王 軍,朱文嫻,柳艷松,張付全,周振和
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·專(zhuān)題研究·
復(fù)發(fā)及病程對(duì)抑郁癥患者心率變異性的影響研究
王 軍,朱文嫻,柳艷松,張付全,周振和
目的 比較首發(fā)抑郁癥與復(fù)發(fā)抑郁癥患者心率變異性(HRV)的差異,探討復(fù)發(fā)及病程對(duì)抑郁癥患者HRV的影響。方法 選取2012年10月—2014年9月無(wú)錫市精神衛(wèi)生中心有償招募的抑郁癥患者81例,根據(jù)其實(shí)際病情分為首發(fā)抑郁癥組(首發(fā)組,35例)和復(fù)發(fā)抑郁癥組(復(fù)發(fā)組,46例)。同時(shí)有償招募健康志愿者43例作為對(duì)照組。收集受試者臨床資料,并行24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢測(cè),分析其HRV,采用協(xié)方差分析比較3組時(shí)域指標(biāo)全部正常RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDNN)、相鄰RR間期差值>50 ms的心搏數(shù)所占百分比(pNN50)及頻域指標(biāo)低頻功率(LF)、高頻功率(HF)的差異,并采用偏相關(guān)分析探索抑郁癥患者病程與各HRV指標(biāo)間的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 首發(fā)組病程短于復(fù)發(fā)組(P<0.05)。交互作用檢驗(yàn)顯示,HRV指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)均滿(mǎn)足協(xié)方差分析的平行性假設(shè)(SDNN:F交互=1.234,P交互=0.301;pNN50:F交互=0.382,P交互=0.766;LF:F交互=1.243,P交互=0.297;HF:F交互=1.071,P交互=0.364)。3組LF和HF比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);3組SDNN和pNN50比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中,首發(fā)組和復(fù)發(fā)組SDNN和pNN50均低于對(duì)照組,復(fù)發(fā)組SDNN低于首發(fā)組(P<0.05)。對(duì)抑郁癥患者(首發(fā)組+復(fù)發(fā)組)進(jìn)行以年齡、BMI、漢密爾頓焦慮量表(HAMA)評(píng)分及漢密爾頓抑郁量表(HAMD)評(píng)分為控制變量的偏相關(guān)分析,結(jié)果顯示,復(fù)發(fā)組患者病程與SDNN、HF呈負(fù)相關(guān)(R=-0.372、-0.261,P=0.001、0.022),與pNN50呈邊緣負(fù)相關(guān)(R=-0.224,P=0.050),與LF無(wú)直線(xiàn)相關(guān)性(R=-0.076,P=0.513)。結(jié)論 抑郁癥患者存在HRV降低的特點(diǎn),復(fù)發(fā)者比首發(fā)者HRV更低,且患者病程與SDNN、HF呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示抑郁癥復(fù)發(fā)及病程延長(zhǎng)會(huì)加重自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂。
抑郁癥;復(fù)發(fā);病程;心率變異性
王軍,朱文嫻,柳艷松,等.復(fù)發(fā)及病程對(duì)抑郁癥患者心率變異性的影響研究[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2015,18(24):2881-2885.[www.chinagp.net]
Wang J,Zhu WX,Liu YS,et al.Influence of relapse and disease duration on heart rate variability of patients with depressive disorder[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(24):2881-2885.
抑郁癥與心血管疾病(CVD)關(guān)系密切,20%以上的CVD患者罹患抑郁癥[1-2],而抑郁癥患者發(fā)生CVD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高出正常人2~4倍[2-3]。美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)已建議將抑郁癥作為冠心病的五大獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素之一[4]。自主神經(jīng)功能失調(diào)被認(rèn)為是增加CVD發(fā)病率與病死率的最終共同通路[5],抑郁癥患者普遍存在自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂的特點(diǎn)[5-7],這可能是導(dǎo)致其CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于正常人的重要原因[7]。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),迷走神經(jīng)刺激療法(VNS)對(duì)于治療難治性抑郁癥有效[8-9],這也從側(cè)面反映自主神經(jīng)功能失衡對(duì)抑郁癥的發(fā)生與維持具有重要影響。抑郁癥具有明顯的復(fù)發(fā)傾向[10],那么首發(fā)與復(fù)發(fā)患者自主神經(jīng)功能的失衡程度有無(wú)差異、及其與病程的相互關(guān)系如何,目前尚未見(jiàn)相關(guān)報(bào)道。心率變異性(heart rate variability,HRV)是一種可以定量評(píng)價(jià)自主神經(jīng)功能的無(wú)創(chuàng)、客觀的檢查手段[6-7,11-14],其預(yù)測(cè)嚴(yán)重心律失常和心源性死亡的效果優(yōu)于其他方法[15]。本研究以HRV為手段,對(duì)首發(fā)和復(fù)發(fā)抑郁癥患者的自主神經(jīng)功能進(jìn)行比較,并對(duì)其與抑郁癥病程的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行初步探索。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2012年10月—2014年9月無(wú)錫市精神衛(wèi)生中心有償招募的抑郁癥患者81例,根據(jù)其實(shí)際病情分為首發(fā)抑郁癥組(首發(fā)組,35例)和復(fù)發(fā)抑郁癥組(復(fù)發(fā)組,46例)。同時(shí)有償招募健康志愿者43例作為對(duì)照組。受試者對(duì)研究過(guò)程知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū),本研究由無(wú)錫市精神衛(wèi)生中心倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 首發(fā)組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合中國(guó)精神障礙分類(lèi)與診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第3版(CCMD-3)[16]中關(guān)于“抑郁癥”診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),首次發(fā)?。?2)漢密爾頓抑郁量表(HAMD)評(píng)分>17分;(3)年齡18~60周歲,中國(guó)漢族居民;(4)未曾服用抗抑郁癥藥物治療或入組前停藥2周以上;(5)既往未曾接受過(guò)(無(wú)抽搐)電休克治療、經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療及VNS。復(fù)發(fā)組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合CCMD-3[16]中關(guān)于“抑郁癥”的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外,同時(shí)符合“既往有至少1次抑郁癥發(fā)作,持續(xù)至少2周,與本次發(fā)作間隔至少2個(gè)月的時(shí)間無(wú)任何明顯的情感障礙”;第(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與首發(fā)組相同。兩組排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相同:(1)符合CCMD-3[16]中關(guān)于“抑郁癥”診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以外的其他診斷;(2)目前或既往罹患過(guò)心肌梗死、心力衰竭、冠心病或其他嚴(yán)重心臟疾??;(3)患有高血壓、糖尿病、甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)或低下、嚴(yán)重內(nèi)分泌疾病或免疫系統(tǒng)疾??;(4)近2周內(nèi)服用過(guò)β受體阻滯劑;(5)漢密爾頓焦慮量表(HAMA)評(píng)分>14分。對(duì)照組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)既往與目前均不符合CCMD-3中任何疾病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(2)無(wú)抑郁癥家族史;(3)年齡18~65周歲,中國(guó)漢族居民。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為前兩組排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的第(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)項(xiàng)。
1.3 臨床資料 收集各受試者性別、年齡、吸煙狀況等數(shù)據(jù),并測(cè)量BMI、靜息時(shí)平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)。次日抽取空腹靜脈血5 ml,以3 000 r/min離心15 min(離心半徑15 cm),在2 h內(nèi)檢測(cè)空腹血糖(己糖激酶法)和總膽固醇(酶法)水平;并對(duì)抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行HAMA、HAMD評(píng)分。HAMA包括14個(gè)條目,每項(xiàng)0~4分,總分56分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高代表焦慮程度越嚴(yán)重;HAMD包括17個(gè)條目,總分52分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高代表抑郁癥程度越嚴(yán)重。將受試者的分組情況對(duì)評(píng)定者施盲。
1.4 HRV檢測(cè)與分析方法 抑郁癥患者在檢測(cè)結(jié)束后再開(kāi)始接受抗抑郁癥藥物治療,檢測(cè)儀器、采樣頻率、時(shí)程、分析軟件及對(duì)受試者的其他要求與參考文獻(xiàn)[17]相同。根據(jù)歐洲心臟病協(xié)會(huì)、北美起搏電生理學(xué)會(huì)專(zhuān)家委員會(huì)和中華心血管病雜志編委會(huì)HRY對(duì)策專(zhuān)題組的建議[14,18],并結(jié)合本研究目的,選用以下指標(biāo):時(shí)域指標(biāo)包括全部正常RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDNN)、相鄰RR間期差值>50 ms的心搏數(shù)所占百分比(pNN50);頻域指標(biāo)包括低頻功率(LF,0.04~0.15 Hz)、高頻功率(HF,0.15~0.40 Hz)。
2.1 3組一般資料比較 3組性別、年齡、吸煙狀況、BMI、MAP、空腹血糖、總膽固醇水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);首發(fā)組和復(fù)發(fā)組HAMA評(píng)分和HAMD評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);首發(fā)組和復(fù)發(fā)組病程比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表1)。
2.2 3組HRV指標(biāo)比較 交互作用檢驗(yàn)顯示,數(shù)據(jù)均滿(mǎn)足協(xié)方差分析的平行性假設(shè)(SDNN:F交互=1.234,P交互=0.301;pNN50:F交互=0.382,P交互=0.766;LF:F交互=1.243,P交互=0.297;HF:F交互=1.071,P交互=0.364)。3組LF和HF比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);3組SDNN和pNN50比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中,首發(fā)組和復(fù)發(fā)組SDNN和pNN50均低于對(duì)照組,復(fù)發(fā)組SDNN低于首發(fā)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表2)。
2.3 偏相關(guān)分析 對(duì)抑郁癥患者(首發(fā)組+復(fù)發(fā)組)進(jìn)行以年齡、BMI、HAMA評(píng)分及HAMD評(píng)分為控制變量的偏相關(guān)分析,結(jié)果顯示,患者病程與SDNN、HF呈負(fù)相關(guān)(R=-0.372、-0.261,P=0.001、0.022),與pNN50呈邊緣負(fù)相關(guān)(R=-0.224,P=0.050),與LF無(wú)直線(xiàn)相關(guān)性(R=-0.076,P=0.513)。因首發(fā)組患者病程較集中,故僅對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)組患者進(jìn)行亞組偏相關(guān)分析,結(jié)果顯示,患者病程與SDNN、HF呈負(fù)相關(guān)(R=-0.390、-0.407,P=0.011、0.008),與pNN50、LF無(wú)直線(xiàn)相關(guān)性(R=-0.081、-0.199,P=0.611、0.207)。
HRV的指標(biāo)有多種,其中SDNN可以較直觀地從整體上衡量HRV大小,pNN50代表副交感神經(jīng)的活性,LF是交感神經(jīng)和迷走神經(jīng)共同介導(dǎo)的結(jié)果,以交感神經(jīng)的活性占主導(dǎo)地位,HF主要反映迷走神經(jīng)的張力[14]。HRV降低被認(rèn)為是交感神經(jīng)過(guò)度興奮和/或副交感神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)不足的表現(xiàn)[14]。以往研究較一致地發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥患者普遍存在HRV降低的特點(diǎn)[7,19,22-26]。其中一項(xiàng)雙生子研究認(rèn)為,抑郁癥及HRV降低可能是同一遺傳因素影響下神經(jīng)生物學(xué)異常的兩種不同表現(xiàn)而已[23];近期的另一項(xiàng)研究更是認(rèn)為HRV是抑郁癥的一種特質(zhì)標(biāo)志[26]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,不論首發(fā)還是復(fù)發(fā)抑郁癥患者,均存在HRVSDNN降低的特點(diǎn)。關(guān)于抑郁癥患者HRV降低到底是副交感神經(jīng)張力不足,還是交感神經(jīng)過(guò)度興奮,抑或是兩者共同作用的結(jié)果,目前尚無(wú)定論[22,24]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,抑郁癥患者pNN50降低,而LF與對(duì)照組間無(wú)差異,支持HRV降低是因副交感神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)不足所致的觀點(diǎn)[22]。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VNS可以改善抑郁癥狀[8-9],并已于2005年獲得美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)用作難治性抑郁癥的輔助治療[9],這也從側(cè)面反映抑郁癥患者存在副交感神經(jīng)功能不足,并且提示這種不足與抑郁癥關(guān)系密切。
雖然抑郁癥患者存在HRV降低的觀點(diǎn)已被普遍認(rèn)同,但至今鮮有對(duì)比首發(fā)和復(fù)發(fā)患者HRV差異的研究。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與首發(fā)抑郁癥患者相比,復(fù)發(fā)患者HRVSDNN降低更明顯。鑒于HRV對(duì)CVD的預(yù)測(cè)作用[15],提示疾病復(fù)發(fā)可能增加了患者罹患嚴(yán)重CVD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通過(guò)分析疾病病程與HRV各指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,本研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn)類(lèi)似結(jié)果,即HRV SDNN具有隨著病程的延長(zhǎng)而降低的趨勢(shì)。正常成人HRV也存在隨年齡增大而降低的自然趨勢(shì)[20],這可能對(duì)本研究造成一定干擾,但在分析過(guò)程中,本研究將年齡因素作為協(xié)變量進(jìn)行協(xié)方差分析,同時(shí)將其作為控制變量進(jìn)行偏相關(guān)分析后,上述結(jié)果皆未發(fā)生改變。除年齡以外,吸煙與否、焦慮及抑郁癥程度、抗抑郁癥藥物的使用等因素亦可能影響HRV的檢測(cè)結(jié)果[19,27-28],筆者之前研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)體質(zhì)量對(duì)HRV也有明顯影響[17],但本研究中上述因素的組間比較并無(wú)差異。所有抑郁癥患者入組前及HRV檢測(cè)過(guò)程中處于未服藥的狀態(tài),且采用了適當(dāng)?shù)慕y(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,因此最大限度地降低了混雜因素對(duì)研究結(jié)果的干擾。
表2 3組受試者HRV指標(biāo)比較
注:與對(duì)照組比較,aP<0.05;與首發(fā)組比較,bP<0.05;SDNN=全部正常RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,pNN50=相鄰RR間期差值>50 ms的心搏數(shù)所占百分比,LF=低頻功率,HF=高頻功率
表1 3組受試者一般資料比較
注:a為χ2值,b為t′值,c為t值,余檢驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)量值為F值;-為無(wú)此數(shù)值;MAP=平均動(dòng)脈壓,HAMA=漢密爾頓焦慮量表,HAMD=漢密爾頓抑郁量表
本研究亦存在一定的不足:首先,由于樣本量偏小,未能進(jìn)一步從性別、年齡或HAMD評(píng)分等角度進(jìn)行分層分析;其次,本研究?jī)H為橫斷面研究,無(wú)法說(shuō)明在抑郁癥狀緩解后首發(fā)與復(fù)發(fā)抑郁癥患者間HRV的差異,故尚不能解釋HRV降低究竟是抑郁癥的特質(zhì)標(biāo)志還是狀態(tài)標(biāo)志,下階段可通過(guò)臨床隨訪(fǎng)來(lái)對(duì)此加以研究;最后,近年來(lái)非線(xiàn)性分析方法獲得了迅速的發(fā)展,可能在某些方面相比時(shí)域、頻域指標(biāo)更有優(yōu)勢(shì),但目前在非線(xiàn)性分析的結(jié)果解釋上尚存爭(zhēng)議[14],所以未將其作為本研究的分析指標(biāo)。
總之,本研究驗(yàn)證了抑郁癥患者存在HRV降低的特點(diǎn),且主要表現(xiàn)為副交感神經(jīng)功能的不足,并發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著病程延長(zhǎng),SDNN、pNN50越低,提示抑郁癥復(fù)發(fā)及病程延長(zhǎng)會(huì)增加患者罹患CVD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明抑郁癥早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療及積極預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)的重要意義。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
Influence of Relapse and Disease Duration on Heart Rate Variability of Patients With Depressive Disorder
WANGJun,ZHUWen-xian,LIUYan-song,etal.
DepartmentofPsychiatry,WuxiMentalHealthCenter,Wuxi214151,China
Objective To compare heart rate variability(HRV)between patients with first-episode depression and patients with recurrent depression and investigate the influence of relapse and disease course of depression on HRV.Methods We recruited 81 depressive patients with payment from Wuxi Mental Health Center from October 2012 to September 2014.These patients were divided into two groups:first-episode group (n=35)and recurrent group(n=46).We also recruited 43 healthy people with payment and assigned them into control group.Clinical data of subjects were collected;24 h dynamic electrocardiogram was undertaken,and HRV was analyzed;analysis of covariance was conducted to compare SDNN,pNN50,LF and HF among the three groups;partial correlation analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between disease duration of depression and HRV indicators.Results The first-episode group had shorter disease duration than the recurrent group(P<0.05).The test on interaction effect showed that HRV indicators all satisfied the parallelism hypothesis of covariance analysis(SDNN:Finteraction=1.234,Pinteraction=0.301;pNN50:Finteraction=0.382,Pinteraction=0.766;LF:Finteraction=1.243,Pinteraction=0.297;HF:Finteraction=1.071,Pinteraction=0.364).The three groups were not significantly different(P>0.05)in LF and HF;the three groups were significantly different(P<0.05)in SDNN and pNN50;the first-episode group and recurrent group were lower(P<0.05)than the control group in SDNN and pNN50,and the recurrent group was lower(P<0.05)than the first-episode group in SDNN.The partial correlation analysis on depressive patients(first-episode and recurrent group)with age,BMI,HAMA score and HAMD score as the control variables showed the following results:(R=-0.372,-0.261;P=0.001,0.022)and marginally negatively correlated with pNN50(R=-0.224,P=0.050)and had no linear correlation with LF(R=-0.076,P=0.513).Conclusion Depressive patients have low HRV.Patients with recurrent depression have lower HRV than patients with first-episode depression,and disease duration was negatively correlated with SDNN and HF.The lapse of depression and longer disease duration may aggravate autonomic nerve function disorder.
Depressive disorder;Recurrence;Disease duration;Heart rate variability
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)科技發(fā)展基金面上項(xiàng)目(2013NJMU205)
214151江蘇省無(wú)錫市精神衛(wèi)生中心臨床精神科(王軍,朱文嫻,周振和),臨床心理科(柳艷松,張付全)
周振和,214151江蘇省無(wú)錫市精神衛(wèi)生中心臨床精神科;E-mail:zhenhezhou1970@163.com
R 749.41
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.24.002
2014-12-25;
2015-06-05)