劉小章 岳煥勛
1.成都中醫(yī)藥大學,四川省人口和計劃生育科研所(610041);2.四川大學華西第二醫(yī)院
根據(jù)聯(lián)合國人口署最新發(fā)布的全球避孕模式,近20%的已婚或同居育齡避孕婦女實施了絕育術,其中18.9%采用輸卵管阻斷,2.4%采用輸精管阻斷[1]。盡管輸精管阻斷術在安全性、有效性及費用方面比女性同類手術更優(yōu)越,使用的第三年其成本效益為所有避孕方法之首[2-4],但應用卻遠低于女性手術。全球男、女絕育手術比例約為1∶8,發(fā)達地區(qū)為1∶1.6(5.3:8.4),發(fā)展中地區(qū)則高達1∶10.8(1.9∶20.6)[1]。缺乏男性的參與導致婦女承擔了過多的生殖和避孕負擔[5-6]。對手術的誤解及安全性的擔憂在一定程度上影響了輸精管阻斷術的可接受性。本文旨在闡述當前對該手術遠期安全性的理解。
對輸精管阻斷術后男子遠期發(fā)病率和病死率已有廣泛研究[7]。一項對10 000多名行輸精管阻斷男子與同等數(shù)量對照的回顧性隊列研究顯示,98種疾病,包括各類癌癥、自身免疫性疾病、心臟疾病等的發(fā)病率,受術者與對照男子相似,病死率低于對照男子,腫瘤病死率僅為對照的50%[8]。另一大樣本回顧性隊列研究同樣顯示癌癥總病死率無增高,但觀察到術后>20年者肺癌死亡風險增加[9]。然而,如結腸或直腸癌、腎癌死亡風險降低,肺癌死亡風險增加可能僅為一種巧合[10]。國內(nèi)進行的回顧性隊列研究也顯示輸精管阻斷男子總病死率降低,但死亡原因不確定[11]。這些觀察結果與其他研究報告[10,12-17]的發(fā)病率無增加相一致。唯一證實的相關風險是術后近期(2年內(nèi))受術者罹患泌尿生殖道感染或炎癥的風險是非受術者的1.5~2.5倍[16-18]。另外,少數(shù)男子術后發(fā)生單側(cè)或雙側(cè)慢性陰囊或睪丸疼痛或不適,可持續(xù)數(shù)月至數(shù)年[3]。歐洲泌尿?qū)W會(EAU)將這種慢性疼痛視為一種特殊類型的陰囊疼痛綜合征,定義為持續(xù)或間歇發(fā)作局限于陰囊內(nèi)器官的疼痛,常伴有負面的認知、行為、性或情緒改變,及提示下尿路和性功能障礙的癥狀,未證實存在感染或其他明顯局部病變[19]。慢性陰囊疼痛的發(fā)生風險為1%~2%[19-21],應在術前告知[3,19-22]。
幾乎所有被研究的哺乳動物和50%~70%的男子在輸精管阻斷術后發(fā)生循環(huán)抗精子抗體(ASAb),可持續(xù)多年。約4%男子可檢測到精漿ASAb,精漿ASAb更常見于輸精管復通術后和循環(huán)ASAb陽性者[16,20]。未做輸精管阻斷手術男子中約2%~8%也見有ASAb,常見于精道梗阻、手術、感染或先天性異常。循環(huán)免疫復合物(CIC)在術后亦見增加,但在術后三個月逐漸消失。對精子的抗體反應是否會影響人體免疫系統(tǒng)并增加自身免疫疾病或動脈硬化風險的擔憂引發(fā)了長達10年的研究。不過,迄今為止不論是在發(fā)達國家還是發(fā)展中國家進行的大樣本隊列及病例對照研究均未發(fā)現(xiàn)ASAb的產(chǎn)生會增加人遠期免疫相關疾病的風險,包括哮喘、糖尿病、強直性脊柱炎、甲亢、多發(fā)性硬化癥、重癥肌無力、炎性腸病、類風濕性關節(jié)炎、睪丸及腎臟改變,也未證實輸精管阻斷與人動脈硬化有任何關系[8,11,13,16,18,23-25],伴有冠心病(CHD)風險因素的男子(如高齡、吸煙、膽固醇升高、高血壓、家族史)也不例外。鑒于現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明輸精管阻斷不是CHD的危險因素,美國泌尿?qū)W會(AUA)認為術前咨詢無需涉及該內(nèi)容[20]。
輸精管阻斷術后循環(huán)ASAb的臨床意義仍不明確,其重要性可能是降低輸精管復通術后成功妊娠的幾率[10,26-27]。不過,僅有抗體的存在尚不足以診斷精子自身免疫[28]。ASAb是男性生育力低下的罕見原因[29],即使是最嚴格的研究也未能證實ASAb與生育損傷之間存在因果關系。ASAb檢測方法、有意義的水平以及對ASAb陽性的處置亦未獲得廣泛共識[16,30]。約3%~6%的受術者術后因各種原因要求輸精管復通[31]。隨著顯微外科重建技術的發(fā)展,輸精管吻合和輸精管附睪吻合的復通率和妊娠率已分別達到70~99.5%/36~92%和30~90%/20~50%[32]。鑒于術后總體妊娠率相對較高,ASAb存在與否與術后生育力恢復關系并不密切,術前檢測ASAb的價值未被肯定[33-34]。AUA也不認為血清ASAb存在是輸精管復通術的障礙[20]。
1990年美國兩項以醫(yī)院為基礎的病例對照研究分別報告輸精管阻斷術后男子發(fā)生前列腺癌的風險顯著升高(RR5.3,95%CI=2.7,10.0)[35]和非顯著性中度增高(RR2.2,95%CI=1.0,4.6)[36]。1993年 Giovannucci等[37-38]的大樣本回顧性和即時性隊列研究(HPFS)報告,輸精管阻斷術與前列腺癌有陽性關聯(lián)(RR1.66,95%CI=1.25,2.21),且相對風險隨輸精管阻斷年限而增高(≥20年RR1.85,95%CI=1.26,2.72),認為是對因果關聯(lián)的支 持。2014 年 Siddiqui 等[39]對 同 一 隊 列(HPFS)24年隨訪數(shù)據(jù)的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),受術男子發(fā)生高分級前列腺癌(RR1.22,95%CI=1.03,1.45)和致死性前列腺癌(RR1.19,95%CI=1.00,1.43)風險增高,定期接受前列腺癌抗原篩查的亞組致死性前列腺癌風險更高(RR1.56,95%CI= 1.03,2.36),關聯(lián)不受性激素水平、性傳播感染以及癌癥治療的影響,也與輸精管阻斷年限無關。不過,這些研究數(shù)據(jù)被認為存在方法學缺陷、偏倚(檢測、誤分類或發(fā)表偏倚)及混雜[40-48]。研究結果也未得到其他病例對照研究[49-59]和隊列研究[25,60-64]的支持。尤其是來自新西蘭的研究[54-55],新西蘭的輸精管阻斷術應用率為全球最高(40~49歲男性中57%接受了該手術)并有國家腫瘤登記,其研究結果顯示前列腺癌既與輸精管阻斷手術無關聯(lián)(RR0.92,95%CI=0.75,1.14),也與輸精管阻斷年限無關聯(lián)(≥25年 RR0.92,95%CI= 0.68,1.23),且受術男子發(fā)生高分級前列腺癌(T4期)的風險較T1期(RR0.87,95%CI=0.61,1.25)進一步降低(RR 0.53,95%CI= 0.21,1.41),但差異沒有統(tǒng)計學意義。
也有文獻對輸精管阻斷與前列腺癌的關聯(lián)進行系統(tǒng)評價研究。近期發(fā)表的隊列研究文獻薈萃分析[65],納入發(fā)表于1991~2014年的10篇隊列研究,包括429 914名參與者和7027例前列腺癌病例,結果顯示輸精管阻斷與前列腺癌風險無明顯相關(合并 RR1.11,95%CI=0.98,1.27)。較早DerSimonian等[42]、Bernal-Delgado等[43]及 Dennis等[66]發(fā)表的薈萃分析分別報告合并RR估值1.5(95%CI =1.0,2.2)、1.23(95%CI =1.01,1.49)、1.37(95%CI=1.15,1.62),并都注意到研究間存在顯著的異質(zhì)性,RR估值隨研究設計、研究人群不同而不同,提示高風險的選擇偏倚。
對研究人群多重比較的觀察性研究可能導致隨機的錯誤結論[67]。如一篇病例對照研究報告的輸精管阻斷與前列腺癌的強相關[35]被同一作者基于同一監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)補充數(shù)據(jù)的第二篇病例對照研究[49]否定。這類研究抑或可以證明關聯(lián),但非因果關系[68]。Grimes等[69]指出觀察性流行病學的識別能力不能滿足對弱關聯(lián)的評價。一般情況下,除非隊列研究中RRs超過2~3或病例對照研究中ORs超過3~4,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的關聯(lián)不應被視為可信。由于前列腺癌的病因尚不清楚,某些未知因素導致的混雜可能影響與輸精管阻斷的關聯(lián),因此對病例對照或隊列研究所顯示的RRs輕度升高需要謹慎解釋[55]。
世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)[70](1991)和美國國立衛(wèi)生院(NIH)(1993)[41]曾就前列腺癌與輸精管阻斷術安全性的生物學和流行病學證據(jù)進行審查,鑒于研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的不一致,報告的關聯(lián)微弱,無已知的生物學機制,WHO和NIH否定了輸精管阻斷與前列腺癌之間存在因果關系,并建議不改變有關輸精管阻斷術的臨床及公共衛(wèi)生實踐。現(xiàn)有證據(jù)繼續(xù)支持輸精管阻斷術是一種安全、高效的重要節(jié)育措施。當男、女絕育手術都可以接受時,前者是一個更好的選擇。
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