李軍科 楊小平 薛張綱
1.臺(tái)州學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬臺(tái)州市立醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江臺(tái)州318000;2.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院麻醉科,上海200032
硬膜外麻醉下經(jīng)不同途徑使用芬太尼的腦電雙頻指數(shù)值和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化
李軍科1楊小平1薛張綱2
1.臺(tái)州學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬臺(tái)州市立醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江臺(tái)州318000;2.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院麻醉科,上海200032
目的觀察硬膜外麻醉下經(jīng)硬膜外腔與靜脈途徑使用芬太尼的腦電雙頻指數(shù)值與血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化,探討腦電雙頻指數(shù)能否反映芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)靜水平以及適合于輔助用藥的芬太尼途徑。方法63例擇期行子宮全切術(shù)的患者隨機(jī)分為NO組、IV組、EP組各21例,經(jīng)硬膜外(T12L1)注入2%利多卡因3 mL,5 min后給予1%利多卡因+0.25%地卡因混合液15 mL,15 min后NO組經(jīng)硬膜外腔注射0.9%氯化鈉溶液3 mL,Ⅳ組采用經(jīng)靜脈注射含芬太尼20 μg的0.9%氯化鈉溶液3 mL,EP組采用經(jīng)硬膜外腔注射含芬太尼20 μg的0.9%氯化鈉溶液3 mL,記錄給藥前(T0)、給藥結(jié)束后15 min(T1)、30 min(T2)、45 min(T3)、60 min(T4)、術(shù)畢(T5)共6個(gè)點(diǎn)三組的BIS值和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化。結(jié)果與T0相比,T1~T5時(shí)Ⅳ組和EP組的BIS值明顯降低(P<0.01);EP組在T1~T5時(shí)BIS值明顯低于NO組和Ⅳ組(P<0.01),Ⅳ組在T1~T5時(shí)BIS值明顯低于NO組(P<0.01)。結(jié)論腦電雙頻指數(shù)能反映芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)靜水平,芬太尼經(jīng)硬膜外腔注射比經(jīng)靜脈注射起到更好的鎮(zhèn)靜水平,而且血流動(dòng)力學(xué)無明顯改變。
芬太尼;腦電描記術(shù);硬膜外腔;靜脈
椎管內(nèi)麻醉因操作方便、所需設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單而在臨床上廣為應(yīng)用,但同時(shí)因?yàn)榛颊呔o張、手術(shù)牽拉引起惡心、鼓腸、疼痛等不適反應(yīng),麻醉科醫(yī)生常常使用一些鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛類藥物來完善麻醉效果。芬太尼是一類最常用的藥物[1],經(jīng)硬膜外途徑應(yīng)用可以減弱圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[2]。腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index scale,BIS)是一種腦電信號(hào)分析方法,能夠準(zhǔn)備判斷鎮(zhèn)靜程度、意識(shí)改變和術(shù)中知曉[3]。本文旨在研究不同途徑芬太尼的腦電雙頻指數(shù)值及對(duì)MAP、HR、SpO2的影響。
1.1 一般資料
本組納入的63例均為擇期行子宮全切術(shù)的女性,年齡40~53歲,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),研究方案通過醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審查,所有參與研究的患者在研究前均簽署知情同意告知書。采用雙盲、對(duì)照原則隨機(jī)分成3組,每組21例。排除麻醉效果完善后麻醉平面高于T6,長(zhǎng)期服用麻醉性鎮(zhèn)痛藥和鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥、酗酒的患者。EP組和Ⅳ組全部完成試驗(yàn),NO組有2名患者因腸脹、疼痛明顯退出本試驗(yàn)。三組的年齡、體重、手術(shù)時(shí)間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
表1 三組的一般情況比較
1.2 麻醉方法
三組患者均未給予術(shù)前用藥。用Aspcet XP腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)BIS值,用S/5AM麻醉監(jiān)護(hù)儀(芬蘭· Datex-ohmeda)持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)MAP、HR、SpO2?;颊哐雠P位休息15 min,麻醉穿刺定位T12L1,硬膜外置管成功后,先從硬膜外導(dǎo)管給予2%利多卡因3 mL,5 min后確認(rèn)無脊麻,再給予1%利多卡因+0.25%地卡因混合液15 mL[4,5]。15 min后第一組經(jīng)硬膜外腔注射0.9%氯化鈉溶液3 mL(NO組),第二組經(jīng)靜脈注入芬太尼(規(guī)格0.1 mg,批號(hào):2110502,宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限公司)20 μg,硬膜外腔注射0.9%氯化鈉溶液3 mL(Ⅳ組),第三組經(jīng)硬膜外腔注射含芬太尼20 μg的0.9%氯化鈉溶液3 mL(EP組)。
1.3 監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)
監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)采集點(diǎn)為給藥前(T0)、給藥結(jié)束后15 min(T1)、30 min(T2)、45 min(T3)、60 min(T4)、術(shù)畢(T5)共6個(gè)點(diǎn)三組BIS值及MAP、HR、SpO2,同時(shí)記錄惡心、嘔吐、腸脹、疼痛、追加藥物種類與劑量、呼吸抑制。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS22.0軟件包進(jìn)行處理。所有數(shù)據(jù)以(x±s)表示,組間、組內(nèi)比較采用方差分析及LSD多重比較,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1三組各時(shí)點(diǎn)BIS值的情況比較
三組BIS值數(shù)據(jù)采集點(diǎn)每隔15 min一次,由于手術(shù)時(shí)間分別為(73.16±8.37)min(NO組)、(72.86± 10.19)min(Ⅳ組)、(72.16±10.13)min(EP組),所以75 min的點(diǎn)(簡(jiǎn)稱T5)時(shí)有69.8%的手術(shù)已結(jié)束,所以T5點(diǎn)取為手術(shù)結(jié)束。三組各時(shí)點(diǎn)BIS值見表2。結(jié)果顯示:三組T0(給藥前)時(shí)BIS值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(多重比較PNO-Ⅳ組=0.350,PNO-EP組=0.981,PIV-EP組=0.350);三組T1~T5時(shí)BIS值差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,EP組在T1~T5時(shí)BIS值明顯低于NO組和Ⅳ組(P<0.01),Ⅳ組在T2~T5時(shí)BIS值明顯低于NO組(P<0.01);與T0(給藥前)相比,T1~T5時(shí)三組的BIS值差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,然而NO組T2~T5時(shí)BIS值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.075>0.05)。
2.2 三組各時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR、SpO2比較
三組各時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR、SpO2的數(shù)值見表3,均在臨床正常范圍。①與EP組相比,NO組和Ⅳ組在T0~T5時(shí)MAP值、HR值差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);NO組和Ⅳ組在T0時(shí)SpO2值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);NO組和Ⅳ組在T1~T5時(shí)SpO2值差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);②與T0(給藥前)相比,T1~T5時(shí)三組的MAP值、HR值差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),T1~T5時(shí)Ⅳ組和EP組SpO2值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。T1~T5時(shí)NO組SpO2值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。
表2 三組各時(shí)點(diǎn)BIS值的情況比較(x±s)
椎管內(nèi)麻醉由于其操作簡(jiǎn)便容易掌握、所需設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單便于推廣等顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn),到目前為止,仍然是臨床麻醉中最為常用的方法之一。在椎管內(nèi)麻醉下可進(jìn)行除頭部以外的任何手術(shù)。然而椎管內(nèi)麻醉過程中患者是清醒的,容易產(chǎn)生緊張、對(duì)手術(shù)恐懼,并且不能完全消除內(nèi)臟牽拉反應(yīng)。手術(shù)過程中輔加鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛藥,是麻醉管理中必不可少的一環(huán),它可以穩(wěn)定心態(tài),強(qiáng)化麻醉效果,增加手術(shù)的安全性。芬太尼是一種最廣泛使用的阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,它起效迅速、鎮(zhèn)痛效果強(qiáng)、心血管穩(wěn)定性好,能有效地強(qiáng)化椎管內(nèi)麻醉效果,但該藥的副作用為呼吸抑制[6,7]。Varrassi等[8]椎管內(nèi)注入50 μg以上芬太尼產(chǎn)生了呼吸抑制,但25 μg是安全的。D'Angelo[9]椎管內(nèi)注射20 μg芬太尼可以達(dá)到分娩鎮(zhèn)痛。本文采用D'Angelo的研究劑量20 μg,小于Varrassi研究的安全劑量。從表2可以看出Ⅳ組和EP組無一例發(fā)生呼吸抑制(所有SpO2>95%),所有的平均動(dòng)脈壓、心率數(shù)值均在臨床正常范圍之內(nèi),而且術(shù)中全部安靜平穩(wěn),無惡心、腸脹、疼痛,說明20 μg芬太尼無論是經(jīng)硬膜外途徑還是經(jīng)靜脈途徑用藥都是安全的,而且效果確切。
清醒鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分(Observer's assessment of alertness/ sedation scale,OAA/S)是最經(jīng)典的判斷鎮(zhèn)靜深度的指標(biāo)[10-12]。缺點(diǎn)是需要人為給予刺激和進(jìn)行判斷,容易出現(xiàn)偏差,同時(shí)對(duì)聲音、搖肩及擠捏的刺激本身是可能改變鎮(zhèn)靜深度的,從而引起判斷誤差。因此本研究未采用OAA/S評(píng)分,而是測(cè)定患者的BIS值為定量指標(biāo)用于觀察,避免偏差和誤差。BIS是一種腦電信號(hào)分析方法,采用非線性算法(Aspect Medical Systems)計(jì)算腦電圖,最終量化為數(shù)值輸出,范圍0~100,數(shù)值越小反映鎮(zhèn)靜越深,可以提供更多的術(shù)中安全以及導(dǎo)致更好的結(jié)局[13]。Lubke[14]等研究96例創(chuàng)傷患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)BIS<90,外顯記憶消失。Iselin-Chaves等[15]研究40例志愿者發(fā)現(xiàn)外顯記憶的BIS50為89(95%CI,85~93),BIS95為79(95%CI,70~88),意識(shí)消失的BIS50為64(95%CI,61~66),BIS95為49(95%CI,45~54)。從表1上看,盡管Ⅳ組在T2~T5時(shí)BIS值低于NO組(P<0.05),有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但Ⅳ組所有的T值均大于93,外顯記憶仍然存在,沒有臨床意義。而EP組T2~T4均小于93,患者外顯記憶消失,滿足鎮(zhèn)靜要求,同時(shí)所有的T值均>66(EP組最小值為84),沒有下降到使意識(shí)消失的程度。20 μg芬太尼輔助用藥途徑應(yīng)選擇經(jīng)硬膜外腔注射。依Kaur[16]觀點(diǎn):椎管內(nèi)注射芬太尼后通過硬膜外的椎旁靜脈等及附近靜脈吸收入血到達(dá)中樞,起到鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛作用;還通過滲透作用于脊髓的阿片受體,增強(qiáng)中樞作用。同時(shí)芬太尼無論是在硬膜外腔還是脊髓層面均能增強(qiáng)局麻藥的作用效能,二者的離子通道結(jié)合可以有效地抑制神經(jīng)元興奮的多個(gè)領(lǐng)域[7,17]。
對(duì)于使用腦電雙頻指數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)靜深度,其臨床研究的結(jié)果不一致。Barr等[18]在一項(xiàng)針對(duì)心臟外科患者使用芬太尼麻醉誘導(dǎo)的研究中,有一例患者在BIS值為43時(shí)仍然保持清醒,患者失去意識(shí)時(shí)BIS值范圍在78~98,說明BIS值不能反映芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)靜深度。Zhang H等[19]也得出BIS值不能反映芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)靜深度的結(jié)論。但是Nakamoto[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)芬太尼無論復(fù)合等比重的還是重比重的布比卡因,BIS值均明顯降低。Winterhalter等[21]也發(fā)現(xiàn)患者給予芬太尼后,BIS值從(93±6)下降至(87±10),P值為0.036(P<0.05),說明BIS可以有效監(jiān)測(cè)芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)靜深度。從表1可以看出,與T0相比,T1~T5時(shí)Ⅳ組和EP組的BIS值明顯降低(P<0.05),說明經(jīng)硬膜外途徑或經(jīng)靜脈途徑使用芬太尼均抑制大腦皮層的活動(dòng),使BIS值降低,腦電雙頻指數(shù)能反映芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)靜水平。
綜上所述,經(jīng)硬膜外腔途徑使用20 μg芬太尼比經(jīng)靜脈途徑給藥能達(dá)到更好的鎮(zhèn)靜效果,而且血流動(dòng)力學(xué)無明顯改變。腦電雙頻指數(shù)亦能反映芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)靜水平。
表3 三組各時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR、SpO2的情況比較(xs)
表3 三組各時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR、SpO2的情況比較(xs)
注:FMAP交互=0.956,P=0.509;FHR交互=0.818,P=0.673;FSpO2交互=21.235,P=0.000
n T0T1T2T3T4T5F時(shí)點(diǎn)值P值M A P(m m H g)N O組Ⅳ組E P組1 9 2 1 2 1 1 . 0 3 7 0 . 2 6 9 0 . 2 1 9 0 . 4 0 0 0 . 9 2 9 0 . 9 5 4 F組間值P值H R(b p m)N O組Ⅳ組E P組1 9 2 1 2 1 1 . 4 7 1 0 . 4 4 9 0 . 2 5 5 0 . 2 0 5 0 . 8 1 3 0 . 9 3 7 F組間值P值S p O2(%)N O組Ⅳ組E P組1 9 2 1 2 1 7 . 7 1 1 0 . 9 4 5 0 . 5 6 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 4 5 5 0 . 7 2 8 F組間值P值8 5 . 8 9 ± 3 . 8 9 8 4 . 2 9 ± 6 . 4 7 8 6 . 4 3 ± 7 . 0 8 0 . 7 1 4 0 . 4 9 4 7 5 . 3 7 ± 5 . 6 5 7 6 . 7 1 ± 7 . 3 0 7 5 . 8 6 ± 5 . 2 4 0 . 2 4 8 0 . 7 8 1 9 7 . 8 4 ± 0 . 6 9 9 7 . 4 3 ± 0 . 7 5 9 7 . 4 8 ± 0 . 6 0 2 . 1 6 7 0 . 1 2 4 8 3 . 5 8 ± 4 . 7 2 8 2 . 9 0 ± 5 . 6 5 8 5 . 3 3 ± 5 . 4 3 1 . 1 7 0 0 . 3 1 7 7 6 . 6 8 ± 6 . 5 1 7 6 . 0 0 ± 6 . 2 8 7 7 . 0 5 ± 4 . 6 4 0 . 1 7 4 0 . 8 4 1 9 8 . 7 9 ± 0 . 4 2 9 7 . 3 3 ± 0 . 6 6 9 7 . 3 8 ± 0 . 6 7 3 7 . 4 9 4 0 . 0 0 0 8 2 . 7 4 ± 5 . 3 0 8 3 . 2 4 ± 5 . 5 1 8 4 . 8 6 ± 5 . 9 0 0 . 8 0 1 0 . 4 5 4 7 8 . 8 9 ± 5 . 2 4 7 5 . 5 7 ± 5 . 4 6 7 7 . 0 5 ± 5 . 0 2 2 . 0 0 5 0 . 1 4 4 9 8 . 5 8 ± 0 . 6 9 9 7 . 1 9 ± 0 . 6 8 9 7 . 3 3 ± 0 . 6 6 2 5 . 0 3 3 0 . 0 0 0 8 2 . 2 6 ± 7 . 1 9 8 2 . 3 3 ± 7 . 4 1 8 4 . 8 1 ± 5 . 4 3 0 . 9 6 1 0 . 3 8 9 7 6 . 0 0 ± 5 . 2 7 7 5 . 0 0 ± 4 . 6 7 7 6 . 2 9 ± 4 . 9 4 0 . 3 8 7 0 . 6 8 1 9 8 . 6 8 ± 0 . 4 8 9 7 . 0 5 ± 0 . 7 4 9 7 . 1 9 ± 0 . 6 8 3 8 . 5 0 8 0 . 0 0 0 8 2 . 4 2 ± 5 . 9 5 8 3 . 4 3 ± 5 . 4 2 8 5 . 0 0 ± 6 . 1 1 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 3 7 4 7 6 . 7 9 ± 6 . 5 1 7 5 . 6 2 ± 5 . 3 1 7 6 . 7 6 ± 5 . 5 3 0 . 2 7 5 0 . 7 6 0 9 8 . 6 8 ± 0 . 4 8 9 7 . 1 0 ± 0 . 6 2 9 7 . 2 4 ± 0 . 7 0 4 0 . 5 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 8 3 . 3 7 ± 6 . 6 4 8 3 . 5 7 ± 3 . 6 3 8 5 . 0 0 ± 5 . 8 6 0 . 5 4 0 0 . 5 8 6 7 9 . 3 2 ± 4 . 8 0 7 7 . 3 3 ± 5 . 4 4 7 7 . 3 8 ± 5 . 2 7 0 . 9 3 2 0 . 3 9 9 9 8 . 6 8 ± 0 . 4 8 9 7 . 1 9 ± 0 . 6 0 9 7 . 2 4 ± 0 . 6 2 4 2 . 8 3 4 0 . 0 0 0
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Effects of fentanyl administered by different routes on bispectral index and hemodynamic changes under epidural anesthesia
LI Junke1YANG Xiaoping1XUE Zhanggang2
1.Department of Anesthesiology,Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Taizhou University,Taizhou318000, China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University,Shanghai200032,China
Objective To evaluate the effects of fentanyl administered by epidural and intravenous on bispectral index (BIS)and hemodynamic changes under epidural anesthesia.In this study,whether BIS value can reflect the sedation level of fentanyl,and the appropriate route of fentanyl administration as an adjuvant for epidural anesthesia are also discussed.Methods Sixty-three patients scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy were randomized to one of three groups(n=21 in each group).Fifteen minutes after epidural anesthesia,patients of NO group received epidural administration of 3 mL normal saline,patients of groupⅣreceived intravenous administration of 20 μg fentanyl(dissolved in 3 mL normal saline)and patients of EP group received epidural administration of 20 μg fentanyl(dissolved in 3 mL normal saline).BIS values and hemodynamic changes from individual patients were measured at six points in time: 0 minutes(T0),15 minutes(T1),30 minutes(T2),45 minutes(T3),60 minutes(T4)after normal saline or fentanyl administration,and at the end of surgery(T5).Results Compared with T0,in groupⅣand group EP,there were significant differences in the values of BIS at T1-5(P<0.01).The BIS values at T1-5 were significantly lower in EP group than in NO group andⅣgroup(P<0.01).The BIS values at T1-5 were significantly lower inⅣgroup than in NO group(P<0.01). Conclusion BIS value can reflect the sedation level of fentanyl.Epidural administration of fentanyl offer a better level of sedation and fewer hemodynamic changes than intravenous administration of fentanyl.
Fentanyl;Electroencephalogram;Epidural;Intravenous
R614.4
B
1673-9701(2015)24-0125-04
2014-07-28)
浙江省醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)臨床科研基金項(xiàng)目(2011ZYC-A112)