Zemann等[23-24]對(duì)來(lái)自?xún)蓚€(gè)不同唇腭裂治療中心的40名6歲唇腭裂患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),青春期前患者頜間關(guān)系為classⅠ類(lèi)或者Ⅱ類(lèi),沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)classⅢ類(lèi)的錯(cuò)頜畸形。通過(guò)對(duì)患者的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)6歲時(shí)∠ANB小于正常的患者,10歲測(cè)量時(shí)∠ANB沒(méi)有增加,提示上頜骨未有追加生長(zhǎng);而∠ANB在正常范圍的患者,保持了良好的頜間關(guān)系,認(rèn)為在患者10~12歲時(shí)即可確定是否需要行正頜手術(shù)。Mars等[4]研究了60名斯里蘭卡的唇腭裂患者,其中18名只行唇裂手術(shù)和14名行唇裂及腭裂手術(shù)患者的∠SNA均小于正常對(duì)照組;而28名未行手術(shù)的患者∠SNA大于正常組。Bishara等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),UCLP患者上頜骨位置與健康人相比無(wú)差異,裂隙側(cè)的牙弓向近中塌陷,而健側(cè)牙弓形態(tài)基本正常,呈Ⅰ類(lèi)磨牙關(guān)系。他比較了不同類(lèi)型的唇腭裂患者與對(duì)照組的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)未手術(shù)的單側(cè)唇裂伴牙槽突裂患者與健康人相比,表現(xiàn)為上頜前突、上頜骨長(zhǎng)度顯著增大、上前牙唇傾。認(rèn)為未手術(shù)患者的上頜骨前后向的生長(zhǎng)情況、上頜骨發(fā)育的生長(zhǎng)方式與健康人基本一致。Capelozza等[5]也發(fā)現(xiàn)未行手術(shù)治療的UCLP患者上頜骨矢狀向生長(zhǎng)潛力正常,只是前牙弓平直。雖然唇腭裂患者常表現(xiàn)為上頜骨發(fā)育受限,但是研究結(jié)果多提示未行治療的患者的上頜骨發(fā)育趨勢(shì)正常。

目前對(duì)唇腭裂患者的牙弓模型的研究結(jié)論比較一致。Diah等[3]將未手術(shù)的成年唇腭裂患者根據(jù)唇裂的類(lèi)型分組,通過(guò)對(duì)X片及牙弓模型與健康人群的對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),∠SNA在雙側(cè)完全性唇腭裂組差異更加明顯;唇腭裂患者的上腭面積減小,與唇裂類(lèi)型無(wú)關(guān);在雙側(cè)及單側(cè)完全性唇腭裂組,牙弓寬度從前往后均有減少,而前段更加明顯,牙弓呈“V”形。他認(rèn)為唇腭裂的裂隙對(duì)上頜牙弓前段橫向發(fā)育的影響較大,而矢狀方向的生長(zhǎng)未受影響。Derijcke等[26]和McCance等[27]也發(fā)現(xiàn)唇腭裂患者的牙弓狹窄從后往前逐漸進(jìn)展。Ye等[28]對(duì)30例未行腭裂手術(shù)的成年UCLP患者,10例行腭裂手術(shù)的患者,以及10名正常成人的牙弓模型進(jìn)行測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后UCLP患者的上頜牙弓在第二磨牙之前各點(diǎn)的牙弓寬度均顯著減小,且牙弓呈現(xiàn)從后向前縮窄逐漸加重的趨勢(shì);而在第二磨牙與上頜結(jié)節(jié)處未受影響;術(shù)后組較未手術(shù)組上頜牙弓各段寬度減小明顯;術(shù)后組后牙反頜28例,未手術(shù)組后牙僅1例患側(cè)反頜。未手術(shù)組上頜牙弓前段、后段長(zhǎng)度均顯著小于正常組,其中前段長(zhǎng)度減短最明顯;術(shù)后組上頜牙弓前段長(zhǎng)度顯著變短,而后段長(zhǎng)度與未手術(shù)組無(wú)顯著性差異。Smahel等[29]對(duì)治療后的唇腭裂患者進(jìn)行牙弓測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn),上頜牙弓狹窄,從后往前逐漸加重,他認(rèn)為前段牙弓狹窄與上頜骨前部的發(fā)育不良有關(guān),而后段牙弓狹窄不明顯可能由于正畸治療矯正所致。

3 影響唇腭裂上頜骨發(fā)育的原因分析

很多因素會(huì)影響唇腭裂患者顱面部的發(fā)育,比如自身的生長(zhǎng)缺陷、術(shù)前的正畸治療、手術(shù)導(dǎo)致的上唇壓力增大和腭部及上頜骨周?chē)纬傻鸟:劢M織的影響等[1,30]。Mars等[4]認(rèn)為未行手術(shù)治療的UCLP患者的上頜骨發(fā)育與正常人趨勢(shì)是一致的,在嬰幼兒時(shí)期行唇裂修復(fù)術(shù)患者的發(fā)育趨勢(shì)也是相對(duì)正常的,而行腭裂修復(fù)術(shù)的患者,其上頜骨發(fā)育受到了明顯的抑制。Will等[31]對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行回顧分析發(fā)現(xiàn),未手術(shù)的唇腭裂患者顱骨的寬度正常,但是上頜骨寬度會(huì)增加,裂隙側(cè)的骨骼包括牙弓在內(nèi)并沒(méi)有發(fā)育不良,反而出現(xiàn)了生長(zhǎng)增強(qiáng);術(shù)后患者的牙弓后段反咬頜較未手術(shù)患者比例高,可能是因?yàn)榧∪獾淖饔脤?dǎo)致不用程度的牙弓塌陷。他認(rèn)為盡管上頜骨長(zhǎng)度在部分患者出現(xiàn)了減少,但是上頜骨矢狀方向的生長(zhǎng)并沒(méi)有受到明顯影響。

Noordhoff等[32]認(rèn)為,手術(shù)干預(yù)以及瘢痕產(chǎn)生的壓力抑制了面中部的發(fā)育,但不是導(dǎo)致面中部發(fā)育不全的唯一因素,一些患者能夠克服壓力并能夠保持正常的發(fā)育趨勢(shì),而一些未行手術(shù)治療的患者也出現(xiàn)了面中部發(fā)育缺陷。他發(fā)現(xiàn)在中國(guó)健康人群中,咬牙合關(guān)系為classⅢ的大約占10%,面中部發(fā)育不良的唇腭裂患者可能由于自身存在的一些遺傳因素導(dǎo)致不能克服額外的壓力而產(chǎn)生畸形。Honda等[33-34]認(rèn)為,唇裂及腭裂裂隙本身的嚴(yán)重程度等均可影響上頜骨的發(fā)育;Nakamura等[35]也認(rèn)為裂隙本身的寬度,鼻小柱基底偏移的程度,鼻基底畸形的嚴(yán)重程度,以及上唇組織量是否充足,均對(duì)上頜骨的發(fā)育有不同程度的影響。

很多研究認(rèn)為,唇腭裂的治療,尤其是腭裂手術(shù)對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的影響較明顯。上頜骨后部與顱部結(jié)構(gòu)相連而固定,發(fā)育受到較小的影響,而上頜骨前段被分成兩段,各段之間相對(duì)游離容易在外側(cè)頰肌力量、內(nèi)側(cè)腭部瘢痕的牽拉作用下發(fā)生塌陷。腭部裂隙的存在雖然對(duì)患者牙弓的發(fā)育有一定的影響,但這種影響僅局限于前部牙槽裂隙鄰近的區(qū)域,且程度遠(yuǎn)較術(shù)后者輕,而腭裂手術(shù)才是上頜牙弓發(fā)育不足的更主要的影響因素。唇裂手術(shù)抑制了前頜骨的向前生長(zhǎng),同時(shí)上前牙內(nèi)傾致牙弓長(zhǎng)度減少。腭裂手術(shù)抑制了牙弓前段的前后向發(fā)育,而對(duì)牙弓后段的前后向發(fā)育無(wú)明顯影響[28]。Wiggma等[36]也認(rèn)為,是唇腭裂的治療而非裂隙的嚴(yán)重程度影響了上頜骨的發(fā)育。Liao等[2,37-38]研究了唇腭裂患者的裂隙大小、唇裂修復(fù)術(shù),以及腭裂修復(fù)術(shù)對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的影響,認(rèn)為裂隙大小對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的影響是有限的,對(duì)上頜骨高度發(fā)育的限制較長(zhǎng)度明顯,上頜骨后部高度的減少可能是由于內(nèi)部因素,而前部高度的減少是由于頰部、唇部及舌部肌肉的運(yùn)動(dòng)等功能性影響,而裂隙對(duì)鼻上頜復(fù)合體完整性的破壞,其更容易發(fā)生扭曲和移位。尤其在胎兒期到出生后一段時(shí)間,這些因素對(duì)顱面部骨骼的發(fā)育及相對(duì)位置影響明顯。盡管有裂隙的存在,上頜骨仍然存在正常發(fā)育的可能。唇裂修復(fù)術(shù)對(duì)上頜骨的影響表現(xiàn)為前牙牙槽區(qū)的骨改建和塑形,直立上前牙,而對(duì)上頜骨的長(zhǎng)度和位置的作用不顯著。腭裂修復(fù)術(shù)對(duì)上頜骨基部向前的發(fā)育以及對(duì)牙槽嵴前后向的影響較明顯,而對(duì)上頜骨基部垂直向發(fā)育以及腭部的重建無(wú)確切的不利影響。如果將裂隙本身、唇裂手術(shù)以及腭裂手術(shù)的聯(lián)合作用對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的不良影響綜合起來(lái)看,目前的研究更傾向于認(rèn)為腭裂手術(shù)對(duì)上頜骨前后向發(fā)育的影響最大。

對(duì)于不同的腭裂修復(fù)方式對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育產(chǎn)生的影響,大量研究得出了不盡相同的結(jié)論。Ross等[1]研究了來(lái)自多個(gè)治療中心的唇腭裂患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)腭裂修復(fù)術(shù)后的患者往往表現(xiàn)為不同程度的面中部發(fā)育不良,但未發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的修復(fù)方法對(duì)上頜骨矢狀向的發(fā)育存在影響。很多研究認(rèn)為犁骨瓣法修復(fù)腭裂對(duì)上頜骨的發(fā)育比較有利[39-42]。Kulelewicz等[43]對(duì)用不同的腭裂修復(fù)術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行頭影測(cè)量后發(fā)現(xiàn),手術(shù)方法對(duì)上頜骨的發(fā)育存在一定影響,他發(fā)現(xiàn)用von Langenbeck法(雙側(cè))修復(fù)腭裂對(duì)上頜骨矢狀向的發(fā)育抑制最明顯,犁骨瓣修復(fù)法影響最小,故認(rèn)為修復(fù)腭裂時(shí)所使用的黏骨膜瓣范圍越大,術(shù)后患者上頜后縮越明顯。而Siilva等[44]則認(rèn)為不同的手術(shù)方法(犁骨瓣修復(fù)法或者Langenbeck法)對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的影響并無(wú)差異;Johnston等[45]也認(rèn)為使用犁骨瓣修復(fù)法或者后推法對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的影響無(wú)差異;Fudulej等[12,46]發(fā)現(xiàn)犁骨瓣修復(fù)法和Langenbeck法(單側(cè))對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的抑制程度相同,但由于犁骨瓣修復(fù)法沒(méi)有對(duì)硬腭前份進(jìn)行剝離,導(dǎo)致牙弓關(guān)系(Eurocran index)更好。而Delaire等[47]認(rèn)為,上頜骨的生長(zhǎng)依賴(lài)于上頜骨沿犁骨向前的滑行,及上頜骨表面及骨縫中骨的沉積,犁骨瓣整復(fù)法將上頜骨固定于較高的犁骨上,限制了上頜骨向下的生長(zhǎng)。上頜犁骨縫的裸露骨面會(huì)破壞上頜骨向前生長(zhǎng)、鼻中隔生長(zhǎng)、犁骨向下及向前生長(zhǎng)的平衡,從而導(dǎo)致面中部發(fā)育不足。對(duì)腭裂修復(fù)方法以及修復(fù)時(shí)機(jī)對(duì)上頜骨的影響亦未能得出一致的結(jié)論,因此,我們需要進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期的隨訪,以了解腭裂手術(shù)對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的影響;還需要考慮到患者的年齡、性別、裂隙本身的大小,以及外科手術(shù)的技巧等差異,規(guī)避這些因素的影響。

唇腭裂序列治療中的其他手術(shù)對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育的影響,現(xiàn)有的研究?jī)A向于認(rèn)為上頜骨矢狀向生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育不會(huì)受植骨手術(shù)的影響[48]。Gesch等[49]對(duì)二期植骨后的UCLP患者和未植骨患者的頭影測(cè)量進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者的垂直向和矢狀向的上頜骨生長(zhǎng)并無(wú)差異。他認(rèn)為植骨手術(shù)并不會(huì)抑制上頜骨的發(fā)育;相反,植骨手術(shù)有利于牙齒的萌出,恢復(fù)牙弓形態(tài),形成穩(wěn)定的牙槽嵴結(jié)構(gòu)。咽成形術(shù)對(duì)上頜骨發(fā)育是否有影響,目前存在不同的觀點(diǎn)。Voshol等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)580名唇腭裂患者在生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育完成后,行咽成形術(shù)者中有19%需行LefortⅠ型手術(shù)以改善面型,而未行咽成形術(shù)者中僅有8%需行正頜手術(shù),故認(rèn)為咽成形術(shù)是導(dǎo)致上頜骨生長(zhǎng)受限的醫(yī)源性因素之一。但也有報(bào)道將行咽成形術(shù)與未行咽成形術(shù)的患者對(duì)比后發(fā)現(xiàn)其顱面部形態(tài)并無(wú)明顯差異[51]。

綜上所述,部分唇腭裂患者在生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,出現(xiàn)了不同程度的上頜后縮,影響了功能及外觀。影響唇腭裂患者上頜骨發(fā)育的因素有很多,包括內(nèi)在的發(fā)育缺陷、周?chē)∪獾牧α俊⒋诫窳研迯?fù)術(shù)實(shí)施的時(shí)機(jī)與方法、手術(shù)的操作,以及手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和瘢痕等。唇腭裂的序列治療需要認(rèn)識(shí)和了解不同外科治療前后唇腭裂患者的上頜骨生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育變化規(guī)律,從而改進(jìn)外科治療方案與技術(shù)。

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Research Progress on the Maxillary Development in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate

JIANG Chanyuan,YIN Ningbei.Plastic Surgery Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100144,China.Corresponding author:YIN Ningbei(E-mail:celzxynb@163.com).

【Summary】The patients with cleft lip and palate have different degrees of maxillary retrusion.Intrinsic developmental deficiency as well as functional and iatrogenic factors often result in the inhibition of maxillary growth.In this paper,the morphology of cranial base and the maxillary complex,the relative position of the maxilla to the cranial base,and the reasons leading to the maxillary retrusion were reviewed.

Cleft lip and palate;Maxillary development;Maxillary retrusion

R782.2

B

1673-0364(2015)05-0339-04

10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2015.05.014

2015年5月9日;

2015年6月27日)

100144北京市中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院。

尹寧北(E-mail:celzxynb@163.com)。

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