沈婉婉,鮑 勇
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·熱點(diǎn)研究·
醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系的認(rèn)知差異研究
沈婉婉,鮑 勇
目的 了解醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系的認(rèn)知差異,為構(gòu)建和諧的醫(yī)患關(guān)系提供針對(duì)性的政策建議。方法 根據(jù)地域和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平,選取上海、武漢及合肥3個(gè)城市為調(diào)查現(xiàn)場(chǎng);采用單純隨機(jī)抽樣,在每個(gè)城市分別選取二、三級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)各1家;采用整群隨機(jī)抽樣方法選取醫(yī)務(wù)人員1 300名和患者1 500名為調(diào)查對(duì)象。于2014年7—10月,采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的方法,調(diào)查問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容主要為醫(yī)患雙方的一般情況、對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系的認(rèn)知情況?;厥蔗t(yī)務(wù)人員有效問(wèn)卷1 172份、患者有效問(wèn)卷1 390份,有效回收率分別為90.2%和92.7%。結(jié)果 醫(yī)務(wù)人員認(rèn)為醫(yī)患關(guān)系的緊張度高于患者,醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系總體狀況的認(rèn)知間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。對(duì)于醫(yī)患關(guān)系的影響因素,患者認(rèn)同率排名前三位的依次是服務(wù)態(tài)度、醫(yī)療環(huán)境、醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng);醫(yī)務(wù)人員認(rèn)同率排名前三位的依次是服務(wù)流程、服務(wù)態(tài)度、醫(yī)療環(huán)境;雙方認(rèn)同率最低的都是文化教育。除醫(yī)療環(huán)境、收費(fèi)價(jià)格外,醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系影響因素的認(rèn)同率間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系的認(rèn)知存在差異,客觀評(píng)價(jià)和充分重視醫(yī)患雙方的認(rèn)知差異性是建立和諧醫(yī)患關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ);建議建立健全的醫(yī)療體制,優(yōu)化醫(yī)療環(huán)境;加強(qiáng)醫(yī)方職業(yè)修養(yǎng),提高患方文化素質(zhì);加強(qiáng)醫(yī)患溝通,提高服務(wù)水平。
醫(yī)生病人關(guān)系;認(rèn)知;醫(yī)務(wù)人員;患者
沈婉婉,鮑勇.醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系的認(rèn)知差異研究[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2015,18(19):2329-2332.[www.chinagp.net]
Shen WW,Bao Y. Differences of cognition on doctor-patient relationship between medical staff and patients[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(19):2329-2332.
醫(yī)患關(guān)系是最重要的人際關(guān)系之一,有狹義和廣義兩種解釋:狹義的醫(yī)患關(guān)系指醫(yī)生和患者兩個(gè)個(gè)體之間的相互關(guān)系;廣義的醫(yī)患關(guān)系指以醫(yī)務(wù)人員為中心的包括所有與醫(yī)療服務(wù)有關(guān)的一方,以及以患者為中心的包括所有與患者健康利益有直接關(guān)系的一方所構(gòu)成的群體與群體之間的多方面的關(guān)系[1]。近年來(lái),緊張的醫(yī)患關(guān)系已經(jīng)成為醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生行業(yè)最為關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。本研究對(duì)醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系的認(rèn)知差異進(jìn)行比較研究,以期為構(gòu)建和諧的醫(yī)患關(guān)系提供對(duì)策。
1.1 調(diào)查對(duì)象 根據(jù)地域和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平,選取上海、武漢及合肥3個(gè)城市為調(diào)查現(xiàn)場(chǎng),在每個(gè)城市采用單純隨機(jī)抽樣方法分別選取二、三級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)各1家,采用整群隨機(jī)抽樣方法選取醫(yī)務(wù)人員(納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):自愿接受調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的調(diào)查)和患者(納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):住院滿3 d且自愿接受調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的調(diào)查;排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):病情危重,有神經(jīng)、精神系統(tǒng)癥狀,年齡在16歲以下者)。醫(yī)務(wù)人員和患者均知情同意,具備正常的閱讀與理解能力。
1.2 調(diào)查方法 采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的方法進(jìn)行調(diào)查。自行設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷并通過(guò)信度、效度檢驗(yàn),調(diào)查內(nèi)容主要為醫(yī)患雙方的一般情況、對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系總體和醫(yī)患關(guān)系影響因素的認(rèn)知情況。對(duì)所有問(wèn)卷調(diào)查員進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn),課題組負(fù)責(zé)人進(jìn)入現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制,保證數(shù)據(jù)真實(shí)。于2014年7—10月在上海、武漢及合肥共發(fā)放醫(yī)務(wù)人員問(wèn)卷1 300份、患者問(wèn)卷1 500份,其中上海市三級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)務(wù)人員問(wèn)卷300份、患者問(wèn)卷350份,二級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)務(wù)人員問(wèn)卷200份、患者問(wèn)卷250份;武漢市三級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)務(wù)人員問(wèn)卷250份、患者問(wèn)卷250份,二級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)務(wù)人員問(wèn)卷150份、患者問(wèn)卷200份;合肥市三級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)務(wù)人員問(wèn)卷250份、患者問(wèn)卷250份,二級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)務(wù)人員問(wèn)卷150份、患者問(wèn)卷200份。最終回收醫(yī)務(wù)人員有效問(wèn)卷1 172份、患者有效問(wèn)卷1 390份,有效回收率分別為90.2%和92.7%。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用Epidata 3.1軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)錄入,邏輯查錯(cuò);采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 醫(yī)務(wù)人員和患者的一般情況 醫(yī)務(wù)人員的一般情況見(jiàn)表1,患者的一般情況見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系總體狀況的認(rèn)知比較 剔除對(duì)此無(wú)應(yīng)答的7名患者,醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系總體狀況的認(rèn)知間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=-6.111,P=0.000,見(jiàn)表3)。
2.3 醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系影響因素的認(rèn)知情況比較 讓醫(yī)患雙方判斷9個(gè)因素是否為影響醫(yī)患關(guān)系的主要因素,剔除對(duì)此無(wú)應(yīng)答的5名醫(yī)務(wù)人員和21名患者,患者認(rèn)同率排名前三位的依次是服務(wù)態(tài)度、醫(yī)療環(huán)境、醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng);醫(yī)務(wù)人員認(rèn)同率排名前三位的依次是服務(wù)流程、服務(wù)態(tài)度、醫(yī)療環(huán)境;雙方認(rèn)同率最低的都是文化教育。除醫(yī)療環(huán)境、收費(fèi)價(jià)格外,醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系影響因素的認(rèn)同率間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表4)。
表1 醫(yī)務(wù)人員的一般情況(n=1 172)
表3 醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系總體狀況的認(rèn)知比較〔n(%)〕
Table 3 Comparison of the cognition on general doctor-patient relationship between medical staff and patients
組別例數(shù)非常緊張比較緊張一般比較和諧非常和諧醫(yī)務(wù)人員117275(64)222(189)502(429)293(250)80(68)患者138383(60)188(136)513(371)421(304)178(129)
表4 醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系影響因素的認(rèn)知情況比較〔n(%)〕
表2 患者的一般情況(n=1 390)
3.1 醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系總體狀況認(rèn)知的差異 本次調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,總體上看,在醫(yī)患關(guān)系總體狀況認(rèn)知方面,醫(yī)務(wù)人員認(rèn)為醫(yī)患關(guān)系比較緊張和非常緊張的比例高于患者,認(rèn)為比較和諧和非常和諧的比例則較低。這可能是由于醫(yī)務(wù)人員和患者自身的思維模式不同,所處的位置和看事物的角度不同,醫(yī)患雙方專業(yè)知識(shí)背景、醫(yī)療信息的掌握及各自權(quán)益不同,從而對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系的認(rèn)知也就存在明顯的差異。醫(yī)患雙方如果不能充分重視彼此認(rèn)知的差異性,過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的權(quán)利和觀點(diǎn),醫(yī)患沖突往往難以避免??陀^評(píng)價(jià)和充分重視醫(yī)患雙方的認(rèn)知差異性是建立和諧醫(yī)患關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ),加強(qiáng)彼此理解和有效溝通,提倡相互尊重,是改善醫(yī)患認(rèn)知沖突的有效手段。
3.2 醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系影響因素認(rèn)知的差異 本次調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,在影響醫(yī)患關(guān)系的9個(gè)因素的認(rèn)知方面,醫(yī)務(wù)人員的總體認(rèn)同率(24.4%~72.6%)高于患者(17.2%~64.4%),其中7個(gè)因素的認(rèn)同率存在差異,證明醫(yī)患雙方在此認(rèn)識(shí)上有很大不同。說(shuō)明醫(yī)務(wù)人員已經(jīng)開(kāi)始慢慢轉(zhuǎn)變服務(wù)模式,從沒(méi)完全、清楚、全面地考慮到患者所需,不能真正站在患者的立場(chǎng)來(lái)考慮其心理、社會(huì)等全方位的需求,轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚_(kāi)始認(rèn)為一些因素影響醫(yī)患關(guān)系,意識(shí)到其重要性。在9個(gè)因素的認(rèn)同率方面,醫(yī)務(wù)人員的認(rèn)同率均高于患方,表明醫(yī)務(wù)人員對(duì)這9個(gè)方面的重視程度有所提升。醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)繼續(xù)提高對(duì)這些因素的認(rèn)識(shí),積極開(kāi)展干預(yù)活動(dòng),構(gòu)建和諧醫(yī)患關(guān)系。
4.1 建立健全的醫(yī)療體制,優(yōu)化醫(yī)療環(huán)境 醫(yī)療體制是影響醫(yī)患關(guān)系的一項(xiàng)重要的因素,其對(duì)于整個(gè)醫(yī)療行業(yè)、醫(yī)患環(huán)境都起著一個(gè)導(dǎo)向的作用[2]。以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的公立醫(yī)院改革雖然帶來(lái)了衛(wèi)生資源總量的提高以及部分醫(yī)療資源利用效率的改善,但也導(dǎo)致了醫(yī)療費(fèi)用增長(zhǎng)、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生公益性質(zhì)淡化、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生資源配置不合理及醫(yī)療保障體系不健全等問(wèn)題,醫(yī)患關(guān)系緊張[3]。對(duì)此國(guó)家應(yīng)該加大對(duì)醫(yī)療的投入,完善衛(wèi)生體制,切實(shí)降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,減輕患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),同時(shí)要完善相關(guān)醫(yī)療法律規(guī)定,約束醫(yī)生的醫(yī)療行為[4]。加快推進(jìn)醫(yī)改,特別是公立醫(yī)院改革,從加強(qiáng)醫(yī)保管理、藥品管理和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生管理等多重機(jī)制控制醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,解決群眾“看病難、看病貴”的問(wèn)題。
4.2 加強(qiáng)醫(yī)方職業(yè)修養(yǎng),提高患方文化素質(zhì) 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和醫(yī)療健康知識(shí)的普及,我國(guó)醫(yī)患關(guān)系處于“主動(dòng)-被動(dòng)型”向“指導(dǎo)合作型”發(fā)展的過(guò)渡期,這不僅要求醫(yī)務(wù)人員熟練掌握本領(lǐng)域的臨床知識(shí)和技能,同時(shí)需要具備較高的人文修養(yǎng)[5]。醫(yī)務(wù)人員要提高自身的道德素質(zhì)修養(yǎng)和業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì),重構(gòu)患者對(duì)醫(yī)務(wù)人員的信任和尊重[6]。患者醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)的缺乏及自身的文化水平、社會(huì)閱歷、溝通能力、道德素質(zhì)等也是影響醫(yī)患關(guān)系的重要因素[7]。文化水平高的患者能正確地理解醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)特點(diǎn)和疾病治療的不確定性,在對(duì)待醫(yī)療糾紛或事故上不易出現(xiàn)無(wú)理取鬧或擾亂醫(yī)院醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)正常開(kāi)展的行為[8]。在提高醫(yī)務(wù)人員的醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)精神的同時(shí),提高居民文化素質(zhì)和收入水平,加強(qiáng)對(duì)患方醫(yī)學(xué)常識(shí)的普及,通過(guò)多種方式對(duì)患者進(jìn)行健康知識(shí)教育,盡量減少醫(yī)患雙方信息不對(duì)稱帶來(lái)的影響,保證醫(yī)患關(guān)系健康發(fā)展。
4.3 加強(qiáng)醫(yī)患溝通,提高服務(wù)水平 由于醫(yī)療過(guò)度市場(chǎng)化,醫(yī)患矛盾日漸普遍和升級(jí),醫(yī)患雙方失去信任[9]。建立和完善醫(yī)患溝通制度,將醫(yī)患溝通納入到常規(guī)診療中,并強(qiáng)化對(duì)醫(yī)務(wù)人員的溝通技能培訓(xùn)[10]。有效的醫(yī)患溝通既能了解患者的需求,又是心理疏導(dǎo)的一種手段,進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)醫(yī)患間相互理解和相互尊重,可減少不必要的誤會(huì)[11],使醫(yī)患關(guān)系實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)和諧發(fā)展。醫(yī)務(wù)人員在與患者溝通交流時(shí),要樹(shù)立“以患者為中心”的觀念,把醫(yī)學(xué)人文精神落實(shí)到為患者提供優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)中,體現(xiàn)在醫(yī)療服務(wù)的流程中,以便減少醫(yī)患糾紛[12]。強(qiáng)化服務(wù)意識(shí),改善服務(wù)態(tài)度,提升服務(wù)水平,減少醫(yī)患糾紛的發(fā)生[13]。良好的溝通能提高服務(wù)效率,優(yōu)化服務(wù)流程,簡(jiǎn)化服務(wù)環(huán)節(jié),應(yīng)把構(gòu)建和諧醫(yī)患關(guān)系放到第一位,建立一種新型的醫(yī)學(xué)模式[14]。
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(本文編輯:閆行敏)
Differences of Cognition on Doctor-patient Relationship Between Medical Staff and Patients
SHENWan-wan,BAOYong.
SchoolofPublicHealth,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai200025,China
Objective To investigate the differences of cognition on doctor-patient relationship between medical staff and patients and put forward corresponding policy recommendations on how to construct a harmonious doctor-patient relationship.Methods Based on regional representativeness and economic level,we selected Shanghai,Wuhan and Hefei to conduct the investigation.Using simple random sampling method,we selected a first-grade medical setting and a third-grade medical setting from each city.Using cluster random sampling method,1 300 medical staff and 1 500 respondents were enrolled from the included medical settings.From July to October 2014,on-site questionnaire survey was conducted.The questionnaire content mainly included subjects′ general condition and their cognition on doctor-patient relationship.The number of effective returned questionnaires was 1 172 from medical staff and 1 390 from patients,and the effective recovery rates were 90.2% and 92.7% respectively.Results The tensity of doctor-patient relationship evaluated by doctors was higher than that evaluated by patients;difference of cognition on doctor-patient relationship between medical staff and patients was significant(P<0.05).As for the influencing factors for doctor-patient relation,the first three factors with the highest choosing rates by patients were service attitude,medical environment and medical morality,the first three factors with the highest choosing rates by doctors were service process,service attitude,and medical environment,and the factor with the lowest choosing rate by both patients and medical staff was education level.Apart from medical environment and expenses,other influencing factors for doctor-patient relationship were significantly different in the choosing rate between medical staff and patients(P<0.05).Conclusion Difference exists between medical staff and patients in their cognition on doctor-patient relationship.Objective evaluation and full attention to the cognitive differences between medical staff and patients are the foundation for building a harmonious doctor-patient relationship.So our advise is to establish and improve the medical system,optimize medical environment,strengthen medical staff′ professional accomplishment,raise patients′ cultural quality,strengthen the doctor-patient communication and raise the service level.
Doctor-patient relations;Cognition;Medical staff;Patient
上海交通大學(xué)中國(guó)醫(yī)院發(fā)展研究院“現(xiàn)代醫(yī)院管理制度”研究項(xiàng)目(SJYF2014XD005B);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(71373159)
200025 上海市,上海交通大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院
鮑勇,200025 上海市,上海交通大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院;E-mail:baoyong@sjtu.edu.cn
R 197
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.19.020
2015-02-10;
2015-06-01)