占玲俊,唐 軍,秦 川
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究所,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院比較醫(yī)學(xué)中心,衛(wèi)生部人類疾病比較醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局人類疾病動(dòng)物模型三級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100021)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路在結(jié)核感染中的免疫作用
占玲俊,唐 軍,秦 川
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究所,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院比較醫(yī)學(xué)中心,衛(wèi)生部人類疾病比較醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局人類疾病動(dòng)物模型三級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100021)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路在腫瘤和某些感染性疾病中發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,而在結(jié)核病中的免疫作用尚不明確。結(jié)核菌感染后,免疫細(xì)胞上PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路高表達(dá),體外實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示:用該通路的抗體阻斷后保護(hù)性T細(xì)胞增強(qiáng),而體內(nèi)免疫作用不明確。PD-1與配體PD-L1結(jié)合后可能發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,其中 PD-L1表達(dá)受Th1細(xì)胞因子調(diào)控;PD-1與配體PD-L2結(jié)合后可能發(fā)揮免疫保護(hù)作用,其中PD-L2表達(dá)受Th2型細(xì)胞因子調(diào)控。利用Cas9-CRISPR基因敲除方法分別敲除特定免疫細(xì)胞上PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2,可研究PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2在結(jié)核感染中免疫作用及機(jī)制,為結(jié)核病的防控提供理論依據(jù)。
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路 結(jié)核感染 免疫作用
結(jié)核病是免疫相關(guān)的感染性疾病,T細(xì)胞、APC (巨噬細(xì)胞、DC)等是重要的免疫細(xì)胞[1-3]。結(jié)核菌進(jìn)入機(jī)體后,首先被巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬,當(dāng)巨噬細(xì)胞的殺傷力強(qiáng)于結(jié)核菌的毒力時(shí),結(jié)核菌被清除,反之,結(jié)核菌裂解巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生病變,繼而感染其他巨噬細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致感染播散[2]。此外,結(jié)核菌還經(jīng)APC進(jìn)行抗原加工并提呈給T細(xì)胞,刺激免疫應(yīng)答的產(chǎn)生,通過(guò)IFN-+CD4+T細(xì)胞和IFN-+CD8+T細(xì)胞[1-2]發(fā)揮免疫保護(hù)作用,通過(guò)分泌 IL-17細(xì)胞因子的Treg細(xì)胞[3]發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,感染的結(jié)果取決于保護(hù)性免疫和抑制性免疫抗衡的結(jié)果。
PD-1通路包括PD-1及兩個(gè)配體PD-L1和PDL2。PD-1主要表達(dá)于CD4+T細(xì)胞,PD-L1表達(dá)于T細(xì)胞和APC(單核/巨噬細(xì)胞,DC和B細(xì)胞)表面,PD-L2表達(dá)于炎性巨噬細(xì)胞、DC、B1細(xì)胞表面。在病原或某些抗原蛋白誘導(dǎo)下,PD-L1、PD-L2均可表達(dá)于T細(xì)胞,PD-L1的表達(dá)受Th1細(xì)胞調(diào)控,PD-L2的表達(dá)受Th2細(xì)胞調(diào)控[4]。
在腫瘤、自身免疫病和某些持續(xù)性感染病(包括病毒如HIV、HCV等、細(xì)菌、寄生蟲(chóng)和真菌感染)中,PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路向T細(xì)胞傳遞抑制性第二信號(hào),導(dǎo)致T細(xì)胞“無(wú)能”或“耗竭”,從而發(fā)病[5]。雖然PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路整體發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,但其中PD-L1和PD-L2可能發(fā)揮相反的免疫作用。PD-L1能分別與PD-1和B7-1作用,發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用;PD-L2能分別與PD-1和B7-2作用,發(fā)揮免疫保護(hù)作用[6-7]。
在活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病人中,T細(xì)胞、單核/巨噬細(xì)胞及B細(xì)胞上PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2的表達(dá)均明顯上升,以PD-L1表達(dá)升高為主要特點(diǎn)。其中T細(xì)胞上以PD-1升高為主;單核巨噬細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞以PD-L1為主,PD-1和PD-L2的表達(dá)也升高,表達(dá)水平接近。
體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明:用PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2的單抗分別阻斷結(jié)核病人外周血T細(xì)胞上PD-1、單核細(xì)胞上 PD-L1/PD-L2、或聯(lián)合阻斷 PD-1和 PD-L1/ PD-L2,均能挽救保護(hù)性的IFN-+-CD3+T細(xì)胞,并且保護(hù)性IFN-分泌增加,提示PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路抑制抗結(jié)核的保護(hù)性免疫[8-9]。
BCG感染小鼠后,PD-1敲除的C57小鼠脾組織荷菌量比C57野生小鼠明顯低,PD-1:PD-L1作用使Th1型細(xì)胞免疫受損,提示:敲除PD-1對(duì)結(jié)核感染產(chǎn)生保護(hù)性免疫。而H37Rv感染PD-1敲除的C57小鼠后,肺組織病變比C57野生鼠重,肺、脾組織荷菌量也比野生小鼠高[10],提示:PD-1幫助清除小鼠體內(nèi)的H37Rv結(jié)核菌,但不能確定PD-1是否有免疫抑制作用[11]。
深入分析可知:BCG和H37Rv感染后PD-1通路免疫作用不同,可能與PD-L1、PD-L2的表達(dá)差異有關(guān)。BCG感染后,PD-L1高表達(dá),而PD-L2表達(dá)無(wú)明顯變化。PD-1:PD-L1使Th1型細(xì)胞免疫受損,PD-1敲除后可以拯救Th1型細(xì)胞免疫,表現(xiàn)出免疫保護(hù)作用,即脾組織荷菌量比野生小鼠低[10]。H37Rv感染后,PD-L1和PD-L2均高表達(dá),PD-1: PD-L1可能發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,而PD-1:PD-L2可能發(fā)揮免疫保護(hù)作用[11]。
用抗體阻斷結(jié)核病人外周血淋巴細(xì)胞上PD-1: PD-L1/PD-L2通路后,特異性脫顆粒的CD8+T細(xì)胞和IFN-+-CD3+T細(xì)胞升高,提示結(jié)核急性感染中PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路能抑制效應(yīng)CD8+T細(xì)胞功能[12]和IFN-+-CD3+T細(xì)胞功能。其中PD-1、PDL1和PD-L2的作用機(jī)制各有特點(diǎn)。
(1)結(jié)核中PD-L1、PD-L2的免疫作用機(jī)制:用PD-L1抗體治療敗血癥引起的肝損傷,可逆轉(zhuǎn)因T細(xì)胞耗竭而致的肝損傷[13]。在哮喘、氣道變態(tài)反應(yīng)疾病中研究發(fā)現(xiàn):PD-L1與PD-1和B7-1結(jié)合后,可抑制T細(xì)胞增殖。用抗體阻斷PD-L1后,IFN-表達(dá)上調(diào);單獨(dú)阻斷PD-L1與B7-1結(jié)合,對(duì)IFN-分泌無(wú)明顯影響,提示PD-1:PD-L1能抑制NKT細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IFN-。PD-L2主要通過(guò)影響CD4+T細(xì)胞的增殖及細(xì)胞因子或共刺激分子的分泌來(lái)發(fā)揮免疫作用,PD-L2的作用可以不依賴PD-1[6,14]。Treg或NKT細(xì)胞也可參與PD-L2的免疫作用。結(jié)核中PD-L1和PD-L2的免疫作用機(jī)制可能與上述疾病中類似。
(2)PD-L1可能的作用機(jī)制:與潛伏感染相比,活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病人中高表達(dá)PD-L1的嗜中性粒細(xì)胞顯著增加[15],而嗜中性粒細(xì)胞在小鼠結(jié)核中有病理?yè)p傷作用,提示PD-L1可能介導(dǎo)嗜中性粒細(xì)胞聚集所致的免疫病理?yè)p傷[16]。H37Rv感染人單核細(xì)胞后,PD-L1、PD-L2表達(dá)都明顯增高,PD-L1水平高于PD-L2;用單抗阻斷PD-L1后,IFN-+T細(xì)胞增殖明顯、凋亡減少,提示PD-L1可抑制保護(hù)性T細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)其凋亡。
(3)PD-L1和PD-1的免疫抑制作用機(jī)制不完全相同:在腫瘤和多種慢性感染中,PD-1:PD-L1作用均被證實(shí)能抑制T細(xì)胞的保護(hù)性免疫[5,13,17],其免疫抑制作用在結(jié)核的體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中也得到證實(shí)[8,18-20]。PD-1表達(dá)于活化的T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞、DC細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞表面,也表達(dá)于“耗竭”的T細(xì)胞表面。PD-1通過(guò)與PD-L1、PD-L2結(jié)合,抑制T細(xì)胞的TCR信號(hào),下調(diào)免疫激活因子和存活相關(guān)的蛋白表達(dá),促進(jìn)免疫抑制因子IL-10的表達(dá)。而表達(dá)于APC上的PD-L1是MAPK/細(xì)胞因子/STAT-3依賴模式:在STAT-3調(diào)控下,TLR-APC高表達(dá)IL- 6和IL-10,抑制STAT-3的活化,從而阻斷PD-L1的表達(dá)[21]。因此,阻斷PD-1和PD-L1后免疫反應(yīng)存在差異。
(4)結(jié)核感染中PD-L1、PD-L2的表達(dá)和調(diào)控:結(jié)核病人中Th1(CD4+T細(xì)胞)和 Th2(CD8+T細(xì)胞)細(xì)胞均發(fā)揮免疫作用。Th1和Th2細(xì)胞在BCG與H37Rv感染的小鼠中表達(dá)有差異:BCG感染中期,發(fā)揮免疫保護(hù)作用的主要是Th1細(xì)胞,Th2細(xì)胞的免疫保護(hù)作用很微弱;而H37Rv感染小鼠后,Th1細(xì)胞和Th2細(xì)胞均發(fā)揮作用。PD-L1和PD-L2的表達(dá)分別由Th1和 Th2細(xì)胞來(lái)調(diào)控,在LPS、Th1型細(xì)胞因子IFN-刺激下,巨噬細(xì)胞上PD-L1的表達(dá)調(diào)控依賴STAT1,而Th2型細(xì)胞因子IL-4刺激炎性巨噬細(xì)胞上 PD-L2表達(dá),其表達(dá)調(diào)控依賴STAT6[7]。BCG感染DC細(xì)胞后,PD-L2高表達(dá),其表達(dá)依賴于IL-10,通過(guò)TLR2-p38 MAPK信號(hào)通路來(lái)調(diào)控[22]。
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路與結(jié)核感染有很大的相關(guān)性,而具體的免疫作用和機(jī)制還未深入進(jìn)行,可以在細(xì)胞和動(dòng)物水平用特異性基因敲除技術(shù)研究PD-L1和PD-L2的免疫作用及相關(guān)的機(jī)制。明確該通路的作用和機(jī)制的同時(shí),也為結(jié)核的干預(yù)提供指導(dǎo)。
[1]Tubo NJ,Jenkins MK.CD4+ T Cells:Guardians of the Phagosome.Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2014,27(2):200-213.
[2]Flynn JL,Chan J.Immunology of tuberculosis.Annual review of immunology 2001,19(1):93-129.
[3]Urdahl KB,Shafiani S,Ernst JD.Initiation and regulation of T-cell responses in tuberculosis.Mucosal Immunology 2011,4 (3):288-293.
[4]Hamid O,Carvajal RD.Anti-programmed death-1 and antiprogrammed death-ligand 1 antibodies in cancer therapy.Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013,13(6):847-861.
[5]Sakthivel P,Gereke M,Bruder D.Therapeutic Intervention in Cancerand Chronic ViralInfections: Antibody Mediated Manipulation of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction.Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials 7,2012,7(1):10-23.
[6]Akbari O,Stock P,Singh AK,et al.PD-L1 and PD-L2 modulate airway inflammation and iNKT-cell-dependent airway hyperreactivity in opposing directions.Mucosal Immunology 2009,3(1):81-91.
[7]Loke P,Allison JP.PD-L1 and PD-L2 are differentially regulated by Th1 and Th2 cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2003,100(9):5336-5341.
[8]Javier O.Jurado IBA,Virginia Pasquinelli,et al.Programmed Death(PD)-1:PD-Ligand 1/PD-Ligand 2 Pathway Inhibits T Cell Effector Functions during Human Tuberculosis.The Journal of Immunology 2008,181(1):116-125.
[9]Singh A,Mohan A,Dey AB,et al.Inhibiting the Programmed Death 1 Pathway Rescues Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Interferon-Producing T Cells From Apoptosis in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013,208(4):603-615.
[10]Sakai S,Kawamura I,Okazaki T,et al.PD-1-PD-L1 pathway impairs Th1 immune response in the late stage of infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin.International Immunology 2010,22(12):915-925.
[11]Khader S,Tousif S,Singh Y,et al.T Cells from Programmed Death-1 Deficient Mice Respond Poorly to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.PLoS ONE 2011,6(5):e19864.
[12]Jurado JO,Alvarez IB,Pasquinelli V,et al.Programmed death (PD)-1:PD-ligand 1/PD-ligand 2 pathway inhibits T cell effector functions during human tuberculosis.J Immunol 2008,181(1):116-125.
[13]Zhu W,Bao R,F(xiàn)an X,et al.PD-L1 Blockade Attenuated Sepsis-Induced Liver Injury in a Mouse Cecal Ligation and Puncture Model.Mediators of Inflammation 2013,2013:1-7.
[14]Singh AK,Stock P,Akbari O.Role of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in allergic diseases and asthma.Allergy 2011,66(2):155-162.
[15]McNab FW,Berry MP,Graham CM,et al:Programmed death ligand 1 is over-expressed by neutrophils in the blood of patients with active tuberculosis.European Journal of Immunology 2011,41(7):1941-1947.
[16]Marzo E,Vilaplana C,Tapia G,et al.Damaging role of neutrophilicinfiltration in a mouse modelofprogressive tuberculosis.Tuberculosis 2014,94(1):55-64.
[17]Ryoyo Ikebuchi SK,Tomohiro Okagawa,Kazumasa Yokoyama,et al.Blockade of bovine PD-1 increases T cell function and inhibits bovine leukemia virus expression in B cells in vitro.Veterinary Research 2013,44(59):1-15.
[18]Bhatt K,Kim A,Kim A,et al.Equivalent functions for B7.1 and B7.2 costimulation in mediating host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Cellular Immunology 2013,285(1-2):69-75.
[19]Mendoza-Coronel E,Camacho-Sandoval R,Bonifaz LC,et al.PD-L2 induction on dendritic cells exposed to Mycobacterium avium downregulates BCG-specific T cell response.Tuberculosis 2011,91(1):36-46.
[20]Ivana B.Alvarez VP,Javier O.Jurado,Eduardo Abbate,et al.Role Played by the Programmed Death-1– Programmed Death Ligand Pathway during Innate Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010,202(4): 524–532.
[21]Sabine J.W?lfle JS,Holger Bartz,Aline Sa¨hr,et al.PD-L1 expression on tolerogenic APCs is controlled by STAT-3.Eur J Immunol,2011,41(2):413–424.
[22]Elizabeth Mendoza-Coronela RC-S,Laura C.Bonifazb,Yolanda López-Vidala.PD-L2 induction on dendritic cells exposed to Mycobacterium avium downregulates BCG-specific T cell response.Tuberculosis 2011,91(1):36-46.
The immune role of PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
ZHAN Ling-jun,TANG Jun,QIN Chuan
(Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine,Ministry of Health;Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Institute of Laboratory Animal Science,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li No.5,Chao Yang District,Beijing 100021,China)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway played negative immune role in most tumor and several infectious diseases,but the immune role in tuberculosis(TB)was not explicited.Since the high expression of PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway was correlated with MTB infection both in vitro and in vivo,the in vitro negative immune role was indicated by inhibited T cell protective immune function,while the in vivo immune role was not clear.The binding of PD-1 and PD-L1 played an immunosuppression role,the expression of PD-L1 was regulated by Th1-type cytokines.The binding of PD-1 and PD-L2 played protective immune role,and the expression was regulated by Th1-type cytokines.The immune role and mechanism of PD-1,PD-L1 and PD-L2 would be investigated by Cas9-CRISPR technique,which would provide theoretical basis for the tuberculosis prevention and control.
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway;Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection;Immune role
R-332
A
1671-7856(2015)07-0074-03
10.3969.j.issn.1671.7856.2015.007.016
“十二五-艾滋病和病毒性肝炎等重大傳染病防治”國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)子課題(2012ZX10004501)。
占玲俊,博士,副研究員,研究方向:結(jié)核病與結(jié)核動(dòng)物模型研究。
秦川,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:chuanqin@vip.sina.com。
2015-06-24