盧士云 徐俊
綜合病例報告
誤診為腦卒中的老年曼陀羅中毒一例
盧士云 徐俊
曼陀羅為草本茄科植物,全株有毒,其主要成分是莨菪堿、阿托品及東莨菪堿等生物堿,中毒后輕者主要表現(xiàn)為口、咽喉發(fā)干,吞咽困難,瞳孔散大、譫語幻覺、心率增快等,嚴重者可發(fā)生昏迷、抽搐甚至呼吸、循環(huán)衰竭而死亡。該文報道1例曼陀羅中毒的老年患者,因突發(fā)意識不清入院,由于患者有高血壓病史,且行頭顱CT顯示右側顳葉局部密度稍低,考慮到老年危重病患者的重點疾病多為腦血管和循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病,故初診醫(yī)師按腦卒中給予治療,但療效不明顯,后經(jīng)接班醫(yī)師繼續(xù)追問病史,明確患者發(fā)病前2 h曾因關節(jié)痛而飲用曼陀羅籽浸泡的藥酒,不排除曼陀羅中毒的可能而予以新斯的明0.5 mg肌內注射,患者病情逐漸好轉,最后明確診斷為曼陀羅中毒。因此,對于以意識障礙為首發(fā)癥狀就診而且有高血壓病史的曼陀羅中毒老年患者,應詳細詢問病史、完善各項檢查以避免將其誤診為急性腦血管意外。
曼陀羅;中毒;誤診
曼陀羅的根、莖、葉、花、果實均有毒,由于其具有藥用價值,故易因過量使用而造成中毒,中毒患者會出現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀。老年中毒患者常伴有腦血管疾病或循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病,易被誤診。筆者曾收治1例曼陀羅中毒的老年患者,在診斷過程中曾被誤診為腦卒中,現(xiàn)將其報告如下,以提醒同行引以為戒。
一、病史及體格檢查
患者女,81歲。因突發(fā)意識不清2 h于2014 年1月14日21:05到中山醫(yī)院青浦分院急診就診。陪護家屬訴患者既往有高血壓病史2年,血壓最高曾達168/88 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),曾不規(guī)則服用珍菊降壓片,無其它疾病史。平時生活自理,能做輕體力家務。就診當時體溫37.6℃,脈搏122次/分,呼吸25次/分,血壓164/66 mm Hg,血氧飽和度98%,意識不清,煩躁,譫妄,有抽搐,不能對答,查體不配合,雙瞳孔等大、直徑3.5 mm,對光反射遲鈍。雙肺呼吸音稍粗,無干、濕啰音。心率122次/分,心律整齊。頸軟,四肢肌力、肌張力檢查不能配合。雙側病理征(-)。
二、實驗室及輔助檢查
入院當時急查血常規(guī)示血紅蛋白122 g/L,紅細胞4.4×1012/L,白細胞6.9×109/L,中性粒細胞0.64,血小板156×109/L,紅細胞比積38.3%;凝血功能示凝血酶原時間12.30 s,部分凝血活酶時間26.30 s,纖維蛋白原2.48 g/L,國際標準化比值0.98。血液生化示血鉀4.4 mmol/L,血鈉142 mmol/L,尿素氮6.5 mmol/L,血鈣2.42 mmol/L,肌酐60 μmol/L,尿酸232 mmol/L,隨機血糖8.0 mmol/L,GHbA1c6.0%。肝功能示ALT 37 U/L,AST 49 U/L,白蛋白38 g/L,白蛋白與球蛋白比值(A/G)為1.4,總膽紅素26.6 μmol/L,直接膽紅素8.4 μmol/L。頭顱CT示老年性腦萎縮,右側顳葉局部密度稍低。心電圖示竇性心動過速,心率124次/分。留置尿管于第2日查晨尿常規(guī)示隱血試驗(+++),白細胞(++),pH值6.5。
三、治療及轉歸
由于患者有高血壓病史,且行頭顱CT顯示右側顳葉局部密度稍低,考慮到老年危重病患者的重點疾病多為腦血管和循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病,故初診醫(yī)師按缺血性腦卒中給予對癥治療,但其病情無好轉。2014年1月14日23:40接班醫(yī)師繼續(xù)進一步追問家屬患者的病史,家屬訴患者有關節(jié)痛病史,發(fā)病前2 h曾飲用曼陀羅浸泡的藥酒,遂考慮不排除曼陀羅中毒的可能,急予新斯的明0.5 mg肌內注射,其后患者病情漸好轉,神志逐漸恢復清晰,觀察至2014年1月16日痊愈出院。
曼陀羅為一年生草本茄科植物,全株有毒,其主要成分是莨菪堿、阿托品及東莨菪堿等生物堿,其毒性機制主要表現(xiàn)為對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用,先興奮、后抑制,阻斷M-膽堿反應系統(tǒng)、對抗和麻痹迷走神經(jīng),中毒輕者主要表現(xiàn)為口咽部發(fā)干、吞咽困難、聲音嘶啞、皮膚干燥、顏面潮紅、心動過速、瞳孔散大、譫語、幻覺等,嚴重者可發(fā)生昏迷、抽搐甚至呼吸、循環(huán)衰竭而死亡。但曼陀羅的各個部位均有一定的藥用價值,具有鎮(zhèn)痛、止咳、平喘等作用,多用于治療關節(jié)痛、風濕性關節(jié)炎等。本例患者即因關節(jié)痛過量飲用曼陀羅籽浸泡的藥酒而中毒。
國內外對于曼陀羅中毒均有報道,一般在過量口服曼陀羅0.5~2.0 h后,口腔和胃黏膜會完全吸收曼陀羅而出現(xiàn)中毒癥狀,因此急性曼陀羅中毒的癥狀發(fā)展急驟、變化快,搶救治療必須爭分奪秒[1-3]。由于曼陀羅口服吸收迅速,故不建議洗胃,而且中毒后患者出現(xiàn)譫妄、昏迷、抽搐時置入胃管困難,患者不能配合,易導致胃管誤入氣道、誤吸、鼻咽部損傷出血等并發(fā)癥[4-6]。因此對于曼陀羅中毒患者,應予以新斯的明或毛果蕓香堿特效解毒劑拮抗曼陀羅的生物堿毒性,予靜脈補液、利尿、促進代謝,并予吸氧、鎮(zhèn)靜藥物抗抽搐及物理降溫等對癥支持治療,嚴密進行心電監(jiān)護、觀察病情。
由于曼陀羅的毒性機制主要表現(xiàn)為對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用,故易被誤診為急性腦血管意外及其他疾病導致的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變,或被漏診。本例為81歲老年女性患者,以意識障礙為首發(fā)癥狀就診,且有高血壓病史,頭顱CT顯示右側顳葉局部密度稍低,故易被誤診為急性腦血管意外。其次,有意識障礙的老年患者的病因往往不能馬上明確,更容易被誤診、漏診,因此,反復詳細詢問病史,爭取患者家屬的緊密配合以獲得準確的病史信息,對盡早明確診斷與及時救治非常重要。
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Datura stramonium poisoning misdiagnosed with stroke:report of one elderly patient
Lu Shiyun,Xu Jun.Department of Emergency,Shanghai Tianyou Hospital of Tongji University.Shanghai 200331,China
Datura stramonium is a category of freely branching herb and all parts of the plant are poisonous,which contain essential components of hyoscyamine,atropine and tropane alkaloids.Mild Datura stramonium intoxication typically leads to mouth and throat dryness,dysphagia,mydriasis,delirious speech,hallucination and tachycardia,etc.Severe patients may present with coma,spasm and even death induced by respiration and circulatory failure.We reported one elderly patient intoxicated by Datura stramonium.The patient was admitted to hospital with a sudden disturbance of consciousness.The patient had a medical history of hypertension.Head CT scan revealed relatively low density of the right temporal lobe.Considering the high risk of cerebral vascular and circulatory system diseases for the aged population,the patient was primarily diagnosed with stroke and received corresponding therapy.However,no significant efficacy was achieved.After further inquiry of medical history,it was comfirmed that the patient had taken medicinal wine soaked with Datura stramonium seed to release arthralgia two hours before onset.Considering the possibility of Datura stramonium intoxication,the patient was administered with 0.5 mg of neostigmine via intramuscular injection and relevant symptoms were gradually mitigated.The patient was eventually diagnosed with Datura stramonium poisoning. Consequently,the possibility of Datura stramonium poisoning should be considered for elderly patients with initial symptoms of consciousness disorder and a medical history of hypertension.Explicit inquiry of medical history and different necessary examinations should be fully performed to avoid the misdiagnosis of acute cerebrovascular events.
Datura stramonium;Poisoning;Misdiagnosis
2015-07-30)
(本文編輯:洪悅民)
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2015.11.016
200331上海,同濟大學附屬上海天佑醫(yī)院急診科(盧士云,原職中山醫(yī)院青浦分院);201700上海,中山醫(yī)院青浦分院急診科(徐?。?/p>