夏金發(fā) 章 萍 邵旭武 王岳松 王學(xué)忠 董學(xué)濱 方永華
作者單位: 243000 安徽省馬鞍山市人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
利多卡因外擦導(dǎo)管預(yù)防橈動(dòng)脈痙攣的臨床分析
夏金發(fā)章萍邵旭武王岳松王學(xué)忠董學(xué)濱方永華
作者單位: 243000 安徽省馬鞍山市人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
[摘要]目的研究在經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈冠狀動(dòng)脈介入診療中應(yīng)用利多卡因外擦動(dòng)脈鞘管和造影(導(dǎo)引)導(dǎo)管對(duì)預(yù)防橈動(dòng)脈痙攣(RAS)的有效性。 方法選取2013年11月至2014年8月經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)和CAG+經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)的患者429例,采用隨機(jī)對(duì)照單盲實(shí)驗(yàn),隨機(jī)分為兩組,分別于動(dòng)脈鞘和造影(導(dǎo)引)導(dǎo)管插入前應(yīng)用2%利多卡因溶液(215例,觀察組)或 0.9%氯化鈉溶液 (214例,對(duì)照組)外擦其表面。記錄并比較兩組橈動(dòng)脈痙攣的發(fā)生率。 結(jié)果實(shí)際入選病例為觀察組213例,對(duì)照組213例。手術(shù)用時(shí)觀察組明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);行單純CAG,觀察組的RAS發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(5.3%vs12.8%,P<0.05);行CAG+PCI,觀察組的RAS發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(4.8%vs19.2%,P<0.05);總RAS發(fā)生率,觀察組的RAS發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(5.2%vs14.6%,P<0.05),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行冠脈介入診療過(guò)程中,利多卡因溶液外擦介入導(dǎo)管表面可以有效防止橈動(dòng)脈痙攣的發(fā)生。
[關(guān)鍵詞]橈動(dòng)脈痙攣;利多卡因;冠狀動(dòng)脈造影;經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療
目前冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(coronary angiography,CAG)仍是診斷冠心病的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。與經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈途徑冠狀動(dòng)脈造影相比,經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影安全有效,成功率高,并發(fā)癥少,住院時(shí)間短,患者易于接受[1],在急性冠脈綜合征或高?;颊咧袃?yōu)勢(shì)更明顯[2],目前已經(jīng)成為冠心病介入診療的主要途徑。由于橈動(dòng)脈比股動(dòng)脈細(xì),穿刺有一定難度,且在穿刺時(shí),動(dòng)脈鞘管置入,導(dǎo)管、導(dǎo)絲操作中容易發(fā)生痙攣。橈動(dòng)脈痙攣(radial artery spasm,RAS)是經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行冠脈介入診療中最為常見的并發(fā)癥。本研究探討經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行心臟介入診療過(guò)程中,在導(dǎo)管外擦利多卡因預(yù)防術(shù)中橈動(dòng)脈痙攣的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選取我院2013年11月至2014年8月經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行CAG和CAG+經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的患者429例,隨機(jī)分為觀察組215例(CAG 152例,CAG+PCI 63例)和對(duì)照組214例(CAG 157例,CAG+PCI 57例)。
1.2入選和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):擬擇期經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈行CAG或PCI患者,術(shù)前Allen實(shí)驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①2周內(nèi)的急性心肌梗死患者;②前臂外傷、畸形、截肢、橈動(dòng)脈途徑解剖異常的患者;③嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全、曾行血液透析的患者;④有癥狀性外周血管疾病,雷諾綜合征患者;⑤曾經(jīng)行冠脈旁路移植術(shù)的患者;⑥心源性休克患者;⑦利多卡因過(guò)敏的患者。
1.3橈動(dòng)脈痙攣的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)①橈動(dòng)脈痙攣造影:橈動(dòng)脈造影根據(jù)痙攣程度分為輕度(<30%)、中度(30%~70%)、重度(>70%)管腔縮小[3],本研究中度、重度管腔縮小定義為RAS。②臨床橈動(dòng)脈痙攣:患者在術(shù)中感覺到疼痛和(或)術(shù)者在操作鞘管或?qū)Ч軙r(shí)有明顯的摩擦感。術(shù)后即刻進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷調(diào)查:a)導(dǎo)管操作是否有疼痛反應(yīng);b)回撤導(dǎo)管是否有疼痛;c)前臂是否持續(xù)疼痛;d)鞘管回撤時(shí)是否阻力較大;e)導(dǎo)管操作是否困難。以上5項(xiàng)存在至少2項(xiàng)時(shí)診斷RAS[4]。本研究采用的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是經(jīng)造影證實(shí)的臨床RAS,對(duì)所有判斷為臨床RAS的患者行橈動(dòng)脈造影(管腔縮小≥30%),是否痙攣至少有2名經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的醫(yī)師共同判斷。
1.4手術(shù)方法術(shù)者為有5年以上冠脈介入資歷的心內(nèi)科醫(yī)師,所有患者術(shù)前30 min均給予地西泮10 mg肌肉注射鎮(zhèn)靜;215例應(yīng)用2%利多卡因溶液(試驗(yàn)組)和214例用0.9%氯化鈉溶液(對(duì)照組)外擦動(dòng)脈鞘和造影(導(dǎo)引)導(dǎo)管表面。患者采取仰臥位,右上肢自然外展于臂托上,掌心向上,腕關(guān)節(jié)下墊無(wú)菌紗布?jí)K使之呈輕度過(guò)伸狀態(tài),在腕橫紋上2~3 cm橈動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)最強(qiáng)處,以1%利多卡因局部麻醉,所有患者均采用6F Cordis穿刺套件(內(nèi)含21G穿刺針、6F鞘管、0.021英寸直導(dǎo)絲),當(dāng)觀察組和對(duì)照組穿刺成功后置入動(dòng)脈鞘管,鞘管內(nèi)給予40 μ/kg肝素,選用直徑0.035英寸、150 cm長(zhǎng)的超滑泥鰍導(dǎo)絲及Judkins系列造影(導(dǎo)引)導(dǎo)管,完成CAG術(shù),如需行PCI術(shù),動(dòng)脈鞘管內(nèi)追加100 μ/kg肝素,手術(shù)用時(shí)從動(dòng)脈鞘管進(jìn)入到撤出計(jì)算,鞘管撤出后無(wú)菌紗布?jí)浩戎寡?/p>
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者基線特征比較觀察組因有1例穿刺>3次,1例橈動(dòng)脈穿刺失敗改穿刺股動(dòng)脈,共213例完成手術(shù);對(duì)照組有1例穿刺橈動(dòng)脈失敗改穿刺股動(dòng)脈,共213例完成手術(shù)。兩組患者在年齡、性別、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、服藥情況及基礎(chǔ)疾病等方面差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性,見表1。
表1 兩組患者的基本資料比較
2.2兩組患者的手術(shù)特征、手術(shù)用時(shí)及RAS發(fā)生比較結(jié)果完成單純CAG和CAG+PCI的例數(shù),兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.590);手術(shù)用時(shí)觀察組明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);行單純CAG,觀察組的RAS發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(5.3%:12.8%,P<0.05);行CAG+PCI,觀察組的RAS發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(4.8%:19.2%,P<0.05);總RAS發(fā)生率,觀察組的RAS發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(5.2%:14.6%,P<0.05),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表2。
表2 兩組患者的手術(shù)特征,用時(shí)及RAS發(fā)生率
3討論
冠心病是臨床工作中遇到的最常見的疾病之一,診斷冠心病的手段越來(lái)越先進(jìn),雖然文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道64層螺旋CT對(duì)于冠心病診斷的特異性和正確率能夠達(dá)到90%以上,但仍存在假陽(yáng)性和假陰性的情況[5],故不能替代冠狀動(dòng)脈造影。1989年加拿大Campeau[6]最早報(bào)道了經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑冠狀動(dòng)脈造影術(shù)。1992年荷蘭Kiemeneij[7]開展了經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)成形術(shù),證明了經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行PCI術(shù)的可行性。因經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行冠脈介入診療具有術(shù)后易于壓迫止血,出血并發(fā)癥少,可以早期下床活動(dòng),患者易于接受等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而被臨床廣泛應(yīng)用。然而橈動(dòng)脈在操作過(guò)程中的易痙攣傾向成為決定該手術(shù)成敗最重要的瓶頸之一,RAS是經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈介入診療中最常見的并發(fā)癥[8]。橈動(dòng)脈痙攣發(fā)生機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜,目前尚未完全闡明,多認(rèn)為和內(nèi)皮損傷,全身疾病導(dǎo)致血運(yùn)功能障礙,手術(shù)刺激及神經(jīng)體液如內(nèi)皮素、兒茶酚胺等增高有關(guān)。鐘繼明等[9]報(bào)道在經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行冠脈介入診療過(guò)程中RAS多與女性、低齡、吸煙、橈動(dòng)脈解剖路徑異常、橈動(dòng)脈直徑/身高的比值低、橈動(dòng)脈直徑/導(dǎo)管外徑的比值低、交換導(dǎo)管次數(shù)多等明顯相關(guān)。對(duì)于經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑行冠脈介入治療中RAS的發(fā)生率各家報(bào)道不一,報(bào)道有4%~20%不等[10],可能與目前尚未統(tǒng)一的橈動(dòng)脈痙攣判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有關(guān)。而預(yù)防RAS目前臨床已有很多相關(guān)研究,如Kristic 等[11]報(bào)道將維拉帕米、硝酸甘油和普通肝素聯(lián)合應(yīng)用預(yù)防RAS取得一定的效果,但存在需要監(jiān)測(cè)患者心室率、血壓,掌握藥物劑量等注意事項(xiàng),增加手術(shù)的復(fù)雜程度,限制了臨床應(yīng)用。
橈動(dòng)脈為α-平滑肌特性動(dòng)脈,為Ⅲ型動(dòng)脈,受腎上腺素能神經(jīng)支配的中層平滑肌呈向心性排列,細(xì)胞較厚,與其他血管相比,其血管壁富含彈力纖維,其中α1-腎上腺素能受體的密度顯著高于β2-腎上腺素能受體,這決定了其對(duì)兒茶酚胺比較敏感。直接刺激血管或增加循環(huán)血中兒茶酚胺水平的誘因如交感神經(jīng)興奮時(shí)均易引起橈動(dòng)脈痙攣的發(fā)生[10]。Young等[12]應(yīng)用Eutectic局部麻醉霜(含利多卡因的混合劑)外涂穿刺點(diǎn)和前臂皮膚后行經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈介入治療中RAS明顯減少。 本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),利多卡因液外擦鞘管、造影/導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)管表面后,RAS的發(fā)生率明顯減少,手術(shù)用時(shí)相應(yīng)降低,這可能與利多卡因藥物的作用機(jī)制有關(guān)。利多卡因是一種酰胺類局麻藥,可與神經(jīng)細(xì)胞膜鈉通道軸漿內(nèi)側(cè)受體相互作用,阻斷鈉離子內(nèi)流,可逆性阻滯神經(jīng)纖維的沖動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)。具有作用快、彌散廣、穿透力強(qiáng)、局部作用消除時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、無(wú)明顯擴(kuò)張血管作用的特點(diǎn)。可與神經(jīng)細(xì)胞膜脂質(zhì)相互作用,引起膜脂質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)改變,使膜膨脹,細(xì)胞膜鈉通道變窄,鈉離子內(nèi)流減少,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞無(wú)法產(chǎn)生擴(kuò)布性動(dòng)作電位,從而產(chǎn)生局部神經(jīng)阻滯作用。外擦導(dǎo)管或鞘管表面利多卡因后,小劑量利多卡因帶入橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi),橈動(dòng)脈局部麻醉,患者疼痛感減輕,交感興奮減低,血液中兒茶酚胺分泌減少,橈動(dòng)脈痙攣發(fā)生率相應(yīng)減少。且試驗(yàn)中利多卡因液外擦鞘管、造影(導(dǎo)引)導(dǎo)管表面,局部用藥少,劑量小,對(duì)患者全身無(wú)不良影響和其他副作用。
由于本研究的病例數(shù)不夠多,且入組的病例均為擇期手術(shù)患者,是否對(duì)于急診手術(shù)病例及高?;颊咄瑯佑行杏写M(jìn)一步的觀察,同時(shí)本研究得出的RAS發(fā)生率仍有約5.2%,在外擦鞘管和導(dǎo)管利多卡因液的基礎(chǔ)上再聯(lián)合使用硝酸甘油和(或)維拉帕米,是否能夠取得更好的結(jié)果還有待臨床繼續(xù)研究。
綜上所述,利多卡因液外擦鞘管,造影(導(dǎo)引)導(dǎo)管表面在經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途行徑冠脈介入診療過(guò)程中,對(duì)預(yù)防RAS的發(fā)生、減少手術(shù)時(shí)間有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,且不增加成本,操作簡(jiǎn)單,值得臨床推廣借鑒。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]方存明,程久佩,胡學(xué)俊,等. 經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈和股動(dòng)脈冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的臨床應(yīng)用對(duì)比分析[J]. 中華全科醫(yī)學(xué),2013,11(1):74-75-141.
[2]Jolly SS, Yusuf S, Cairns J, et al. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes(RIVAL):a randomized,parallel group,multicentre trial[J]. Lancet,2011,377(9775):1409-1420.
[3]Kim SH, Kim EJ, Cheon WS, et al. Comparative study of nicorandil and a spasmolytic cocktail in preventing radial artery spasm during transradial coronary angiogra-phy[J]. Int J Cardiol,2007,120:325-330.
[4]Ruiz-Aalmeron RJ, Mora R, Masotti M, et al. Assessment of the efficacy of phentolamine to prevent radial artery spasm during cardiac catheterization procedures:a randomized study comparing phentolamine vs.Verapamil[J]. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2005,66:192-198.
[5]陳艷芳,門明,王淑萍,等. 64層螺旋CT診斷不同程度冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄的臨床價(jià)值[J]. 安徽醫(yī)學(xué),2013,34(5):625-627.
[6]Campeau L.Percutaneous radial artery approach for coronary angiography[J].Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn,1989,16(1):3-7.
[7]Kiemeneij F, Laarman GJ. Percutaneous transradial artery approach for coronary stent implantation[J]. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn,1993,30:173-178.
[8]Hildick-Smith DJ, Lowe MD, Walsh JT, et al. Coronary angiography from the radial artery-experience,complications and limitations[J]. Int J Cardial,1998,64:231-239.
[9]鐘繼明,李浪,陸永光,等. 經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈冠心病介入診療中橈動(dòng)脈痙攣的發(fā)生及其預(yù)測(cè)因素[J]. 介入放射學(xué)雜志,2011,20(4):265-268.
[10] Ho HH, Jafary FH, Ong PJ. Radial artery spasm during transradial cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention: incidence, predisposing factors, prevention, and management[J]. Cardiovasc Revasc Med,2012,13(3):193-195.
[11] Kristic I, Lukenda J. Radial artery spasm during transradial coronary procedures[J]. Invasive Cardiol,2011,23(12):527-531.
[12] Young YJ, Kim WT, Lee JW, et al. Eutectiv mixture of local anesthesia cream can reduce both the radial pain and sympathetic response during transradial coronary angiography[J]. Korean Circ J,2011,41:726-732.
(2015-01-12收稿2015-04-06修回)
Prevention of radial artery spasm with a lidocaine gauze swab during transradial coronary angiography/intervention
XiaJinfa,ZhangPing,ShaoXuwu,etal
DepartmentofCardiology,MaanshanMunicipalPeople′sHospital,Maanshan243000,China
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the prevention of radial artery spasm(RAS) with a lidocaine gauze swab during transradial coronary angiography/intervention. MethodsA total of 429 patients treated with simple coronary angiography (CAG) or CAG and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from November 2013 to August 2014 were randomly divided into 2 groups. Before inserting into radial artery, the arterial sheath and angiographic catheters were wiped with a gauze swab of lidocaine(n=215;experiment group) or normal saline(n=214;control group).The incidence of RAS was compared between the two groups. ResultsThe patients were actually enrolled into experiment group with 213 cases and 213 cases into control group.The time of operation was significantly lower in experiment group than that in control group(P<0.05). With simple CAG, the incidence of RAS was lower in experiment group than that in control group(5.3%vs12.8%,P<0.05). With CAG+PCI, the incidence of RAS was lower in experiment group than that in control group(4.8%vs19.2%,P<0.05).With total incidence of RAS, it was also lower in experiment group than that in control group(5.2%vs14.6%,P<0.05). ConclusionDirect wiping of the arterial sheath and angiographic catheters with a lidocaine gauze swab before insertion can reduce the occurrence of RAS during routine transradial CAG/PCI.
[Key words]Radial artery spasm; Lidocaine; Coronary angiography; Percutaneous coronary intervention
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0399.2015.05.018
通信作者:章萍,zp880120@163.com