劉敏, 耿玉清?, 叢日春, 劉鐸
(1.北京林業(yè)大學林學院,100083,北京;2.中國林業(yè)科學研究院荒漠化研究所,100091,北京)
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添加木醋液對鹽堿土酶活性的影響
劉敏1, 耿玉清1?, 叢日春2?, 劉鐸2
(1.北京林業(yè)大學林學院,100083,北京;2.中國林業(yè)科學研究院荒漠化研究所,100091,北京)
摘要:為探討添加木醋液后鹽堿土酶活性的變化,采用體積分數(shù)分別為100%(原液)、20%(稀釋5倍)、10%(稀釋10倍)、5%(稀釋20倍)和0(對照)木醋液,按木醋液體積與土壤質量之比為1∶4的比例,分別加入到土壤中,通過室內培養(yǎng)法,研究20 d后鹽堿土的可溶性成分和酶活性的變化。結果表明:添加不同體積分數(shù)的木醋液可以顯著降低鹽堿土pH,顯著提高土壤可溶性酚、易氧化碳、水溶性碳氮和無機氮質量分數(shù);向鹽堿土中添加100%的木醋液對糖苷酶和脲酶活性有抑制作用;在添加木醋液體積分數(shù)20%以下時,隨著體積分數(shù)的降低,糖苷酶活性降低;土壤酸性磷酸酶和酚氧化酶活性隨木醋液體積分數(shù)的增加呈顯著提高趨勢,而100%和20%體積分數(shù)的木醋液均顯著降低了土壤堿性磷酸酶的活性?;貧w分析顯示:土壤可溶性有機氮和顯著影響了糖苷酶的活性;土壤pH和有效磷與酸性磷酸酶活性呈顯著負相關,但與堿性磷酸酶呈顯著正相關;可溶性酚與酚氧化酶和過氧化物酶活性呈顯著正相關。總之,在短期內添加木醋液有利于鹽堿土酶活性的改善。
關鍵詞:鹽堿土改良;木醋液;可溶性酚;水溶性碳;酶活性
項目名稱: 中央級公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務費專項基金“遼東灣耐鹽堿樹種引種馴化及營造林技術研究”(CAFYBB2)
叢日春(1963—),男,博士,研究員。主要研究方向:森林培育學、防沙治沙。E-mail: congrichun888@163.com
在世界范圍內,高鹽分是限制作物產量和生態(tài)環(huán)境質量的主要土壤因素之一[1]。鹽堿土改良可有效的提高土地資源地利用,目前已成為我國生態(tài)工程建設中一項重要任務[2]。施用有機肥料可改善土壤結構、降低土壤pH,增加土壤有機質及養(yǎng)分,并改善土壤微生物的結構和功能,是改良鹽堿土的重要措施[3-5]。木醋液是植物材料在干餾過程中獲得的具有熏臭味的有機副產品,是一種新型的液體有機肥料[6]。研究[7-8]表明,直接施用木醋液可以降低重度鹽堿地的pH和土壤鹽分、提高土壤有機質質量分數(shù),顯著增加土壤微生物數(shù)量,促進植物的生長。
鹽堿土改良的目的是提高土壤質量[9],而土壤生物學性質在監(jiān)測土壤質量的變化中占重要地位。土壤酶主要來源于微生物的分泌,可催化復雜有機物的分解,對土壤有機碳和養(yǎng)分的轉化有重要作用。由于土壤酶對環(huán)境變化敏感,且測定方法簡單,常被用于指示土壤微生物功能和土壤質量變化[10-11];但目前有關添加木醋液對鹽堿土酶活性的變化鮮有報道。本研究主要是通過向鹽堿土中添加不同濃度的木醋液,研究土壤酶活性對木醋液濃度變化的響應。研究可為鹽堿土生物學性質的改善以及木醋液在鹽堿土改良中的應用提供參考。
1材料與方法
1.1試驗設計
供試木醋液由馬尾松剩余物經熱裂解制而成,棕褐色,pH為3.4,有機碳密度為198 g/L,有機酸體積分數(shù)為3.65%。供試的鹽堿土取自山東濱州,土壤基本理化性質如表1所示。采回的土壤樣本去除植物根系和殘體后,通過2 mm篩待用。
木醋液共設5種體積分數(shù),分別為100%(未稀釋)、20%(稀釋5倍)、10%(稀釋10倍)、5%(稀釋20倍)和0(即對照),每種體積分數(shù)重復3次。簡要的操作過程為:按不同的稀釋倍數(shù),分別吸取不同體積的木醋液并將其用蒸餾水稀釋定容到100 mL(原液處理則直接量取100 mL)。將土壤置于塑料布上,分別用噴壺將配置好的不同體積分數(shù)的木醋液噴到土壤表面,并在噴施過程中不斷通過掀動塑料布使木醋液與土混合,達到混合均勻的目的。將混合好的樣本(木醋液體積與土壤質量的比例為1∶4)裝入塑料盒后,用塑料膜封口,并在塑料膜上留孔洞起通氣透風作用。在25 ℃的恒溫箱中培養(yǎng)20 d后取土進行指標測試。
表1 供試土壤的基本理化性質
1.2研究方法
土壤化學性質指標的測定:土壤pH采用酸度計測定,土壤易氧化碳采用KMnO4氧化法[12]測定,土壤有效磷采用Olsen法測定[13]。
試驗采用的土壤酶有6種。其中β-糖苷酶(β-GLU)的測定采用對硝基酚葡萄糖苷為底物,加醋酸緩沖液進行培養(yǎng)測定[17]。脲酶(URE)測定采用苯酸鈉-次氯酸鈉比色法[18]。酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和堿性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的測定分別采用pH為6.5和11.0的改進的通用緩沖液(MUB),以對硝基苯磷酸二鈉為底物。酚氧化酶(PPO)和過氧化物酶(PER)活性測定,采用左旋多巴(DOPA)以及DOPA加過氧化氫為底物,以醋酸為緩沖液[17]。
1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理
土壤化學性質及酶活性的差異采用ANOVA分析,顯著性采用LSD方法;土壤化學性質指標對土壤酶活性的影響,采用多元逐步回歸方法分析。圖表采用SigmaPlot12.5制作。
2結果與分析
2.1不同體積分數(shù)木醋液處理下土壤化學性質的差異
表2 不同體積分數(shù)木醋液處理下土壤化學性質的變化
注:表中數(shù)值為平均值±標準誤;同行不同字母表示不同處理之間的差異在P<0.05水平顯著。Note: The values in the table are shown as mean±standard error. Different letters under the same column mean significant differences among treatments atP<0.05 level.
2.2不同體積分數(shù)木醋液處理下土壤酶活性的差異
不同字母表示各處理之間差異顯著(P<0.05)。Different letters mean significant difference among treatments at P<0.05 level 0.05圖1 添加不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液處理土壤酶活性變化Fig.1 Variation of soil enzyme activities under different wood vinegar application rates
添加木醋液對鹽堿土酶的活性有一定影響,但不同酶種類的變化趨勢有所不同(圖1)。β-GLU活性在添加100%木醋液與未添加木醋液時無顯著差異;但是,在添加體積分數(shù)20%以下時,隨著木醋液體積分數(shù)的降低,β-GLU活性不斷減小,但均顯著高于對照。添加木醋液體積分數(shù)為20%和10%的處理時,URE活性顯著高于100%木醋液與未添加木醋液的處理。ACP活性隨著添加木醋液體積分數(shù)的減小呈降低趨勢。100%和20%的木醋液均顯著降低了堿性土壤磷酸酶的活性,而添加低體積分數(shù)的木醋液則與對照無顯著差異。PPO和PER屬于氧化還原酶類,由結果可見,PPO活性在添加100%木醋液時最大,隨著添加木醋液體積分數(shù)的減小而明顯降低,而PER活性對添加木醋液體積分數(shù)的降低無顯著的變化。
2.3土壤化學性質與酶活性的相關性
3討論
木醋液含有多種有機酸和酚類成分[19]。添加的木醋液成分可影響土壤酶的活性,但酶活性的影響程度受所添加木醋液濃度的影響。向土壤中施入木醋液可以顯著增加土壤中微生物的數(shù)量,改善微生物群落功能多樣性和代謝活性[20-22]。雖然施用木醋液與生物炭混合物,也可顯著提高土壤酶的活性;但低體積分數(shù)木醋液中加入低量有機肥,對土壤酶活性影響不明顯[23]。
表3 土壤酶活性與土壤化學性質的線性回歸分析
注: ns表示沒有線性回歸關系,(-)表示負相關。下劃線表示該土壤化學性質可解釋酶活性的變異。*表示在P<0.05水平上顯著相關,** 表示在P<0.01 水平上顯著相關,*** 表示在P<0.001 水平上顯著相關。Note: ns means no significant linear relationship;(-) indicates a negative relationship. Underline variables have significant contributions to the variance of the response variable applying a multiple linear regression model. * Significant atP<0.05 level;** Significant atP<0.01 level;*** Significant atP<0.001 level.
向鹽堿土中添加100%的高體積分數(shù)木醋液可抑制β-GLU和URE活性,而相對較低的木醋液體積分數(shù)可促進酶的活性。ACP和PPO的活性隨添加木醋液體積分數(shù)的增大而提高。也就是說不同種類酶對不同體積分數(shù)木醋液的響應有別。從前人的研究來看,不同種類土壤酶對土壤處理的響應規(guī)律不同,是比較普遍的現(xiàn)象。有學者認為不同種類酶活性對不同的家禽肥料施用量的響應并不一致的原因是多方面的,如過多的禽糞影響有機物的分解,不同酶活性受pH的影響程度不同,微生物群落結構的變化也可影響不同酶活性的變化[24]。也有學者認為,在土壤中添加不同形態(tài)和不同體積分數(shù)的氮,都可顯著促進或抑制土壤酶活性,但影響的機制還不清楚[25]。筆者認為添加不同體積分數(shù)的木醋液對鹽堿土不同酶活性影響的差異,可能與微生物種類的變化有關,而不同微生物種類所分泌的酶有不確定性,也增加了解釋不同土壤酶變化程度的難度[26]。
土壤化學性質與酶活性有顯著的相關性。土壤酶具有專一性,但不同種類的酶與其酶促產物質量分數(shù)的關系并不完全一致。土壤中添加木醋液后,大量的有機酸可能經過β-GLU轉化為土壤活性的有機碳,并同時釋放出葡萄糖?;貧w分析顯示β-GLU與易氧化碳和土壤可溶性碳質量分數(shù)無顯著相關性。這可能與土壤中碳量是土壤長期積累的產物,而土壤酶活性僅可產生短時間的變化有關[27]。土壤URE的功能是水解尿素分子為銨離子;但URE活性與銨離子無關,而與硝酸根呈顯著正相關。這可能與土壤有機含氮化合物的礦化過程有關。木醋液中含有的多種酚是PPO酶促反應的底物[28]。施用木醋液會增加土壤中的土壤酚,因此,隨著添加木醋液體積分數(shù)的增加,土壤PPO活性可顯著提高。
4結論
1)向鹽堿土中添加不同體積分數(shù)的木醋液可以顯著降低土壤pH,顯著提高土壤可溶性酚、土壤易氧化碳、土壤水溶性碳氮以及無機氮的質量分數(shù),但對土壤有效磷的影響不顯著。
筆者僅研究了添加木醋液后短期的土壤變化,隨著時間的延長,木醋液如何影響土壤酶活性的變化需要進一步研究。
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(責任編輯:程云郭雪芳)
Impacts of wood vinegar on enzyme activity in saline alkaline soil
Liu Min1, Geng Yuqing1, Cong Richun2, Liu Duo2
(1.College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
2. Institute of Desertification Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China)
Abstract:Salt toxicity is one of the major edaphic factors limiting crop production and eco-environmental quality in salinized and/or sodic soils throughout the world. Application of organic fertilizer to saline alkaline soil is considered as a good practice for soil remediation. Wood vinegar, as a new kind of liquid organic fertilizer, plays an important role in reducing soil pH and salt content, increasing soil organic matter content and promoting plant growth in saline alkaline soil. Soil enzyme stimulates the decomposition of organic matter and the transformation of nutrient substances, can reflect the function of soil microbe, and is regarded as a potential index for monitoring soil quality in a short time. Nevertheless, the impacts of wood vinegar on enzyme activity in saline alkaline soil remain unknown. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the impacts of different wood vinegar contents on enzyme activity in saline and alkaline soil. In our study, five treatments with different contents of wood vinegar, namely 100% (not diluted), 20% (diluted 5 times), 10% (diluted 10 times), 5% (diluted 20 times) and 0 (CK) were mixed with soil at a wood vinegar liquid (mL)- to- soil (g) ratio of 1∶4, respectively. The soil chemical properties, such as the dissolved organic carbon, phenol, and several kinds of hydrolases and oxidoreductase activity were measured after 20 days indoor culture. In addition, the relationship between the soil chemical properties and soil enzyme activities was analyzed by the linear regression analysis. The results showed that all the different contents of wood vinegar could significantly decrease soil pH, and increase the content of soil dissolved phenol, soil readily oxidizable carbon, soil dissolved carbon and nitrogen, and . However, the change of soil available phosphorus content was not significant. The activities of soil glycosidase and urease were inhibited at 100% wood vinegar. For soil glycosidase activity, it was decreased with the decline of wood vinegar content at the rate below 20%. The urease activities at 20% and 10% wood vinegar were significantly higher than that at 5% and CK. The activities of soil acid phosphatase and phenol oxidase were enhanced with the increasing wood vinegar content. However, alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly decreased at 20% and 10% wood vinegar. These results demonstrated the changes of soil readily oxidizable carbon and -N were positively related to the activity of soil glycosidase. The changes of soil pH and available phosphorus had a significantly negative correlation with soil acid phosphatase activity, but a significantly positive correlation with alkaline phosphatase activity. On the other hand, the change of soil dissolved phenol had a significantly positive correlation with phenol oxidase activity. In conclusion, the application of wood vinegar in the saline alkaline soil can stimulate enzyme activity. The long-term impacts of the application of wood vinegar on soil enzyme activities should be concerned in the future since our conclusion is obtained by a short indoor culture manipulation.
Keywords:saline alkaline soil remediation; wood vinegar; soil dissolved phenol; soil dissolved carbon; enzyme activity
通信作者?簡介: 耿玉清(1965—),女,博士,副教授。主要研究方向:土壤生態(tài)。E-mail: gengyuqing@bjfu.edu.cn;
作者簡介:第一 劉敏(1993—),女,本科生。主要研究方向:生態(tài)學。E-mail: simibj@163.com
收稿日期:2015-03-24修回日期: 2015-10-30
中圖分類號:S154.2
文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:1672-3007(2015)06-0112-06