国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

熱激蛋白27在腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

2015-02-10 04:52綜述梁新華審校
醫(yī)學(xué)綜述 2015年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:轉(zhuǎn)移耐藥腫瘤

陳 偉(綜述),梁新華(審校)

(1.天津市口腔醫(yī)院頜面外科,天津 300041; 2.四川大學(xué)華西口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院頜面外科,成都 610041)

?

熱激蛋白27在腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

陳偉1(綜述),梁新華2※(審校)

(1.天津市口腔醫(yī)院頜面外科,天津 300041; 2.四川大學(xué)華西口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院頜面外科,成都 610041)

摘要:熱激蛋白(HSP)是生物體內(nèi)高度進(jìn)化保守的蛋白質(zhì)家族,在多種應(yīng)激條件下可被誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生,擁有復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)意義。HSP作為分子伴侶,參與蛋白質(zhì)的折疊、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、合成等過(guò)程,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)肽類蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)合及各種細(xì)胞損傷的修復(fù),在多種疾病過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP27在腫瘤中廣泛表達(dá),并參與腫瘤的發(fā)生、轉(zhuǎn)移以及耐藥等多個(gè)方面。對(duì)這些機(jī)制的深入探索有望為腫瘤治療提供新的策略和選擇。

關(guān)鍵詞:腫瘤;熱激蛋白27;轉(zhuǎn)移;耐藥

熱激蛋白(heat shock protein,HSP),又稱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)蛋白,是細(xì)胞在高熱等應(yīng)激條件下產(chǎn)生的一類高度保守蛋白質(zhì),其表達(dá)升高是應(yīng)激條件下生物體內(nèi)熱激反應(yīng)的重要組成部分[1]。HSP通過(guò)發(fā)揮分子伴侶功能在蛋白質(zhì)的折疊、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)以及降解過(guò)程中,廣泛參與細(xì)胞內(nèi)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的發(fā)育與分化。根據(jù)相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量的差異,HSP可分HSP100、HSP90、HSP70、HSP60以及小分子HSP。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HSP27在多種惡行性疾病中異常表達(dá),并參與了腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)移。此外,HSP27表達(dá)與腫瘤的耐藥及放射抗阻性也密切相關(guān)?,F(xiàn)就HSP27在腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。

1HSP27的一般特性

HSP27也被稱為HSPB1,屬小分子HSP家族,是最先在人類細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為27 000的HSP。HSP27基因在啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域存在熱休克調(diào)節(jié)元件及應(yīng)激相關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)元件,其轉(zhuǎn)錄受熱休克因子調(diào)節(jié);HSP27的蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)高度保守,由80~100個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成,為典型的氨基序列C端,包含WDPF域、PSRLFDQXFGEXLL域、α-晶體結(jié)構(gòu)域以及C端的可變區(qū)域[2]。該分子結(jié)構(gòu)域內(nèi)氨基酸第15、78、82位絲氨酸是磷酸化的主要位點(diǎn),其殘基磷酸化水平變化可調(diào)控HSP27單體的聚合度,并影響HSP27的生物學(xué)功能[3]。HSP27的聚合常因其生物學(xué)功能差異而不同,在行使分子伴侶功能時(shí)需聚合成寡聚體,而在維持細(xì)胞骨架穩(wěn)定、泛素化以及選擇性降解蛋白時(shí)則需解聚[4]。HSP27對(duì)氫離子濃度非常敏感,pH值微小變化即能引起HSP27三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的改變以及其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的重新分布;其單體可作為肌動(dòng)蛋白的加帽蛋白,調(diào)節(jié)微絲生長(zhǎng)并維持細(xì)胞骨架的穩(wěn)定性。HSP27在生物體內(nèi)分為構(gòu)成型和誘導(dǎo)型,構(gòu)成型HSP27在生理狀態(tài)下表達(dá)較低,具有組織和時(shí)空特異性,其在不同的亞細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)的定位與細(xì)胞分化、發(fā)育密切相關(guān);誘導(dǎo)型HSP27在應(yīng)激條件下產(chǎn)生,通過(guò)發(fā)揮伴侶分子功能保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受應(yīng)急損傷,其表達(dá)及定位也因細(xì)胞以及應(yīng)激強(qiáng)度的差異也不盡相同。

2分子伴侶作用

在細(xì)胞內(nèi),HSP發(fā)揮廣泛的分子伴侶效應(yīng)糾正蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)上的錯(cuò)誤折疊。作為非腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)依賴型分子伴侶,HSP27通過(guò)與錯(cuò)折疊蛋白可逆性結(jié)合,將其轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至細(xì)胞特定位置(如內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、線粒體等),然后卷曲、聚合成一定構(gòu)象的活性蛋白發(fā)揮蛋白儲(chǔ)存庫(kù)樣功能,并進(jìn)一步呈遞至其他ATP依賴型分子伴侶(如HSP70),完成后續(xù)的蛋白折疊修復(fù)。HSP27針對(duì)蛋白分子結(jié)構(gòu)的不同修復(fù)促使其扮演著不同細(xì)胞生物學(xué)角色,如HSP27通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)p53/p21信號(hào)抑制細(xì)胞的衰老;HSP27通過(guò)結(jié)合真核翻譯起始因子(eukaryotic initiation factor 4G,eLF4G)結(jié)構(gòu)成分阻止信使RNA的翻譯而起細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用;HSP27還可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)鈉離子-鉀離子-ATP酶的活性,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)糖原異生和糖原生成,維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)糖原的貯量以及細(xì)胞的應(yīng)激能力[5]。HSP27與甾體類激素受體競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合阻止甾體類激素引起的細(xì)胞早熟或無(wú)意義反應(yīng)。另外,在蛋白質(zhì)錯(cuò)折疊的蛋白酶體糾正系統(tǒng)中,HSP27能直接與26S蛋白酶體相互作用,增強(qiáng)泛素-蛋白酶體的活性,并促進(jìn)結(jié)合于多聚泛素鏈上蛋白的水解。

3抗凋亡作用

HSP27通過(guò)作用凋亡通路中的多個(gè)關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn),在不同階段阻斷細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生,是線粒體前、后水平的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控因子,在凋亡信號(hào)通路中的多個(gè)步驟發(fā)揮作用。在始于線粒體內(nèi)源性凋亡通路中,HSP27可通過(guò)上調(diào)活性氧-谷胱甘肽路徑中多個(gè)關(guān)鍵酶(如葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶、谷胱甘肽還原酶和谷胱甘肽轉(zhuǎn)移酶)來(lái)維持非氧化型谷胱甘肽水平,以減少活性氧的積聚和中和氧化蛋白的毒性作用,維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化還原穩(wěn)態(tài)及線粒體的穩(wěn)定[6]。HSP27通過(guò)鐵離子依賴性芬頓(fenton)反應(yīng)下調(diào)羥自由基,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)生。與此同時(shí),HSP27還具有胱天蛋白酶(caspase)抑制效應(yīng),通過(guò)隔離凋亡蛋白酶活化因子1與線粒體釋放的細(xì)胞色素C結(jié)合,HSP27抑制caspase-9的活性,防止apoptosome (caspase-3激活復(fù)合物)的形成、caspases的活化以及凋亡的發(fā)生,這也是最主要的腫瘤抗凋亡機(jī)制。另外,HSP27也可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB/Akt)/核因子κB信號(hào)通路對(duì)抗線粒體損傷誘導(dǎo)的凋亡信號(hào)。在死亡受體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡通路中,磷酸化HSP27通過(guò)直接作用死亡結(jié)構(gòu)域相關(guān)蛋白,阻斷凋亡相關(guān)因子與凋亡信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1相互作用,特異性地調(diào)節(jié)死亡結(jié)構(gòu)域相關(guān)蛋白通路介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡;此外,HSP27還可借肌動(dòng)蛋白的重組穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞骨架,防止諸如活性BH3結(jié)構(gòu)域凋亡誘導(dǎo)蛋白之類的前凋亡因子進(jìn)入線粒體膜,從而阻斷凋亡發(fā)生[7]。

4HSP27與腫瘤

HSP27在人類多種發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用(如糖尿病、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、神經(jīng)退行性變、心肌缺血、心室顫動(dòng)、哮喘、白內(nèi)障、血小板功能異常等)。隨著研究的進(jìn)一步深入,HSP27與腫瘤的關(guān)系越來(lái)越受到重視。HSP27廣泛表達(dá)于多種組織來(lái)源的腫瘤中,并且在腫瘤發(fā)展中呈持續(xù)增高;腫瘤細(xì)胞中的HSP27表達(dá)增高與腫瘤的惡性質(zhì)密切相關(guān),包括導(dǎo)致腫瘤成瘤增強(qiáng)、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強(qiáng)以及化療耐藥。

4.1HSP27在腫瘤中的表達(dá)及意義HSP27作為雌激素調(diào)節(jié)蛋白最先在女性乳腺癌和內(nèi)膜癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)[8]。然而,HSP27的表達(dá)水平在不同組織卻有所差異,而且即使在同一組織來(lái)源的腫瘤中其表達(dá)也不盡一致。在食管腺癌中,HSP27的表達(dá)是降低的,而在食管鱗癌中其表達(dá)卻是增加的[9-10]。在前列腺癌等腺癌組織中,HSP27的表達(dá)與腫瘤分化程度相關(guān)[11]。這些HSP27的表達(dá)差異可能預(yù)示不同腫瘤的特性以及其預(yù)后的差異。在女性乳腺癌中,盡管HSP27表達(dá)與雌激素受體密切關(guān)聯(lián),而且HSP27可與雌激素受體相互作用參與調(diào)節(jié)雌激素信號(hào)通路[12],促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)展。在對(duì)腋窩淋巴結(jié)陰性的乳腺癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),HSP27過(guò)表達(dá)可能與雌激素受體、孕激素受體的表達(dá)陽(yáng)性以及腫瘤染色體異倍體率存在密切關(guān)聯(lián)性,但與腫瘤大小以及患者無(wú)瘤生存率和總體生存率并無(wú)相關(guān)性[13]。在人類肝細(xì)胞癌中,HSP27是否作為預(yù)后指標(biāo)也存在爭(zhēng)議。在乙型肝炎病毒發(fā)展形成的肝癌中,HSP27表達(dá)升高是其預(yù)后不佳的重要指標(biāo),并與肝癌組織分型及無(wú)瘤生存率及總體生存率相關(guān);而在由丙型肝炎病毒發(fā)展的肝癌中,HSP27則是一個(gè)良好的預(yù)后指標(biāo)[14]。在卵巢癌、胃癌、前列腺癌以及骨肉瘤中,HSP27表達(dá)升高常與腫瘤的分級(jí)、無(wú)瘤生存率以及總體生存率密切相關(guān)[15]。在子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌、食管癌、惡性纖維組織細(xì)胞瘤中,HSP27表達(dá)升高與良好預(yù)后相關(guān),是預(yù)后良好的重要指標(biāo);在頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、膀胱癌、腎癌、白血病 (除非伴隨其他相關(guān)指標(biāo)),HSP27表達(dá)并無(wú)預(yù)后指標(biāo)價(jià)值[16]。盡管這些HSP27表達(dá)在不同腫瘤中具有部分相似意義,但其表達(dá)與患者臨床病理以及預(yù)后在關(guān)聯(lián)性上很難得到一致性結(jié)論。

4.2HSP27與腫瘤形成腫瘤形成涉及一系列遺傳和表觀遺傳上的變異,這些改變最終導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的癌組織形成。在這種環(huán)境下,HSP的表達(dá)及生物學(xué)功能受很大影響,并發(fā)揮不同效應(yīng)。HSP27在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)失衡以及異常磷酸化是其獲得永生化的重要步驟。盡管目前對(duì)HSP27所發(fā)揮的具體作用并不十分清楚,但磷酸化HSP27可能參與了腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡抑制。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在人類皰疹病毒感染型胃癌中,HSP27通過(guò)發(fā)揮伴侶分子功能,保護(hù)了Akt免受去磷酸化破壞,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤惡性特征的形成[17]。類似的現(xiàn)象也見于膀胱癌患者中[18]。在前列腺癌中,HSP27通過(guò)調(diào)控細(xì)胞色素C依賴的caspase-3活化,發(fā)揮腫瘤細(xì)胞抗凋亡效應(yīng)[19]。在宮頸癌中,HSP27在不同的宮頸上皮瘤樣病變組織、原位癌及早期浸潤(rùn)癌組織內(nèi)表達(dá)均升高,而且其表達(dá)在宮頸上皮組織瘤變以及癌變組織間呈遞增趨勢(shì)[20]。在肝細(xì)胞癌,磷酸化HSP27通過(guò)上調(diào)p38、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinases,MAPK)和早基因產(chǎn)物MAPK磷酸酶1的表達(dá),促進(jìn)了癌癥干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記的表達(dá)以及早期癌的生長(zhǎng)[21]。這些研究提示,HSP27表達(dá)變化可能參與了腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展[22]。然而,HSP27在腫瘤細(xì)胞中過(guò)表達(dá)的分子機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,一方面可以歸結(jié)為腫瘤細(xì)胞適應(yīng)不利生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,并滿足致瘤突變對(duì)伴侶分子的需求以清除變異蛋白;另一方面可能是轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的功能性突變導(dǎo)致熱休克啟動(dòng)子的活化,并制造了假性缺氧狀態(tài)。

4.3HSP27與腫瘤的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腫瘤最重要的表現(xiàn),也是臨床治療失敗的最常見原因。在垂體腺瘤中,特異性高表達(dá)HSP27與腫瘤侵襲性呈正相關(guān)[23]。在食管癌中,HSP27廣泛高表達(dá)于食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,而且過(guò)表達(dá)HSP27與腫瘤浸潤(rùn)增強(qiáng)密切關(guān)聯(lián),并在腫瘤組織低分化區(qū)呈現(xiàn)最為強(qiáng)烈的表達(dá)[10]。在骨肉瘤中,HSP27過(guò)表達(dá)與腫瘤組織分型以及臨床分級(jí)正向關(guān)聯(lián),其表達(dá)增高也是公認(rèn)的一個(gè)獨(dú)立預(yù)后不良指標(biāo)[24]。在乳腺癌中,HSP27表達(dá)增高導(dǎo)致患者無(wú)瘤間期縮短[25];進(jìn)一步體外研究證實(shí),過(guò)表達(dá)HSP27增加了腫瘤的成瘤及轉(zhuǎn)移特性[26]。在頭頸腫瘤中,抑制HSP27可有效降低腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[27]。這些HSP27在不同腫瘤中的研究結(jié)果提示,過(guò)表達(dá)HSP27可能參與并調(diào)節(jié)了腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。對(duì)HSP27促進(jìn)腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HSP27主要通過(guò)MAPK和核因子κB信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的遷移、黏附特性以及蛋白水解酶的分泌,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生[28-29]。在腫瘤細(xì)胞中,HSP27通過(guò)調(diào)控MAPK信號(hào)影響微絲結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的遷徙移動(dòng);在黑色素瘤細(xì)胞中,HSP27參與p38 MAPK信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié),調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的黏附(如Ⅳ型膠原),從而促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[30]。在鼻咽癌高轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞株中,過(guò)表達(dá)HSP27增強(qiáng)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲行為,而抑制其表達(dá)則起到有效抑制腫瘤的侵襲表現(xiàn);進(jìn)一步通過(guò)聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)分析顯示,HSP27增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)核因子κB介導(dǎo)的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶活化而實(shí)現(xiàn)[31]。在肝細(xì)胞癌中,HSP27介導(dǎo)了β型蛋白激酶C誘導(dǎo)下的細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(1/2)、p38 MAPK信號(hào)的活化,增強(qiáng)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲性[32]。在人肝細(xì)胞癌研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),HSP27調(diào)節(jié)核因子κB信號(hào)增強(qiáng)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力[33]。與此同時(shí),HSP27通過(guò)影響?zhàn)ぶ呓Y(jié)構(gòu)以及黏著斑激酶磷酸化介導(dǎo)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2的表達(dá),增加腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲[34-35]。針對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中HSP27磷酸化的研究顯示,磷酸化的HSP27有效增強(qiáng)了p38 MAPK介導(dǎo)的腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷徙[36],而非磷酸化HSP27并不顯示促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移增加。針對(duì)微小RNA-17-5p在肝細(xì)胞癌中所起作用的研究中顯示,p38 MAPK信號(hào)促進(jìn)HSP27磷酸化,并最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞遷徙能力的增強(qiáng)[37]。針對(duì)人前列腺癌細(xì)胞系及其轉(zhuǎn)移克隆株的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制MAPK活化蛋白激酶2(MAPK activated protein kinase 2,MAPKAPK 2)/p38MAPK/HSP27信號(hào)有效降低腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移[29]。

4.4HSP27與腫瘤耐藥腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)某一種藥物具有耐藥的同時(shí),對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)不同、作用靶點(diǎn)不一的其他抗腫瘤藥物也表現(xiàn)出耐藥特性,這種多藥耐藥特點(diǎn)是導(dǎo)致腫瘤化療失敗的重要原因之一。對(duì)某些臨床治療失敗病例的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HSP27表達(dá)增加是腫瘤耐藥的最常見表現(xiàn)之一,在晚期乳腺癌化療中,HSP27過(guò)表達(dá)使其發(fā)病間期明顯縮短;在卵巢癌、頭頸癌、食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤等具有耐藥特效的癌細(xì)胞中也伴有HSP27表達(dá)的增高[38]。此外,在一些藥物治療中,如鉑類化合物、長(zhǎng)春新堿和秋水仙堿,在耐藥形成中常伴隨有HSP27表達(dá)增高的出現(xiàn)[39]。在骨髓瘤耐地塞米松細(xì)胞株中,通過(guò)降低HSP的表達(dá)可恢復(fù)骨髓瘤耐地塞米松株對(duì)藥物的敏感性[40]。在胰腺癌耐藥株細(xì)胞中,降低耐藥株HSP27表達(dá)后,胰腺癌耐藥株細(xì)胞也重新恢復(fù)了對(duì)吉西他濱的敏感性[41]。在睪丸癌中,腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)以順鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療方案敏感也與睪丸癌細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)性HSP27表達(dá)水平低相關(guān)[42]。這些不同的研究提示,HSP27表達(dá)升高在腫瘤耐藥中發(fā)揮重要作用。目前認(rèn)為HSP27表達(dá)升高誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥的可能機(jī)制為:①作為伴侶分子可有效修復(fù)細(xì)胞毒性藥物導(dǎo)致的蛋白變性而發(fā)揮對(duì)細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用;②發(fā)揮抗細(xì)胞凋亡效應(yīng);③保護(hù)腫瘤內(nèi)的微循環(huán);④增強(qiáng)對(duì)耐藥基因的修復(fù),但其確切的作用機(jī)制尚不清楚。

4.5HSP27與腫瘤放射阻抗腫瘤細(xì)胞過(guò)表達(dá)HSP27除具有抗腫瘤藥物的耐藥特性外,也與腫瘤放射阻抗、放療失敗密切關(guān)聯(lián)。在膀胱癌中,HSP27的過(guò)表達(dá)顯示與腫瘤不良預(yù)后以及腫瘤放射阻抗性增加密切相關(guān),通過(guò)HSP27的反義寡核苷酸OGX-427抑制HSP27表達(dá)可增強(qiáng)膀胱癌對(duì)放、化療的敏感性[43]。在鼻咽癌NPC細(xì)胞株CNE中(具有放射抗阻性),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)蛋白29誘導(dǎo)HSP27表達(dá),并介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞抗放射凋亡[44]。在人肺癌移植瘤模型中,蛋白激酶Cδ-V5催化NCI-H1299表達(dá)七勝肽,使過(guò)表達(dá)HSP27的NCI-H1299移植細(xì)胞具有類似于低表達(dá)HSP27的NCI-H460細(xì)胞的放射敏感性;體外研究進(jìn)一步顯示,在蛋白激酶Cδ催化V5 七勝肽與HSP27的結(jié)合,并通過(guò)抑制HSP27表達(dá)調(diào)節(jié)caspase-3發(fā)揮細(xì)胞抗凋亡效應(yīng)[45]。Hadchity等[46]對(duì)頸鱗癌細(xì)胞株SQ20B(一種放射阻抗性癌細(xì)胞)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),癌細(xì)胞過(guò)表達(dá)HSP27具有強(qiáng)烈抗射線誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡及死亡,利用反義寡核苷酸OGX-427抑制HSP27表達(dá)發(fā)現(xiàn),HSP27通過(guò)Akt信號(hào)介導(dǎo)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的生存及腫瘤血管生成,其表達(dá)降低增強(qiáng)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的放療敏感性。在前列腺癌的臨床前期(Ⅱ~Ⅲ期)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤細(xì)胞HSP27表達(dá)受抑制后其對(duì)中等劑量放射治療的敏感性增強(qiáng)[47]。對(duì)放射耐受性細(xì)胞Jurkat-Hsp27、PC3及U87研究發(fā)現(xiàn),過(guò)表達(dá)HSP27通過(guò)參與線粒體活性以及caspase激活相關(guān)的谷胱甘肽水平的調(diào)節(jié),減少了輻射條件下的細(xì)胞凋亡及克隆細(xì)胞死亡的發(fā)生[48]。因此認(rèn)為,HSP27的放射抗阻性效應(yīng)主要與Akt、caspase信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)的細(xì)胞的生存與凋亡相關(guān)。

5小結(jié)

盡管對(duì)HSP27在腫瘤中的研究取得了一定的進(jìn)展,但其在不同腫瘤組織中的差異性表達(dá)以及其在腫瘤中發(fā)揮的具體效應(yīng)目前仍不十分清楚。對(duì)比研究HSP27在不同組織發(fā)育、炎癥以及腫瘤中的生物學(xué)效應(yīng),有助于對(duì)HSP27生物學(xué)特性的全面理解。闡明這些機(jī)制對(duì)理解腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著重大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。對(duì)HSP27表達(dá)升高形成腫瘤耐藥及放射抗阻機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步研究,以及新的分子靶點(diǎn)的探尋,有利于抗腫瘤新策略的出現(xiàn),這將為臨床抗腫瘤治療提供更多的指導(dǎo)依據(jù)。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Nicholls S,MacCallum DM,Kaffarnik FA,etal.Activation of the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 is essential for the full virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans[J].Fungal Genet Biol,2011,48(3):297-305.

[2]Gusev NB,Bogatcheva NV,Marston SB.Structure and properties of small heat shock proteins (sHsp) and their interaction with cyto-skeleton proteins[J].Biochemistry (Mosc),2002,67(5):511-519.

[3]Rogalla T,Ehrnsperger M,Preville X,etal.Regulation of Hsp27 oligomerization,chaperone function,and protective activity against oxidative stress/tumor necrosis factor alpha by phosphorylation[J].J Biol Chem,1999,274(27):18947-18956.

[4]Katsogiannou M,Andrieu C,Rocchi P.Heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation state is associated with cancer progression[J].Front Genet,2014,5:346.

[5]Van Why SK,Mann AS,Ardito T,etal.Hsp27 associates with actin and limits injury in energy depleted renal epithelia[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2003,14(1):98-106.

[6]Préville X,Salvemini F,Giraud S,etal.Mammalian small stress proteins protect against oxidative stress through their ability to increase glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and by maintaining optimal cellular detoxifying machinery[J].Exp Cell Res,1999,247(1):61-78.

[7]Paul C,Manero F,Gonin S,etal.Hsp27 as a negative regulator of cytochrome C release[J].Mol Cell Biol,2002,22(3):816-834.

[8]Grunda JM,Steg AD,He Q,etal.Differential expression of breast cancer-associated genes between stage-and age-matched tumor specimens from African-and Caucasian-American Women diagnosed with breast cancer[J].BMC Res Notes,2012,5:248.

[9]Soldes OS,Kuick RD,Thompson IA,etal.Differential expression of Hsp27 in normal oesophagus,Barrett′s metaplasia and oesophageal adenocarcinomas[J].Br J Cancer,1999,79(3/4):595-603.

[10]Lambot MA,Peny MO,Fayt I,etal.Overexpression of 27-kDa heat shock protein relates to poor histological differentiation in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Histopathology,2000,36(4):326-330.

[11]Storm FK,Mahvi DM,Gilchrist KW.Lack of association between tumor necrosis and hsp-27 expression in primary breast cancer[J].J Surg Oncol,1996,61(1):14-16.

[12]Rayner K,Sun J,Chen YX,etal.Heat shock protein 27 protects against atherogenesis via an estrogen-dependent mechanism:role of selective estrogen receptor beta modulation[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2009,29(11):1751-1756.

[13]Ciocca DR,Puy LA,Fasoli LC,etal.Corticotropin-releasing hormone,luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone,growth hormone-releasing hormone,and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in biopsies from breast cancer patients[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,1990,15(3):175-184.

[14]Harimoto N,Shimada M,Aishima S,etal.The role of heat shock protein 27 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan:special reference to the difference between hepatitis B and C[J].Liver Int,2004,24(4):316-321.

[15]Giaginis C,Daskalopoulou SS,Vgenopoulou S,etal.Heat Shock Protein-27,-60 and-90 expression in gastric cancer:association with clinicopathological variables and patient survival[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2009,9:14.

[16]Ciocca DR,Calderwood SK.Heat shock proteins in cancer:diagnostic,prognostic,predictive,and treatment implications[J].Cell Stress Chaperones,2005,10(2):86-103.

[17]Fukagawa Y,Nishikawa J,Kuramitsu Y,etal.Epstein-Barr virus upregulates phosphorylated heat shock protein 27 kDa in carcinoma cells using the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway[J].Electrophoresis,2008,29(15):3192-3200.

[18]Matsui Y,Hadaschik BA,Fazli L,etal.Intravesical combination treatment with antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat shock protein-27 and HTI-286 as a novel strategy for high-grade bladder cancer[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2009,8(8):2402-2411.

[19]Concannon CG,Orrenius S,Samali A.Hsp27 inhibits cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation by sequestering both pro-caspase-3 and cytochromec[J].Gene Expr,2001,9(4/5):195-201.

[20]Ono A,Kumai T,Koizumi H,etal.Overexpression of heat shock protein 27 in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix:a proteomic analysis using archival formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded tissues[J].Hum Pathol,2009,40(1):41-49.

[21]Hu S,Ying Z,Gomez-Pinilla F,etal.Exercise can increase small heat shock proteins (sHSP) and pre-and post-synaptic proteins in the hippocampus[J].Brain Res,2009,1249:191-201.

[22]Lomnytska MI,Becker S,Hellman K,etal.Diagnostic protein marker patterns in squamous cervical cancer[J].Proteomics Clin Appl,2010,4(1):17-31.

[23]Gandour-Edwards R,Kapadia SB,Janecka IP,etal.Biologic markers of invasive pituitary adenomas involving the sphenoid sinus[J].Mod Pathol,1995,8(2):160-164.

[24]Moon A,Bacchini P,Bertoni F,etal.Expression of heat shock proteins in osteosarcomas[J].Pathology,2010,42(5):421-425.

[25]Thor A,Benz C,Moore D,etal.Stress response protein (srp-27) determination in primary human breast carcinomas:clinical, histologic,and prognostic correlations[J].J Natl Cancer Inst,1991,83(3):170-178.

[26]Kaur P,Nagaraja GM,Zheng H,etal.A mouse model for triple-negative breast cancer tumor-initiating cells (TNBC-TICs) exhibits similar aggressive phenotype to the human disease[J].BMC Cancer,2012,12:120.

[27]Zhu Z,Xu X,Yu Y,etal.Silencing heat shock protein 27 decreases metastatic behavior of human head and neck squamous cell cancer cells in vitro[J].Mol Pharm,2010,7(4):1283-1290.

[28]Parcellier A,Schmitt E,Gurbuxani S,etal.HSP27 is a ubiquitin-binding protein involved in I-kappaBalpha proteasomal degrada-tion[J].Mol Cell Biol,2003,23(16):5790-5802.

[29]Xu L,Chen S,Bergan RC.MAPKAPK2 and HSP27 are downstream effectors of p38 MAP kinase-mediated matrix metalloproteinase type 2 activation and cell invasion in human prostate cancer[J].Oncogene,2006,25(21):2987-2998.

[30]Garcia MC,Ray DM,Lackford B,etal.Arachidonic acid stimulates cell adhesion through a novel p38 MAPK-RhoA signaling pathway that involves heat shock protein 27[J].J Biol Chem,2009,284(31):20936-20945.

[31]Li GP,Wang H,Lai YK,etal.Proteomic profiling between CNE-2 and its strongly metastatic subclone S-18 and functional characterization of HSP27 in metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].Proteomics,2011,11(14):2911-2920.

[32]Guo K,Liu Y,Zhou H,etal.Involvement of protein kinase C beta-extracellular signal-regulating kinase 1/2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-heat shock protein 27 activation in hepatocellular carcinoma cell motility and invasion[J].Cancer Sci,2008,99(3):486-496.

[33]Guo K,Kang NX,Li Y,etal.Regulation of HSP27 on NF-kappaB pathway activation may be involved in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells apoptosis[J].BMC Cancer,2009,9:100.

[34]Lee JW,Kwak HJ,Lee JJ,etal.HSP27 regulates cell adhesion and invasion via modulation of focal adhesion kinase and MMP-2 expression[J].Eur J Cell Biol,2008,87(6):377-387.

[35]Pavese JM,Ogden IM,Voll EA,etal.Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MAP2K4) promotes human prostate cancer metastasis[J].PLoS One,2014,9(7):e102289.

[36]Rust W,Kingsley K,Petnicki T,etal.Heat shock protein 27 plays two distinct roles in controlling human breast cancer cell migration on laminin-5[J].Mol Cell Biol Res Commun,1999,1(3):196-202.

[37]Yang F,Yin Y,Wang F,etal.miR-17-5p Promotes migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-heat shock protein 27 pathway[J].Hepatology,2010,51(5):1614-1623.

[38]Ciocca DR,Green S,Elledge RM,etal.Heat shock proteins hsp27 and hsp70:lack of correlation with response to tamoxifen and clinical course of disease in estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer (a Southwest Oncology Group Study)[J].Clin Cancer Res,1998,4(5):1263-1266.

[39]Mozzillo N,Ascierto P.Reduction of circulating regulatory T cells by intravenous high-dose interferon alfa-2b treatment in melanoma patients[J].Clin Exp Metastasis,2012,29(7):801-805.

[40]Yasui H,Hideshima T,Ikeda H,etal.BIRB 796 enhances cytotoxicity triggered by bortezomib, heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 inhibitor, and dexamethasone via inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/Hsp27 pathway in multiple myeloma cell lines and inhibits paracrine tumour growth[J].Br J Haematol,2007,136(3):414-423.

[41]Kuramitsu Y,Suenaga S,Wang Y,etal.Up-regulation of DDX39 in human pancreatic cancer cells with acquired gemcitabine resistance compared to gemcitabine-sensitive parental cells[J].Anticancer Res,2013,33(8):3133-3136.

[42]Richards EH,Hickey E,Weber L,etal.Effect of overexpression of the small heat shock protein HSP27 on the heat and drug sensitivities of human testis tumor cells[J].Cancer Res,1996,56(10):2446-2451.

[43]Ischia J,So AI.The role of heat shock proteins in bladder cancer[J].Nat Rev Urol,2013,10(7):386-395.

[44]Qi L,Wu P,Zhang X,etal.Inhibiting ERp29 expression enhances radiosensitivity in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines[J].Med Oncol,2012,29(2):721-728.

[45]Lee HJ,Kim EH,Seo WD,etal.Heat shock protein 27-targeted heptapeptide of the PKCΔcatalytic V5 region sensitizes tumors with radio-and chemoresistance[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2011,80(1):221-230.

[46]Hadchity E,Aloy MT,Paulin C,etal.Heat shock protein 27 as a new therapeutic target for radiation sensitization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [J].Mol Ther,2009,17(8):1387-

1394.

[47]Ischia J,Saad F,Gleave M.The promise of heat shock protein inhibitors in the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer[J].Curr Opin Urol,2013,23(3):194-200.

[48]Aloy MT,Hadchity E,Bionda C,etal.Protective role of Hsp27 protein against gamma radiation-induced apoptosis and radiosensitization effects of Hsp27 gene silencing in different human tumor cells[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2008,70(2):543-553.

The Role of Heat Shock Protein 27 in TumorsCHENWei1,LIANGXin-hua2.(1.DepartmentofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery,TianjinStomatologicalHospital,Tianjin300041,China; 2.DepartmentofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery,WestChinaCollegeofStomatology,SichuanUniversity,Chengdu610041,China)

Abstract:Heat shock protein(HSP) is evolutionarily conserved family of proteins in vivo whose expression is induced in response to a wide variety of environmental insults,and has complex biological significance.As a chaperone,HSP plays an important role in a variety of disease processes by participating in protein folding,transport and synthesis,the binding of intracellular peptides,and repair of various cell injuries.Recently,a lot of research have found that HSP27 is widely expressed in various tumors,involved in tumor development,drug resistance and metastasis.Therefore,understanding of these mechanisms is expected to provide new strategies and choices for anti-tumor therapy.

Key words:Tumor; Heat shock protein 27; Metastasis; Drug resistance

收稿日期:2014-11-24修回日期:2015-01-31編輯:鄭雪

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.11.022

中圖分類號(hào):R73

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)11-1979-05

猜你喜歡
轉(zhuǎn)移耐藥腫瘤
如何判斷靶向治療耐藥
Ibalizumab治療成人多耐藥HIV-1感染的研究進(jìn)展
miR-181a在卵巢癌細(xì)胞中對(duì)順鉑的耐藥作用
與腫瘤“和平相處”——帶瘤生存
廖美琳:腫瘤治療沒有百分百
滾蛋吧!腫瘤君
有效轉(zhuǎn)移農(nóng)村剩余勞動(dòng)力 逐步提高農(nóng)民收入
新型城鎮(zhèn)化背景下勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移的法治保障
歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家人力資本轉(zhuǎn)移變化研究與啟示
新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)中的隱性知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移障礙探析
武隆县| 观塘区| 黄山市| 三门县| 左贡县| 罗源县| 阿合奇县| 沂南县| 手机| 泗水县| 保亭| 黑龙江省| 桃江县| 瑞丽市| 五寨县| 开原市| 体育| 佛教| 神木县| 长顺县| 岑溪市| 高唐县| 永定县| 广西| 隆德县| 达日县| 茌平县| 富蕴县| 长垣县| 南投市| 怀远县| 凤山市| 浏阳市| 定边县| 双城市| 南溪县| 灵丘县| 顺义区| 阜康市| 马关县| 荔波县|