趙恩光,吳紅梅,蔣 勁,夏 陽(yáng)(綜述),牛凱軍(審校)
(1.天津市北辰區(qū)衛(wèi)生局,天津 300400; 2.天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院營(yíng)養(yǎng)流行病學(xué)研究所,天津 300070)
補(bǔ)充β-羥基-β-丁酸甲酯對(duì)改善老年肌肉衰減綜合征效果的研究進(jìn)展
趙恩光1,吳紅梅2△,蔣勁2△,夏陽(yáng)2△(綜述),牛凱軍2※(審校)
(1.天津市北辰區(qū)衛(wèi)生局,天津 300400; 2.天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院營(yíng)養(yǎng)流行病學(xué)研究所,天津 300070)
肌肉衰減綜合征是一種老年人高發(fā)的病征,主要表現(xiàn)為隨著年齡增加肌肉質(zhì)量、肌肉力量及身體活動(dòng)能力的下降[1]。它是導(dǎo)致老年人跌倒、失能、半失能、病死率增加的主要原因[2-3]。營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充是改善老年肌肉衰減綜合征的主要手段之一。研究表明,補(bǔ)充必需氨基酸能夠促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)合成[4]。β-羥基-β-丁酸甲酯(beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate,HMB)是亮氨酸的代謝產(chǎn)物,其對(duì)肌肉質(zhì)量和肌肉力量的作用受到許多研究者的關(guān)注。HMB的蛋白合成效應(yīng)最初是由Nissen等[5]于二十多年前在臨床上發(fā)現(xiàn)的。研究大多數(shù)集中于成年人,但是肌肉衰減在老年人中更加普遍,所致后果也更加嚴(yán)重,而HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)老年人肌肉衰減的改善作用并不十分清楚?,F(xiàn)就補(bǔ)充HMB對(duì)改善老年肌肉衰減綜合征效果的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
1HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)肌肉的改善效果
1.1HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)健康老年人的肌肉改善效果Deutz等[6]探索HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)24例健康老年人(20例女性,4例男性)臥床10 d后肌肉狀況的改善效果;結(jié)果顯示,臥床期間對(duì)照組瘦體質(zhì)量明顯下降(P=0.02),而HMB補(bǔ)充可有效抑制瘦體質(zhì)量的下降(P=0.02);但是肌肉力量和肌肉功能兩組差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,在經(jīng)過康復(fù)鍛煉期后,試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組下肢力量均改善;與基線相比,試驗(yàn)組肌肉力量改善差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而對(duì)照組則無明顯變化,同時(shí)肌肉功能也表現(xiàn)出和肌肉力量相似的變化。這說明單獨(dú)補(bǔ)充HMB可能能改善肌肉力量和功能,但是不明顯,輔以體育鍛煉后能加強(qiáng)改善作用[5,7]。抗阻訓(xùn)練干預(yù)是改善肌肉力量和功能的有效手段[8]。在Baier等[9]的研究中共納入104例健康老年人,由于干預(yù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)(12個(gè)月),最終只有77例對(duì)象完成了試驗(yàn);在該研究中HMB補(bǔ)充按體質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了劃分,體質(zhì)量≤68 kg,補(bǔ)充 HMB 2 g/d;體質(zhì)量>68 kg,補(bǔ)充HMB 3 g/d;最終結(jié)果顯示,HMB補(bǔ)充組瘦體質(zhì)量明顯增加,而對(duì)照組干預(yù)前后差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;蛋白質(zhì)合成速率HMB組比對(duì)照組高出近20%,身體活動(dòng)能力與肌肉力量試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后兩組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但是在試驗(yàn)期間兩組肌肉力量均出現(xiàn)緩慢的丟失。在Stout等[8]的研究中,分別在干預(yù)第12周和第24周對(duì)肌肉力量和肌肉質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了測(cè)量;研究1中HMB補(bǔ)充組組內(nèi)比較瘦體質(zhì)量明顯增加,與對(duì)照組比較,下肢力量在第12周和第24周的測(cè)量中均出現(xiàn)了顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.04);在研究2中采取了HMB補(bǔ)充與抗阻訓(xùn)練相結(jié)合的方式,結(jié)果顯示兩組組內(nèi)比較瘦體質(zhì)量、肌肉力量和功能在第12周和第24周測(cè)試時(shí)均顯著提高(P<0.01),但兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在Flakoll等[10]的研究中,肌肉力量(腿部力量、握力)和肌肉功能(站立行走試驗(yàn))試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05;P=0.002);試驗(yàn)組去脂體質(zhì)量有增加趨勢(shì),但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.08)。
1.2HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)病理狀態(tài)下老年人的肌肉改善效果在Deutz等[6]的研究中,對(duì)臥床老年人補(bǔ)充僅10 d的HMB后,與對(duì)照組相比肌肉下降即表現(xiàn)出明顯的減緩。Hsieh等[11]研究顯示,在對(duì)胃管喂食的臥床老年人補(bǔ)充2~4周的HMB后,也能減緩肌肉的分解。老年人是失能、半失能的主要人群,其活動(dòng)能力受到很大限制,由此又進(jìn)一步加重了肌肉的衰減,由此推測(cè),HMB補(bǔ)充可作為預(yù)防臥床或癱瘓患者肌肉衰減的有效手段。在一篇HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)癌癥患者肌肉改善效果的研究結(jié)果中顯示,在干預(yù)第4周,HMB組與對(duì)照組相比瘦體質(zhì)量即出現(xiàn)顯著增加,并且顯著增加一直持續(xù)到第24周[12]。但是在另一篇HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)癌癥患者肌肉改善效果的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究中,研究結(jié)果最終并未發(fā)現(xiàn)HMB補(bǔ)充能引起癌癥患者瘦體質(zhì)量的增加[13]。這兩篇研究都存在失訪率高的缺點(diǎn),從測(cè)量方法來看,前者同時(shí)采用了生物電阻抗和排氣體積描記法兩種方法獨(dú)立進(jìn)行了測(cè)量,相比之下更為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)一些,但研究樣本量相對(duì)較小。綜合兩個(gè)研究并不能確定HMB補(bǔ)充是否對(duì)減緩癌癥引起的肌肉衰減有效。因此,需要更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?、大樣本量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)來證明。
2相關(guān)干預(yù)試驗(yàn)的局限性
營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況可能影響HMB的補(bǔ)充效果,原因是營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況良好的人體內(nèi)亮氨酸或者HMB充足,健康良好,因而使補(bǔ)充HMB沒有引起明顯的效果[14-15]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低維生素D水平會(huì)增加老年人患肌肉衰減綜合征的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16]。而維生素D狀態(tài)能影響補(bǔ)充HMB與精氨酸和賴氨酸的混合物對(duì)肌肉力量的改變,血液高維生素D水平能協(xié)同增強(qiáng)補(bǔ)充HMB與精氨酸和賴氨酸的混合物對(duì)肌肉力量的增加[17]。在目前的干預(yù)試驗(yàn)中,研究對(duì)象退出率較高,樣本量較小,研究結(jié)果可能存在偏倚。失訪率高是干預(yù)試驗(yàn)中較普遍的一個(gè)問題,一方面是因?yàn)檠芯繉?duì)象考慮到干預(yù)物的不良反應(yīng)而退出,另一方面是患者死亡或因自身身體狀況較差無法堅(jiān)持而退出。
3HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)改善肌肉衰減綜合征的安全性
在癌癥患者中進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充可能存在加重腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但到目前為止并沒有試驗(yàn)證明。相反,有研究證明精氨酸[18]和谷氨酸鹽[19]有抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的作用。雖然在人群中補(bǔ)充HMB的安全性并沒有確切數(shù)據(jù)可以證明,但是到目前為止無論是動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)還是人群研究都尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)其存在潛在的不良反應(yīng);事實(shí)上,到目前為止絕大部分研究結(jié)果表明HMB補(bǔ)充是安全的[20]。對(duì)于HMB補(bǔ)充的最有效劑量并不統(tǒng)一,在人群中6 g/d的補(bǔ)充尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng),更有研究者推薦用體質(zhì)量調(diào)整的HMB補(bǔ)充,但是大多數(shù)研究者采用3 g/d的補(bǔ)充劑量,且認(rèn)為此劑量是較安全、有效的[21]。目前的干預(yù)試驗(yàn)研究中,HMB補(bǔ)充時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)為1年,血液生化、尿液各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常,但是更長(zhǎng)期補(bǔ)充的安全性還需進(jìn)一步研究。
4HMB補(bǔ)充對(duì)改善肌肉衰減綜合征的機(jī)制
HMB是亮氨酸的代謝產(chǎn)物,亮氨酸首先在肌肉組織中轉(zhuǎn)化為&-酮異己酸(&-ketoisocaproate,KIC),KIC進(jìn)而由肌肉組織分泌,在肝臟組織經(jīng)過一系列轉(zhuǎn)化代謝成為HMB。HMB是膽固醇合成的前體物,在保護(hù)細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)、維持骨骼肌細(xì)胞完整等方面發(fā)揮重要作用。許多研究對(duì)HMB補(bǔ)充改善肌肉衰減的機(jī)制進(jìn)行了研究(圖1)[21-26]。目前研究顯示,HMB主要通過上調(diào)蛋白合成信號(hào)通路以及下調(diào)蛋白分解信號(hào)通路兩方面來促進(jìn)蛋白合成減緩肌肉分解[21]。HMB促進(jìn)蛋白合成主要涉及以下幾種機(jī)制:①激活雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信號(hào)通絡(luò)促進(jìn)蛋白合成[22];②通過上調(diào)絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)/細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/絲/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶 B (protein kinase B,PKB/AKT)信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)肌細(xì)胞增殖分化[23];③體內(nèi)及體外實(shí)驗(yàn)均表明,HMB補(bǔ)充能增加高生長(zhǎng)激素、胰島素生長(zhǎng)因子1的信使RNA水平,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)蛋白合成[23-24]。與此同時(shí),HMB抑制蛋白水解主要通過以下機(jī)制:①核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)能進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,激活肌肉環(huán)指蛋白使泛素蛋白酶體途徑活化,引起肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)各種蛋白的降解,產(chǎn)生肌肉萎縮[25],而HMB能抑制NF-κB通路減緩肌肉衰減[26];②HMB能降低炎癥水平抑制蛋白分解;③HMB能調(diào)節(jié)泛素蛋白酶系統(tǒng)降低蛋白酶活性減緩肉分解[21]。
KIC:&-酮異己酸;HMB:β-羥基-β-丁酸甲酯;PI3K:磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶;MAPK:絲裂原活化蛋白激酶; ERK:細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶;mTOR:雷帕霉素靶蛋白;NF-κB:核因子κB
圖1HMB對(duì)肌肉蛋白的合成促進(jìn)與分解抑制主要信號(hào)通路
5小結(jié)
目前的研究結(jié)果顯示,補(bǔ)充HMB或補(bǔ)充HMB與精氨酸、亮氨酸的代謝產(chǎn)物能改善肌肉質(zhì)量,并且增加明顯。但是在肌肉力量和功能方面,補(bǔ)充后僅表現(xiàn)出改善趨勢(shì),變化結(jié)果一般差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。補(bǔ)充HMB或HMB與精氨酸和亮氨酸的混合物時(shí),輔以體育鍛煉,在肌肉力量和功能方面可能取得良好的效果。但需要在明確診斷肌肉衰減綜合征患者的隊(duì)列中進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期大樣本的嚴(yán)格的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證。
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摘要:肌肉衰減綜合征是隨年齡增加,以肌肉質(zhì)量、肌肉力量及身體活動(dòng)能力下降為主要特征的病征,是導(dǎo)致老年人失能、半失能和病死率增加的主要原因。研究表明,營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充可作為肌肉衰減綜合征的重要調(diào)整因素。必需氨基酸的補(bǔ)充一方面能促進(jìn)機(jī)體合成類激素和細(xì)胞因子增加,促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)合成;另一方面能通過降低分解類細(xì)胞因子減緩蛋白質(zhì)的分解。β-羥基-β-丁酸甲酯(HMB)是亮氨酸的代謝產(chǎn)物,研究顯示,補(bǔ)充HMB能改善肌肉衰減。
關(guān)鍵詞:肌肉衰減綜合征;β-羥基-β-丁酸甲酯;肌肉質(zhì)量;肌肉力量;老年人
Effect of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Supplementation on SarcopeniaZHAOEn-guang1,WUHong-mei2,JIANGJin2,XIAYang2,NIUKai-jun2. (1.BeichenPublicHealthBureau,Tianjin300400,China; 2.NutritionalEpidemiologyInstituteandSchoolofPublicHealth,TianjinMedicalUniversity,Tianjin300070,China)
Abstract:Sarcopenia,characterized by decreased muscle mass,muscle strength,and physical performance,is the main cause of loss of energy,semi-loss of energy and mortality increase in the elderly.Nutritional supplementation is considered an efficient method to reduce muscle atrophy.It has been suggested that supplementation of amino acid can enhance protein synthesis via upregulation of anabolic signaling pathways and attenuate proteolysis via downregulation of catabolic signaling pathways.β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB),a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine,has been investigated by many researchers to improve muscle quality.
Key words:Sarcopenia; β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate; Muscle mass; Muscle strength; Elderly
收稿日期:2014-09-24修回日期:2014-12-22編輯:鄭雪
基金項(xiàng)目:天津市北辰區(qū)科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目( bcws2013-21;bc2014-05) ;中國(guó)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)會(huì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)科研基金—帝斯曼專項(xiàng)科研基金(2014-071)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.15.042
中圖分類號(hào):R151.3;R153
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)15-2803-03