孟廣勛郭彩琴,2陳明寬(.中國科學(xué)院上海巴斯德研究所,上海20003;2.上海師范大學(xué)生命與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,上海200235)
天然免疫系統(tǒng)與新生隱球菌感染
孟廣勛1郭彩琴1,2陳明寬1
(1.中國科學(xué)院上海巴斯德研究所,上海200031;2.上海師范大學(xué)生命與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,上海200235)
【摘要】天然免疫系統(tǒng)是宿主免疫防御體系中對抗微生物侵染的第一道屏障。天然免疫細(xì)胞通過模式識別受體(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)識別外源微生物及其成分,其中NOD樣受體(NOD like receptors,NLRs)是定位于細(xì)胞內(nèi)的一類PRRs。NLRP1、NLRP3和NLRC4等NLRs家族成員可以形成叫做炎癥小體的分子復(fù)合體,介導(dǎo)炎癥因子IL?1β和IL?18的成熟。目前已經(jīng)確定多種炎癥小體參與抗真菌的免疫反應(yīng)。新生隱球菌是一種重要的條件性致病真菌,該菌主要感染AIDS等免疫缺陷患者,感染死亡率很高。目前,人們對天然免疫系統(tǒng)抗新生隱球菌的機(jī)制有了一定的了解。該文將對宿主抗新生隱球菌的天然免疫機(jī)制進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】天然免疫;炎癥;炎癥小體;真菌;新生隱球菌
[Chin J Mycol,2015,10(4):193?196]
由于長期受到微生物侵染的威脅,宿主進(jìn)化出了多種免疫機(jī)制清除這些入侵的病原體,包括天然免疫系統(tǒng)和獲得性免疫系統(tǒng)。天然免疫細(xì)胞主要通過模式識別受體(PRRs)來識別病原微生物。自從Janeway提出PRRs的概念以來,很多成分包括細(xì)菌、真菌、病毒、寄生蟲來源的結(jié)構(gòu)成分以及微粒物質(zhì)如二氧化硅、石棉等[1]都可以通過PRRs來激活天然免疫反應(yīng)[2]。不同的PRRs可以識別不同的病原相關(guān)分子模式(Pathogen associated mo?lecular patter,PAMPs),誘導(dǎo)下游信號通路的激活,產(chǎn)生抗感染的免疫反應(yīng)。
Toll樣受體(TLRs)是被發(fā)現(xiàn)的第一類PRRs,定位于細(xì)胞膜或內(nèi)體膜上[3]。C型凝集素受體(CLRs)是另一類結(jié)合于膜上的PRRs,該類受體通過與胞外的PAMPs,如真菌來源的β?glucans和mannan來激活天然免疫反應(yīng)[4]。病原微生物與宿主相互作用時往往會被宿主細(xì)胞吞噬,因此研究天然免疫系統(tǒng)胞內(nèi)識別病原的機(jī)制也越來越受到關(guān)注,并發(fā)現(xiàn)了包括NOD樣受體(NLRs)和RIG?I樣受體(RLRs)等多種胞內(nèi)的PRRs。
TLRs在不同種屬間有差異,小鼠有13種TLRs,而人類中表達(dá)10種TLRs。這些TLRs分為分布在細(xì)胞膜表面的TLR1,2,4,5,6和10和分布于內(nèi)膜上的TLR3,7,8和9等兩大類。其中TLR4 和TLR2等可識別位于細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁上的PAMPs,比如脂多糖和肽聚糖;位于內(nèi)膜的TLRs可以識別真菌、細(xì)菌、病毒來源的核酸成分[5]。
CLRs家族成員包括Dectin?1、Dectin?2、Man?nose receptor(MP)、Mincle和DC?SIGN等。Dec?tin?1可以識別曲霉菌、白念珠菌以及其他真菌胞壁上的β?1,3?葡聚糖。MP可以通過胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域識別多種真菌、細(xì)菌和病毒,還可以誘導(dǎo)ROS及其他細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生。與其他CLRs不同的是,MP的胞外結(jié)構(gòu)可以被金屬酶切割,形成可溶性的MR (sMR)。有趣的是,sMR仍然能夠識別病原菌及來自宿主細(xì)胞的分子[6]。
NLRs主要識別被細(xì)胞吞噬的病原體的PAMPs,目前已經(jīng)鑒定出23個家族成員。其中,一些NLRs在微生物感染時,能通過招募ASC和caspase?1蛋白形成稱為炎癥小體(inflammasome)的蛋白復(fù)合物,能夠切割前體形式的IL?1β和IL?18,使之成為成熟形式分泌到細(xì)胞外發(fā)揮作用(見圖1)。目前發(fā)現(xiàn),可形成炎癥小體的NLRs包括NLRP1、NLRP3和NLRC4等[7]。
新生隱球菌屬于擔(dān)子菌門,呈球形或卵圓形,細(xì)胞壁外包被一層莢膜,是一種機(jī)會性致病真菌。人類感染新生隱球菌病主要通過吸入空氣中的繁殖體,這些被吸入的感染性顆粒一般是芽孢或者是薄莢膜的酵母體[14]。新生隱球菌進(jìn)入人體后,有時不會被宿主完全清除,并進(jìn)入潛伏感染期[15?17]。當(dāng)宿主處于免疫力低下的時期,潛伏期的新生隱球菌開始增殖,并能夠擴(kuò)散到機(jī)體的多種器官,尤其是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(CNS)。新生隱球菌越過血腦屏障(BBB)進(jìn)入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后,即使得到及時的治療,死亡率仍然有10%~25%[18]。
莢膜是新生隱球菌重要的毒力因子,是其維持菌體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定、適應(yīng)環(huán)境壓力及抵御宿主免疫細(xì)胞吞噬的第一道屏障[19]。新生隱球菌的莢膜主要由多糖成分組成,其中GXM含量占90%~95%,GalXM占5%~8%,以及甘露糖蛋白(MP)占不到1%。新生隱球菌的莢膜多糖能夠脫離菌體,分布于菌體所生長的外界環(huán)境中。新生隱球菌其他重要的毒力因子包括黑色素、分泌性酶、分泌性囊泡等保護(hù)自身免受免疫系統(tǒng)的傷害。下面我們就針對新生隱球菌與宿主天然免疫系統(tǒng)相互作用的分子機(jī)制進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講述。
圖1 天然免疫系統(tǒng)對新生隱球菌的識別。宿主免疫細(xì)胞通過細(xì)胞膜表面的Toll樣受體(TLRs),凝集素樣受體(CLRs)等模式識別分子(PRRs)識別隱球菌感染。隱球菌菌株莢膜主要成分為GXM,能夠結(jié)合宿主細(xì)胞上的TLR2,TLR4和CD14,但是不產(chǎn)生炎癥信號[8]。新生隱球菌能分泌甘露糖蛋白(Mannoprotein),能被宿主細(xì)胞膜上的甘露糖受體(Mannose receptor,MR)識別,產(chǎn)生炎癥信號[9]。Dectin?1識別隱球菌孢子和莢膜缺陷菌株并引發(fā)隱球菌的吞噬和炎癥信號產(chǎn)生[10?11]。在抗體或者補(bǔ)體調(diào)理下,隱球菌能被調(diào)理素受體Fc Receptor和complement receptor(CR)介導(dǎo)的吞噬進(jìn)入吞噬體,并激活MAPK和NF?kB等信號通路,誘導(dǎo)炎癥因子表達(dá)[12]。被吞入宿主細(xì)胞內(nèi)的隱球菌能夠?qū)е峦淌扇苊阁w膜的滲漏,激活NLRP3炎癥小體,導(dǎo)致caspase?1的成熟,從而切割之前誘導(dǎo)的pro?IL?1β和pro?IL?18的切割并分泌到細(xì)胞外[11,13]。Cn,Cryptococcus neoformans>Fig.1 Recognition of Cryptococcus neoformans by the innate immune system.Immune cells recognize Cryptococcus neoformans infection through membrane bound PRRs such as TLRs and CLRs.Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM),the major capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans,can be bound by human TLR2,TLR4,and/or CD14;however,this inter?action does not trigger production of inflammatory cytokines[8].Manno?proteins secreted by C.neoformans can be captured by mannose receptors and then inducing inflammatory respsone[9].What’s more,C.neoformans spores and acapsular mutants can be phagocytosed by macrophages via interaction between fungal beta?glucan and host receptors Dectin?1[10?11].When C.neoformans were opsonized with capsular antigens spe?cific antibodies or complement,they can be phagocytosed and transloca?ted into phagolysosome through Fc receptors or complement receptors mediated signal,which then activates MAPK and NF?Kb signal and in?duces pro?inflammatory cytokines expression[12].The phagocytosed C.neoformans may lead to phagolysosome membrane permeabilization and activate NLRP3 inflammasome as well as caspase?1 maturation,which process pro?IL?1β and pro?IL?18 into mature form[11,13]
新生隱球菌在沒有機(jī)體的調(diào)理作用下并不能被巨噬細(xì)胞所吞噬,這主要是由組成新生隱球菌的莢膜結(jié)構(gòu)遮擋了位于菌體胞壁上的配體造成的[20?21]。新生隱球菌莢膜釋放的GXM可以誘導(dǎo)人單核細(xì)胞分泌IL?10和IL?8[22]。IL?10是負(fù)性調(diào)控的細(xì)胞因子,這是新生隱球菌莢膜抑制免疫反應(yīng)的另外一種機(jī)制[23]。
新生隱球菌的莢膜成分GalXM能釋放到細(xì)胞外,在感染患者的血清中也可以檢測到。體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,GalXM缺陷而GXM和莢膜大小不受影響的菌株不能在腦組織中生存,而GXM缺失但仍產(chǎn)生GalXM的菌株卻可以寄生在腦組織中[24]。GalXM 比GXM更能誘導(dǎo)天然免疫抑制效應(yīng),所以研究GalXM的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能有助于對新生隱球菌病的治療提供新的思路。
甘露糖蛋白(MPs)也是新生隱球菌莢膜的一個重要組分,具有較強(qiáng)的免疫原性。MP處理的小鼠可以誘導(dǎo)IL?12和IFN?γ的表達(dá),IL?12的缺失導(dǎo)致MPs失去免疫佐劑的作用[25](見圖1)。此外,MPs可以誘導(dǎo)人外周血單核細(xì)胞(PBMC)的增殖,但PBMC的增殖造成HIV患者病毒復(fù)制的加?。?6]。由于MPs具有較強(qiáng)的免疫激活能力,因此MPs有可能會成為攻破新生隱球菌病的免疫佐劑。
在沒有調(diào)理素的作用下,新生隱球菌莢膜上的GXM能夠阻止隱球菌被宿主吞噬細(xì)胞識別[27]。血清中的補(bǔ)體成分C3能大量的結(jié)合到新生隱球菌莢膜,這些結(jié)合了補(bǔ)體的新生隱球菌能被宿主的巨噬細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞能迅速識別并吞噬[28](見圖1)。同樣,宿主的樹突狀細(xì)胞也需要補(bǔ)體或者抗新生隱球菌抗體調(diào)理作用才能識別并吞噬新生隱球菌[12]。
新生隱球菌孢子或者酵母態(tài)的菌體進(jìn)入肺組織后,首先會受到來自于肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞的攻擊。巨噬細(xì)胞在新生隱球菌感染的早期發(fā)揮重要作用,清除肺組織巨噬細(xì)胞導(dǎo)致新生隱球菌的載量升高以及體內(nèi)的擴(kuò)散加?。?9]。另一方面,新生隱球菌能在巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬溶酶體低pH條件下生長增殖,而增加吞噬溶酶體的pH卻可以抑制新生隱球菌的繁殖[30]。新生隱球菌可以通過細(xì)胞間的接觸感染另外一個細(xì)胞[31]。綜上所述,天然免疫系統(tǒng)抗新生隱球菌感染的機(jī)制值得我們做更深入的研究。
新生隱球菌還存在著其他機(jī)制抵抗宿主免疫系統(tǒng)的清除。生物膜形式存在的病原微生物可以增強(qiáng)自身抵抗宿主的免疫反應(yīng)、環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力以及抗藥性。在醫(yī)療器械像人工心臟搭橋裝置、覆膜透析瘺、人工關(guān)節(jié)等表面,新生隱球菌均可以形成生物膜,這也是隱球菌對抗宿主免疫的一個重要機(jī)制[32?34]。我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室前期的研究結(jié)果表明NLRP3炎癥小體可以識別新生隱球菌的生物膜,并且Nl?rp3或Asc基因缺陷小鼠感染新生隱球菌后死亡率明顯高于野生型;后期的實(shí)驗(yàn)也證明莢膜突變株可以激活NLRP3炎癥小體,Nlrp3缺陷的小鼠肺組織中菌載量與野生型相比顯著增加[11,35](見圖1)。這些結(jié)果表明,NLRP3炎癥小體在宿主抗隱球菌感染中發(fā)揮重要功能。另外,一些PRRs可以識別來自病原菌的核酸成分比如DNA,RNA等,其中TLR7/8可以識別單鏈的RNA。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新生隱球菌的DNA可以通過TLR9誘導(dǎo)樹突狀細(xì)胞分泌IL?12p40,而且Tlr9基因敲除小鼠肺組織中新生隱球菌的菌載量明顯高于野生型小鼠[36]。
綜上所述,天然免疫系統(tǒng)可以利用PRRs來識別新生隱球菌的莢膜成分、生物膜以及核酸,并誘導(dǎo)一系列的抗感染反應(yīng)。另外,巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞能吞噬侵入機(jī)體的新生隱球菌,并發(fā)揮免疫清除作用。這說明天然免疫系統(tǒng)可以利用細(xì)胞及分子水平上的各種機(jī)制來對抗新生隱球菌感染,這提示我們可以從天然免疫系統(tǒng)著手研究攻克新生隱球菌病的新方法。
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[本文編輯] 顧菊林
·論著·
Progress on the study of innate immune response to Cryptococcus neoformans
MENG Guang?xun1,GUO Cai?qin1,2,CHEN Ming?kuan1
(1.Institut Pasteur of Shanghai,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200031,China;2.College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200235,China)
【Abstract】Innate immunity is the first line of the host immune system fighting against invading pathogens.Pattern recognition re?ceptors(PRRs)are responsible for recognition of pathogens and their components.And the nucleotide oligomerization domain (Nod)?like receptors(NLRs)are intracellular PRRs.In recognition of pathogens infection,some NLRs including NLRP3,NLRP1 and NLRC4 form large protein complexes called inflammasomes,which mediate maturation of pro?inflammatory cytokines IL?1β and IL?18.Inflammasomes are important in anti?fungal immunity.Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen,mainly in?fecting immunocompromised patients and causing high mortality.Here we review recent progresses on host innate immune response a?gainst Cryptococcus neoformans.
【Key words】innate immunity;inflammation;inflammasome;fungi;Cryptococcus neoformans
[收稿日期]2015?06?13
作者簡介:孟廣勛,男(漢族),博士,教授,研究員.E?mail:gxmeng@ips.a(chǎn)c.cn
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(31370892)
【中圖分類號】R 519.4
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A
【文章編號】1673?3827(2015)10?0193?04