鄭華川,申道福,楊雪峰,時(shí)帥,高陽(yáng),趙爽,張文陸
(遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院腫瘤中心,遼寧省腦與脊髓損傷重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,遼寧 錦州 121001)
Beclin 1表達(dá)在胃癌發(fā)生和演進(jìn)中的臨床病理意義及作用機(jī)制
鄭華川,申道福,楊雪峰,時(shí)帥,高陽(yáng),趙爽,張文陸
(遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院腫瘤中心,遼寧省腦與脊髓損傷重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,遼寧 錦州 121001)
目的闡明胃癌發(fā)生和演進(jìn)過(guò)程中Beclin 1表達(dá)的臨床病理意義和分子作用機(jī)制。方法胃癌細(xì)胞MKN28轉(zhuǎn)染Beclin 1表達(dá)質(zhì)粒,利用CCK-8試劑盒和碘化丙啶染色檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖和周期。利用原位雜交和免疫組化檢測(cè)組織芯片上胃癌、癌旁黏膜和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶中Beclin 1mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá),比較其與胃癌發(fā)生、臨床病理特征和預(yù)后的關(guān)系。結(jié)果Beclin 1過(guò)表達(dá)可以抑制胃癌細(xì)胞MKN28增殖并導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期G2期阻滯,胃癌中Beclin 1mRNA表達(dá)高于癌旁黏膜(P<0.05),Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)與胃癌遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),Beclin 1表達(dá)病例多見(jiàn)于老年男性(P<0.05),彌漫型胃癌中Beclin 1表達(dá)低于腸型和混合型(P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier分析顯示,Beclin 1表達(dá)與胃癌良好預(yù)后呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論Beclin 1表達(dá)與胃癌發(fā)生、轉(zhuǎn)移和分化關(guān)系密切,可以作為胃癌患者的預(yù)后因素和基因治療的靶標(biāo)。
胃癌;Beclin 1;疾病發(fā)生;演進(jìn);預(yù)后
胃癌是最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,近年發(fā)病率有所下降,但仍然嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康。分子遺傳學(xué)研究證明胃癌是異型性極高的惡性腫瘤,胃癌發(fā)生和發(fā)展是多階段、多基因和多因素參與的復(fù)雜過(guò)程,這些基因主要包括癌基因、抑癌基因及DNA錯(cuò)配修復(fù)基因等[1]。抑癌基因Beclin 1編碼蛋白含有Bcl-2同源結(jié)構(gòu)域3(BH3)、卷曲螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)域和進(jìn)化保守結(jié)構(gòu)域,可以與Vps34、UVRAG、Ambra1和抗凋亡蛋白形成復(fù)合體,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)自噬發(fā)生且抑制凋亡[2]。Beclin 1等位基因缺失可引發(fā)胚胎致死,其雜合性可提高自發(fā)腫瘤發(fā)生率(如淋巴瘤、肝癌和肺癌),Beclin 1缺失細(xì)胞自噬水平降低、增殖水平升高,提示Beclin 1在抑制腫瘤發(fā)生方面具有重要作用[3]。本研究擬分析Beclin 1過(guò)表達(dá)對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞周期的影響,觀察胃癌發(fā)生和演進(jìn)中Beclin 1 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)情況,比較其表達(dá)與胃癌臨床病理特征和預(yù)后的關(guān)系,為胃癌惡性生物學(xué)行為預(yù)警和基因治療提供分子靶標(biāo)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
于日本神奈川縣立癌中心附屬醫(yī)院收集胃癌(n=613)、鄰近正常黏膜(n=518,距癌≥4 cm)和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶(n=190)石蠟標(biāo)本,其中女性186例,男性427例,年齡24~87歲,平均年齡62.1歲。伴有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者265例,伴有肝轉(zhuǎn)移的患者35例。標(biāo)本獲得符合神奈川縣立癌中心和遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院倫理委員會(huì)要求,通過(guò)電話和病例查詢獲取胃癌患者的生存信息。臨床病理分期和組織分化分別依據(jù)UICC的TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及Lauren分型。部分侵襲、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、組織Lauren分型和TNM臨床分期信息缺失。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)染
胃癌細(xì)胞MKN28購(gòu)自ATCC細(xì)胞庫(kù),于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液,在37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞利用QIAGEN試劑盒轉(zhuǎn)染pcDNA3.1-Beclin 1表達(dá)質(zhì)?;蛘遬cDNA3.1載體后G418處理并篩選單克隆。
1.3 細(xì)胞增殖檢測(cè)
使用CCK-8試劑盒檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖。于96孔板中每孔鋪2.0×103個(gè)細(xì)胞,待細(xì)胞貼壁后在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)加入10 μL CCK-8溶液并培養(yǎng)3 h,最后于450 nm處檢測(cè)吸光度值。
1.4 細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)
胰酶消化細(xì)胞,PBS漂洗,之后在10 mL冰乙醇中固定2 h以上,再經(jīng)PBS漂洗后1 mL RNase(0.25 mg/mL)于37℃孵箱中消化60 min,待細(xì)胞沉淀后向混懸液中加入碘化丙啶(propidium iodide,PI),使其終濃度為50 μg/mL,4℃下避光孵育30 min,最后經(jīng)流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)并分析實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。
1.5 定量RT-PCR
利用Trizol試劑提取細(xì)胞總RNA,AMV酶反轉(zhuǎn)2 μg總RNA成cDNA,Beclin 1(F:5′-GATGGAAGG GTCTAAGACGTCCAA-3′,R:5′-TTTCGCCTGGGCT GTGGTAAG-3′)和內(nèi)參GAPDH(F:5′-CAATGAC CCCTTCATTGACC-3′,R:5′-TGGAAGATGGTGAT GGG ATT-3′)引物依據(jù)GenBank序列進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),定量PCR操作依據(jù)SYBR Premix Ex TaqTMⅡ試劑盒(日本TaKaRa公司)說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行操作。
1.6 Western blot
胃癌細(xì)胞在RIPA裂解液中超聲破碎,蛋白定量后變性,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳后轉(zhuǎn)印,使蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜上,之后膜經(jīng)5%脫脂奶粉封閉后用Beclin 1或者β-actin(美國(guó)Santa Cruz公司)一抗孵育60 min,室溫下用IgG-HRP二抗孵育60 min,孵育后均用TBST漂洗3次,每次5 min,最后ECL-Plus檢測(cè)試劑顯色并在LAS4010中獲取信號(hào)。
1.7 組織芯片制備
在HE指導(dǎo)下選取代表性組織結(jié)構(gòu)部位,規(guī)格為2 mm的48陣列組織芯片利用組織芯片機(jī)(KIN-1,日本AZUMAYA公司)構(gòu)建獲得,4 μm厚度切片備用。
1.8 原位雜交
以MKN28細(xì)胞cDNA為模板,利用PCR方法,采用地高辛-dUTP標(biāo)記Beclin 1探針。組織切片經(jīng)過(guò)脫蠟至水,20 μg/mL蛋白酶消化30 min,預(yù)雜交后42℃探針?lè)跤^(guò)夜,切片經(jīng)TBST漂洗后加上抗地高辛的堿性磷酸酶抗體孵育1 h,切片堿化后NBT/ BCIP顯色,甲基綠復(fù)染。Beclin 1 mRNA定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中(圖2)。隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野并計(jì)數(shù)100個(gè)細(xì)胞,按如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分級(jí):陰性(-),0%~5%;弱陽(yáng)性(+),>5%~25%;中度陽(yáng)性(++),>25%~50%;強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性(+++),>50%。
1.9 免疫組化
切片脫蠟至水,并將其放置于TRS抗原修復(fù)液中微波爐加熱修復(fù)15 min,之后用10%雙氧水封閉內(nèi)源性的過(guò)氧化物酶,牛血清白蛋白第Ⅴ組份封閉非特異性著色??雇肂eclin 1抗體(美國(guó)Sigma公司,1∶50)和抗兔HRP二抗分別孵育15 min,所有反應(yīng)都在間歇照射微波爐中進(jìn)行[1],每次孵育后TBST漂洗,最后DAB顯色,Mayer’s蘇木素復(fù)染,脫水透明封片。去除一抗作為陰性對(duì)照。Beclin 1蛋白定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中。隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野并計(jì)數(shù)100個(gè)細(xì)胞,按如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分級(jí):陰性(-),0%~5%;弱陽(yáng)性(+),>5%~25%;中度陽(yáng)性(++),>25%~50%;強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性(+++),>50%。
1.10 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 10.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),采用t檢驗(yàn)比較組間平均值,Spearman相關(guān)分析等級(jí)資料,Kaplan-Meier法繪制生存曲線,Log-rank分析確定生存率差別。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 Beclin 1過(guò)表達(dá)對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞惡性增殖和細(xì)胞周期的影響
RT-PCR和Western blot結(jié)果提示,Beclin 1質(zhì)粒在MKN28細(xì)胞中成功表達(dá),Beclin 1mRNA和蛋白均表達(dá)增高(圖1A),陰性和空白對(duì)照組細(xì)胞增殖速度要快于Beclin 1轉(zhuǎn)染體(圖1B),PI染色結(jié)果顯示穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染Beclin 1的胃癌細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了G2期阻滯(圖1C、1D)。
圖1 Beclin 1過(guò)表達(dá)影響胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖Fig.1 Influence of Beclin 1 overexpression on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells
2.2 胃癌發(fā)生中Beclin 1mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)
如圖2所示,Beclin 1mRNA信號(hào)主要定位于黏膜上皮腺體和胃癌細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)中。統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,原發(fā)癌(81.6%,31/38)中Beclin 1mRNA表達(dá)高于癌旁黏膜(64.6%,31/48)(P<0.05),而原發(fā)癌與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶(93.3%,28/30)中Beclin 1mRNA表達(dá)未見(jiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。Beclin 1蛋白定位于淺表腸化生黏膜上皮細(xì)胞和胃癌細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)中,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明癌旁黏膜(60.1%,352/586)、原發(fā)癌(56.6%,320/565)和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶(52.7%,88/167)中Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 Beclin 1表達(dá)與胃癌病理特征和預(yù)后的關(guān)系
如表3所示,Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)與胃癌遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),與患者腫瘤侵襲深度、淋巴和靜脈侵襲、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和TNM分期無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(P>0.05),Beclin 1表達(dá)多見(jiàn)于老年男性(P<0.05),彌漫型胃癌中Beclin 1表達(dá)低于腸型和混合型(P<0.05)。隨訪504例胃癌患者,中位生存時(shí)間68.5個(gè)月,Kaplan-Meier分析顯示Beclin 1表達(dá)與胃癌患者良好預(yù)后呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05,圖3)。
Beclin 1是自噬小泡必需的自噬蛋白,能夠參與細(xì)胞正常生理生長(zhǎng),阻礙細(xì)胞周期演進(jìn),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞自噬[2,3]。與結(jié)直腸癌的結(jié)果一致[4],胃癌中Beclin 1 mRNA表達(dá)上調(diào),提示Beclin 1轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上調(diào)參與胃黏膜上皮細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程,該過(guò)程可能為了抑制胃癌惡性行為的反應(yīng)性升高。此外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌和黏膜中Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)水平接近,Beclin 1 mRNA化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性、翻譯和翻譯后降解可為此提供科學(xué)的解釋。胃癌組織中Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率僅為50%,靶向敲除Beclin 1可以作為制備自發(fā)胃腫瘤模型的策略(工作正在進(jìn)行中),而且監(jiān)控Beclin 1表達(dá)可以作為其靶向治療適應(yīng)證篩選的方法。
圖2 胃癌和癌旁黏膜組織中Beclin 1 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)Fig.2 The mRNA and protein expression of Beclin 1in gastric cancer and mucosa
表1 胃癌發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中Beclin 1mRNA表達(dá)Tab.1 Beclin 1mRNA expression in gastric carcinogenesis and subsequent development
表2 Beclin 1蛋白在胃癌發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中的表達(dá)Tab.2 Beclin 1 protein expression in gastric carcinogenesis and subsequent development
圖3 Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)與胃癌患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系Fig.3 Correlation between Beclin 1 status and prognosis of the gastric cancer patients
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Beclin 1表達(dá)與胃癌遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示胃癌中抑癌基因Beclin 1表達(dá)可能發(fā)揮轉(zhuǎn)移抑制作用。研究表明,Beclin 1低表達(dá)與肝內(nèi)膽管癌的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[5]、非小細(xì)胞肺癌腫塊大?。?]以及胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[7]顯著相關(guān)。有文獻(xiàn)[4,8]報(bào)道,結(jié)直腸癌中Beclin 1表達(dá)與遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和肝轉(zhuǎn)移呈負(fù)相關(guān),Beclin 1過(guò)表達(dá)減慢了結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖并使細(xì)胞周期在G1期阻滯,與本研究結(jié)果相一致。此外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)彌漫型胃癌中Beclin 1表達(dá)低于腸型胃癌,說(shuō)明Beclin 1差異表達(dá)是胃癌分化的分子基礎(chǔ)。在此,我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)Beclin 1表達(dá)水平與胃癌良好預(yù)后呈正相關(guān),與肝內(nèi)膽管細(xì)胞癌[6]、胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌[7]、ⅢB結(jié)腸癌[9]和鼻型結(jié)外自然殺傷T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤[10]的報(bào)道一致,提示Beclin 1對(duì)于反映胃癌患者良好預(yù)后來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)很好的分子標(biāo)志。
本課題組一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明Beclin 1表達(dá)參與胃癌發(fā)生過(guò)程,其表達(dá)下調(diào)與胃癌遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、去分化和不良預(yù)后關(guān)系密切,可以作為預(yù)警胃癌發(fā)生和預(yù)后的分子標(biāo)志,因其可抑制增殖和細(xì)胞周期演進(jìn),所以可作為胃癌基因治療的靶標(biāo)。
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表3 胃癌中Beclin 1蛋白表達(dá)與其臨床病理特征的關(guān)系Tab.3 Relationship between Beclin 1 protein expression of gastric cancer and its clinicopathological features
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(編輯 陳 姜)
Clinicopathological Significance and Relevant Molecular Mechanisms of Beclin 1 in Gastric Cancer
ZHENG Hua-chuan,SHEN Dao-fu,YANG Xue-feng,SHI Shuai,GAO Yang,ZHAO Shuang,ZHANG Wen-lu
(Cancer Center,Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province,Laboratory Animal Center,The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University,Jinzhou 121001,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the role of Beclin 1 in gastric carcinogenesis and subsequent progression.MethodsMKN28 cells were transfected with Beclin 1-expressing plasmid,and then the proliferation and cell cycle was measured by CCK-8 and PI staining.Beclin 1 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays containing gastric cancers,adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa,and metastatic lymph node.The correlation with the tumorgenesis,clinicopathological and prognostic parameters was analyzed.ResultsBeclin 1 overexpression resulted in G2arrest of MKN28 cells and reduced the proliferation.Beclin 1 mRNAwas highly expressed in gastric cancer than matched mucosa by ISH(P<0.05).Beclin 1 was highly expressed in male than female patients with gastric cancer(P<0.05).The elder patients with gastric cancer had higher Beclin 1 expression than younger ones(P<0.05).The diffuse-type carcinomas showed less Beclin 1 expression than intestinal and mixed type ones(P<0.05).Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that Beclin 1 expression was positively correlated to favorable prognosis of the cancer patients(P<0.05).ConclusionBeclin 1 expression is closely linked to pathogenesis,metastasis and differentiation ofgastric cancer.Beclin 1 mightbe employed to indicate the favorable prognosis of gastric cancer patients and regarded as a target of gene therapy.
gastric cancer;Beclin 1;pathogenesis;progression;prognosis
R731
A
0258-4646(2015)12-1061-05
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81172371,81472544);遼寧省教育廳優(yōu)秀人才計(jì)劃(LJQ2014093);遼寧省科學(xué)技術(shù)廳2012年博士啟動(dòng)資助項(xiàng)目(20121095);遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院2012年博士啟動(dòng)項(xiàng)目(Y2012B018);遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院校長(zhǎng)基金(XZJJ20140201,XZJJ20140203)
鄭華川(1975-),男,教授,博士.
E-mail:zheng_huachuan@hotmail.com
2015-03-24
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