王振濤 周洪瑞 王訓練 景秀春 張永生
WANG ZhenTao1,2,3,ZHOU HongRui4,WANG XunLian4,JING XiuChun4 and ZHANG YongSheng1,2,3
1. 中國地質(zhì)科學院礦產(chǎn)資源研究所,北京 100037
2. 中國地質(zhì)科學院鹽湖與熱水資源研究發(fā)展中心,北京 100037
3. 國土資源部鹽湖資源與環(huán)境重點實驗室,北京 100037
4. 中國地質(zhì)大學地球科學與資源學院,北京 100083
1. Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China
2. R & D Center for Saline Lakes and Epithermal Deposits,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China
3. Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environment,Ministry of Land and Resources,Beijing 100037,China
4. School of the Earth Sciences and Resources,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China
2014-08-15 收稿,2015-02-01 改回.
斑脫巖(Bentonite)是主要成分為蒙脫石的粘土巖,為火山碎屑巖在海相堿性環(huán)境下蝕變而來(Calarge et al.,2003;Christidis and Huff,2009),進一步的成巖和變質(zhì)作用則使之轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦缓?蒙混層礦物和伊利石為主的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖(Kbentonite)(Su et al.,2003;Huff,2008)。鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖還包含有鋯石、黑云母、伊利石等(從斑脫巖中繼承而來)可以用于同位素定年的礦物,常被作為地層對比的標志層(Huff et al.,1992,2000;Bergstr?m et al.,1997;Kolata et al.,1998;Haaland et al.,2000;Desmares et al.,2007;Zhu et al.,2013),已成為確定地層時代和關鍵地質(zhì)事件發(fā)生的重要依據(jù)(Dong et al.,1997;Foreman et al.,2007;Su et al.,2008,2010;胡艷華等,2008;萬斌等,2013)。近年來,該類巖石在我國華北前寒武紀地層(蘇文博等,2010;李懷坤等,2010;孫會一等,2013)、奧陶系(陳誠等,2012)和中生代地層(邱欣衛(wèi)等,2009,2011;楊華等,2013;王亮亮等,2013;Qiu et al.,2014;張輝等,2014)中被識別出來并得到深入研究,不但為年代地層格架的重新厘定提供了重要依據(jù),也為火山-巖漿活動事件及區(qū)域構(gòu)造演化提供了客觀證據(jù)。
鄂爾多斯盆地西南緣處于北祁連造山帶、秦嶺-大別造山帶與華北板塊交互作用的地區(qū)(Song et al.,2013),奧陶紀時發(fā)育了匯聚板塊邊緣的溝-弧-盆體系(許志琴等,2006;劉軍鋒等,2009;閆全人等,2009;Song et al.,2013),形成了北西-南東向展布的北祁連造山帶走廊南山北緣早古生代島弧及弧后盆地(馮益民等,1995)和北秦嶺造山帶早古生代島弧及弧后盆地(閆全人等,2009),有證據(jù)表明二者是聯(lián)系在一起的(Tseng et al.,2009)。目前,針對北祁連、秦嶺地區(qū)的研究主要集中于巖石學、地球化學和同位素年代學(宋述光等,2004;宋述光,2009;Song et al.,2009,2013;閆全人等,2009;王濤等,2009;Wang et al.,2013a),而對它們向北俯沖過程中形成的弧火山噴發(fā)事件的年代學研究尚未受到足夠的關注。值得注意的是,華北克拉通西南緣奧陶系發(fā)育多套凝灰?guī)r(斑脫巖)夾層(賈振遠,1988;賈振遠等,1997;袁衛(wèi)國,1995;李文厚等,1997;王學平,2002)。目前,鄂爾多斯盆地南緣東段奧陶系金粟山組的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖地球化學和鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb 年齡已有報道,但盆地南緣西段的相關研究尚未見有報道。
本文選取鄂爾多斯盆地南緣東段陜西涇陽地區(qū)西陵溝剖面和西段甘肅平?jīng)龅貐^(qū)的銀洞官莊剖面平?jīng)鼋M出露的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖為研究對象,對上述兩個剖面平?jīng)鼋M不同層位鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖進行了采樣,用ICP-MS 等離子質(zhì)譜儀和激光剝蝕電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜法(LA-MS-ICP)進行常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和鋯石U-Pb 年代學分析。迄今為止,鄂爾多斯盆地奧陶系地層劃分和對比,其意見仍不甚統(tǒng)一(孫肇才和胡顯穆,2002;郭彥如等,2012,2014;李文厚等,2012)。譬如,對研究區(qū)平?jīng)鼋M的地質(zhì)年代歸屬尚存不同認識,有中奧陶世(甘肅省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)局,1989;賈振遠等,1997;孫肇才和胡顯穆,2002;馮增昭等,1999)、中奧陶世-晚奧陶世早期(陜西省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)局,1998;郭彥如等,2012)和晚奧陶世(曹金舟等,2011;李文厚等,2012)三種方案。王志浩等(2013)、Wang et al. (2013)通過對甘肅平?jīng)鲢y洞官莊剖面平?jīng)鼋M的牙形刺的詳細研究,將平?jīng)鼋M厘定為上奧陶統(tǒng),但尚無絕對年齡的約束。因此,亟待建立以精確可靠的鋯石U-Pb 年齡為基礎的時間框架,為區(qū)域地層對比、周緣火山-巖漿活動事件和區(qū)域構(gòu)造演化提供必要的時限約束。
鄂爾多斯盆地是位于華北克拉通西部的一個克拉通盆地(圖1a)。在古生代早期盆地處于穩(wěn)定的克拉通盆地發(fā)育階段,沉積了一套以海相碳酸鹽巖夾碎屑巖為主的地層(王鴻禎,1985),與盆地中東部的碳酸鹽臺地相沉積不同,晚奧陶世鄂爾多斯盆地整體抬升,大部分地區(qū)遭受剝蝕,而西緣和南緣沉降迅速,繼續(xù)接受平?jīng)鼋M沉積,甚至發(fā)育深水海相沉積(楊華等,2010)。早古生代早期,鄂爾多斯盆地西緣和南緣為華北克拉通的西部和南部的大陸邊緣(屈紅軍等,2010;陳誠等,2012),至中-晚奧陶世時盆地南緣已演化為古秦嶺洋北側(cè)具溝、弧、盆構(gòu)造體系中的主動大陸邊緣(馮益民和何世平,1995;袁衛(wèi)國和趙一鳴,1996;賈振遠等,1997;李文厚等,1997;錢鋒和艾永峰,2002;Song et al.,2009;宋述光,2009)。在盆地西部大陸邊緣,奧陶系總體上呈西厚東薄,南北向條帶狀展布(郭彥如等,2014)。平?jīng)鼋M沉積期(中和/或晚奧陶世)鄂爾多斯盆地的西緣和南緣為L 形的邊緣海,盆地南緣為末端變陡的繼承性碳酸鹽緩坡沉積環(huán)境(圖1b),相對于早、中奧陶世海平面相對加深(圖1c)。
圖1 鄂爾多斯盆地位置(a,據(jù)Zhao et al.,2005)、西南部中奧陶世巖相古地理(b,據(jù)吳勝和等,1994)、研究層位及本文研究剖面位置簡圖(c,據(jù)郭彥如等,2012)Fig.1 Location (a,after Zhao et al.,2005),lithofacies-paleogeographic map (b,after Wu et al.,1994)and the studied position (c,after Guo et al.,1994)of the Middle Ordovician in the western margin of Ordos Basin,with sample locations
本文的采樣層位位于不同地區(qū)的平?jīng)鼋M的不同層位(圖2)。陜西涇陽地區(qū)的采樣位置位于鄂爾多斯盆地南緣陜西省涇陽縣崔黃村小學北部的唐貞陵山溝中,地理坐標為34°42'30.04″N,108°37 '50.99″E;甘肅平?jīng)龅貐^(qū)的采樣位置位于甘肅平?jīng)鑫髂霞s8 km 的銀洞官莊橋邊的小山上,地理坐標為35°29'29.48″N,106°36'27.73″E。
平?jīng)鼋M分布于鄂爾多斯地區(qū)的西緣和南緣,巖性以頁巖、砂巖為主,其次為灰?guī)r和白云巖(吳勝和等,1994)。巖性變化大是平?jīng)鼋M地層的一大特點,在不同地區(qū)表現(xiàn)出不同的巖性組合特征(倪春華等,2011)。改組的標準剖面位于甘肅平?jīng)鍪形髂霞s8km 的銀洞官莊橋邊的小山上,由一套不等厚互層的灰?guī)r、泥巖和頁巖組成,頂部為二疊系山西組覆蓋,呈假整合接觸(王志浩等,2013)。該剖面發(fā)育多層厚度不等的斑脫巖夾層,野外呈淺綠色,較軟而疏松(圖3)。該剖面牙形石生物地層研究程度頗高(陳均遠等,1984;安太庠和鄭昭昌,1990;Finney et al.,1999;王志浩,2001;王志浩等,2013;Wang et al.,2013b)。近年,Wang et al.(2013b)在該剖面新發(fā)現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)于北美中大陸區(qū)的Plectodina aculeate,Erismodus quadridactylus 和Belodina compressa 等牙形刺動物群,為該剖面鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖鋯石年代學提供了嚴格的生物地層約束。本文在該剖面不同層位采集新鮮鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖樣品6 件,每件重量約10kg,樣 品 編 號 分 別 為YDGZ-2、YDGZ-5、YDGZ-6、YDGZ-7、YDGZ-8 和YDGZ-9。
陜西涇陽地區(qū)平?jīng)鼋M與下伏馬家溝組呈連續(xù)沉積,巖性以淺黑、黃綠色薄層頁巖及灰?guī)r為主,夾礫狀灰?guī)r、砂屑灰?guī)r、鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖、凝灰質(zhì)砂巖和生物碎屑灰?guī)r及黑色硅質(zhì)條帶、硅質(zhì)透鏡體,沉積構(gòu)造以水平紋層和正遞變層理為主。同時,該組還發(fā)育多層斑脫巖夾層,粗略統(tǒng)計大概有26 層,其厚度不一,最薄層不到1cm,最厚者達30cm,夾于薄層灰?guī)r之中,風化面上呈現(xiàn)黃色至淺灰綠色,在以灰?guī)r為主的地層中格外醒目(圖4)。濕的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖可以呈現(xiàn)不同的顏色,但風化后的顏色一般是黃色。外觀貌似黃泥,有柔軟和光滑感,符合鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的野外鑒別標準(Kolata et al.,1998;Marker and Huff,2005)。在樣品采集過程中首先挖掘至鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的新鮮位置,而后由下到上采集新鮮鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖樣品4 件,每件重量約10kg,樣品編號分別為XL-1、XL-2、XL-3 和XL-4。其中XL-1-D-4 采自最接近平?jīng)鼋M與下伏馬家溝組界線處易采集、厚度較大且穩(wěn)定的斑脫巖層位。
圖2 西陵溝剖面和銀洞官莊剖面柱狀圖和采樣層位Fig.2 Lithological column and sampling horizon of Xilinggou Section and Yindongguanzhuang Section
鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖樣品主量、微量、稀土元素測試和單顆鋯石的挑選在河北省區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查研究所實驗室完成。其中,主量成分、Zr、Sr 采用GB/T 14506.25—2010 方法,Axios max X 射線熒光光譜儀測定,微量元素、稀土元素采用GB/T 14506.30—2010 方法,用X Serise2 等離子體質(zhì)譜儀測定分析。主量元素的分析精度好于5%,微量元素的分析精度優(yōu)于10%,其分析流程參閱劉穎等(1996)。
鋯石分選大致流程如下:將新鮮的樣品破碎到適當大小(一般為80 ~100 目),淘洗后通過人工重砂、電磁分選出鋯石,然后在雙目鏡下隨機挑選出鋯石顆粒。將挑出的鋯石隨機選取一定數(shù)量在玻璃板上排列粘牢,使用環(huán)氧樹脂固定凝結(jié),經(jīng)打磨拋光處理制成靶樣,再進行透射、反射光和陰極發(fā)光(CL)照相以觀察鋯石的表面及內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。鋯石晶體的透射、反射和CL 圖像拍照由北京鋯年領航科技有限公司完成。根據(jù)鋯石反射、透射圖像和CL 圖像所揭示的鋯石晶體裂隙、包體、環(huán)帶等內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)特征,反復對比以選擇合適的激光剝蝕點位進行U-Pb 同位素年齡測定。定年分析盡量選擇巖漿成因特征明顯的鋯石區(qū)域,以期較好地限定巖漿噴發(fā)時限。
圖3 甘肅平?jīng)龅貐^(qū)銀洞官莊剖面平?jīng)鼋M鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的野外特征及采樣層位(a)第4 層鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖(樣品YD-4);(b)第7 層鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖(樣品YD-7);(c)第8 層鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖(樣品YD-8);(d)第9 層鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖(樣品YD-9)Fig.3 The field rock characteristics of K-bentonite and its sample lacations(a)Layer 4 K-bentonite (Sample YD-4);(b)Layer 7 K-bentonite (Sample YD-7);(c)Layer 8 K-bentonite (Sample YD-8);(d)Layer 9 Kbentonite (Sample YD-9)
圖4 陜西涇陽地區(qū)西陵溝剖面平?jīng)鼋M底部鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的野外特征及采樣層位Fig.4 The field characteristics of K-bentonite in the bottom of Pingliang Formation,Xilinggou Section,and its sample locations
樣靶制作完成后,在天津地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)研究所同位素實驗室利用激光燒蝕多接收器等離子體質(zhì)譜儀(LA-MC-ICP MS)進行微區(qū)原位U-Pb 同位素測定,儀器配置和測試流程參見相關文獻(李懷坤等,2009a,2009b,2010,2011;耿建珍等,2012)。采用208Pb 校正法對普通鉛進行校正(Anderson,2002)。利用NIST612 玻璃標樣作為外標計算鋯石樣品的Pb、U、Th 含量。在測試前用純酒精對鋯石靶進行清洗,以降低普通鉛的污染。每個樣品在開始和結(jié)束時分別測試2 次NIST612 標樣,每完成8 個測點再加測2 次NIST612 標樣。采用GJ-1 作為外部鋯石年齡標準進行U、Pb 同位素分餾校正(Jackson et al.,2004)。采用ICPMSDataCal 程序(Liu et al.,2009)和Isoplot 程序(版本3.41)(Ludwig,2003)進行數(shù)據(jù)處理,分析結(jié)果在Isoplot 軟件(版本3.41)完成加權(quán)平均年齡計算和諧和圖的繪制。
主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的地球化學特征,對于鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的區(qū)分和鑒定具有重要意義,同時也是其原巖恢復和構(gòu)造環(huán)境判別的基礎(萬斌等,2013)。本研究所采樣品的主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素含量示于表1。測試結(jié)果表明,所有樣品具有較高的SiO2(41.42% ~70.5%),平均含量54.19%,表明鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的源巖為中酸性巖漿。K2O 含量為2.07% ~6.81%,平均值為5.41%,與Huff et al.(1997)研究的歐洲Osmundsberg 斑脫巖11 個樣品的平均值(4.40%)接近,與陳誠等(2012)報道的鄂爾多斯盆地南緣的7 個斑脫巖的K2O 平均含量(4.24%)亦具有相似特征。所有樣品均為K2O >Na2O,顯示了其鉀質(zhì)特征。
微量元素原始地幔標準化蛛網(wǎng)圖(圖5)表明本次研究的樣品Th、U 明顯富集,且均具有明顯的Pb、Sr 和Eu 虧損,兩個地區(qū)的樣品微量元素配分模式基本相似,唯一的不同之處在于甘肅平?jīng)龅貐^(qū)的6 個樣品具有明顯的Yb、Y 虧損,暗示它們可能為不同期次火山活動的產(chǎn)物,也可能指示它們分別來自不同的噴發(fā)區(qū)域。
稀土元素球粒隕石標準化模式圖(圖6)顯示,10 個樣品均表現(xiàn)為輕稀土元素相對富集的右傾型特征,δEu 輕度虧損,“谷”狀明顯。整體上曲線展布特征、規(guī)律一致,各樣品之間的差別不甚明顯。這種輕稀土富集,具有Eu 負異常而無Ce 負異常,呈“V”型右傾曲線的配分模式,與花崗巖的稀土元素配分模式,較為相似,而不同于NASC、PAAS 和CCR 的配分模式(萬斌等,2013)。理論上,Eu 負異常形成的原因不外乎有二,一是繼承了母巖漿Eu 負異常,另外一種可能是鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖沉降后成巖作用的結(jié)果(胡艷華等,2009)。從他們稀土元素的配分模式來看,前一種可能性較大,同時也暗示了研究樣品的火山灰屬性。所有樣品均無Ce 的負異常,說明鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖雖然在海相環(huán)境中蝕變而來,但Ce 受海水影響不甚明顯。
圖5 研究樣品鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖球粒隕石標準化多元素蛛網(wǎng)圖(標準化值據(jù)Sun and McDonough,1989)Fig.5 Chondrite-normalized trace element spider diagram of the K-bantonite (normalization values after Sun and McDonough,1989)
圖6 鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖樣品的稀土元素球粒隕石標準化模式圖(標準化值據(jù)Sun and McDonough,1989)Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for K-bentonite samples (normalization values after Sun and McDonough,1989)
陰極發(fā)光圖像(圖7)分析表明,6 個樣品中的鋯石形態(tài)和內(nèi)部特征各異,內(nèi)部巖漿生長振蕩環(huán)帶的發(fā)育程度也各有差別。整體上,鋯石顆粒普遍為自形-半自形晶體,生長振蕩環(huán)帶發(fā)育,具有明顯的巖漿鋯石的特點。上述樣品中鋯石Th/U 比值絕大多數(shù)大于巖漿成因0.4 的臨界值(Rubatto and Gebauer,2000;Moller et al.,2003),也顯示了巖漿型鋯石的特征。測試分析之前進行了鋯石陰極發(fā)光結(jié)構(gòu)觀察,激光剝蝕過程中盡量回避了包體和裂隙,加之鋯石大多具有自形-半自形晶形特征,巖漿環(huán)帶清楚,Th/U 比值大于0.1,年齡結(jié)果諧和度高,表明這些年齡結(jié)果反映了鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的就位(沉積)年齡。
每個鋯石顆粒進行1 個分析點的測試。分別對樣品XL-1 ~XL-4 和YDGZ-8、YDGZ-9 進行了37、32、40、32 和24、24個鋯石顆粒U-Pb 同位素年齡分析(表2、圖8),具體結(jié)果分述如下。
表1 鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖樣品的主量(wt%)和微量元素(×10 -6)分析結(jié)果Table 1 The result of major element composition (wt%)and trace element composition (×10 -6)of K-bentonite
樣品XL-1:在進行206Pb/238U 年齡加權(quán)平均計算時,刪除了5 個不諧和分析點的數(shù)據(jù),其中分析點1.27 的年齡(2496±16Ma)明顯偏老,后分析表明該鋯石顆粒為碎屑鋯石,其年齡與華北克拉通新太古代晚期到古元古代早期的構(gòu)造巖漿熱事件(~2.5Ga)(Zhao et al.,2001;彭澎和翟明國,2002;耿元生等,2010;董春艷等,2012;Zhang et al.,2012;胡波等,2013)相對應,推測其可能源于該時期的巖漿巖。在207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U 圖解上,多數(shù)投點落在諧和線上(圖8),少量不在諧和線上的分析點表明了可能的放射成因Pb 丟失。36 顆鋯石顆粒中的31 個用于加權(quán)平均計算的206Pb/238U 年齡介于431 ±7Ma ~487 ±4Ma 之間,它們的加權(quán)平均年齡為454 ±4.3Ma(MSWD=4.3);
樣品XL-2:在207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U 圖解上,數(shù)據(jù)投點落在諧和線上或其附近,33 顆鋯石顆粒的22 個用于加權(quán)平均計算的206Pb/238U 年齡介于430 ±5Ma ~486 ±7Ma 之間,其加權(quán)平均年齡為452 ±5Ma(MSWD=3.6);
樣品XL-3:在207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U 圖解上,數(shù)據(jù)投點落在諧和線上或其附近,40 顆鋯石顆粒的34 個用于加權(quán)平均計算的206Pb/238U 年齡介于435 ±4Ma ~461 ±4Ma 之間,它們的加權(quán)平均年齡為449 ±3Ma(MSWD=2.4);
圖8 鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖鋯石U-Pb 諧和年齡圖Fig.8 Concordia diagrams of zircon U-Pb datings for the K-bentonites
樣品XL-4:在207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U 圖解上,數(shù)據(jù)投點落在諧和線上或其附近,32 顆鋯石顆粒的15 個用于加權(quán)平均計算的206Pb/238U 年齡介于446 ±6Ma ~468 ±5Ma 之間,它們的加權(quán)平均年齡為457 ±3Ma(MSWD =1.08),這一年齡代表該層鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的就位(沉積)年齡;
樣品YDGZ-8:在207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U 圖解上,數(shù)據(jù)投點
落在諧和線上或其附近,24 顆鋯石顆粒的10 個用于加權(quán)平均計算的206Pb/238U 年齡介于181 ~454Ma 之間,它們的加權(quán)平均年齡為450 ±2Ma(MSWD =0.9),這一年齡代表該層鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的就位(沉積)年齡;
表2 鋯石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 同位素分析結(jié)果Table 2 LA-MC-ICP MS U-Pb isotopic data of zircons from this studied samples
續(xù)表2Continued Table 2
續(xù)表2Continued Table 2
續(xù)表2Continued Table 2
樣品YDGZ-9:在207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U 圖解上,數(shù)據(jù)投點落在諧和線上或其附近,24 顆鋯石顆粒的9 個用于加權(quán)平均計算的206Pb/238U 年齡介于181 ~1214Ma 之間,它們的加權(quán)平均年齡為451 ±1Ma(MSWD =0.1),這一年齡代表該層鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的就位(沉積)年齡。
陜西涇陽西陵溝剖面平?jīng)鼋M4 個鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖樣品的206Pb/238U 年齡(LA-ICP-MS)介于449 ±3Ma ~457 ±3Ma 之間,屬于晚奧陶世早期的桑比階-凱特階(Sandbian-Katian)(458 ~445Ma)。由于樣品采自平?jīng)鼋M底部,但離平?jīng)鼋M的底界尚有2m,考慮到灰?guī)r的沉積速率較大,故而據(jù)此推斷其沉積時代始于桑比階(Sandbian)。陳誠等(2012)報道了西陵溝剖面和趙老峪剖面金粟山組(與平?jīng)鼋M可對比)的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖SHRIMP U-Pb 年齡,分別為451 ±4.9Ma ~452.1 ±5.1Ma,457 ±5.1Ma,465.8 ±8.3Ma,與本文的結(jié)果在誤差范圍內(nèi)一致。甘肅平?jīng)鲢y洞官莊剖面平?jīng)鼋M其中的兩個樣品(YDGZ-8 和YDGZ-9)的206Pb/238U 年齡(LA-ICP-MS)分別為450 ±2Ma 和451 ±2Ma,表明其沉積期為凱特階(Katian)。但由于這兩個樣品靠近頂部,未能限定該組的起始年齡,參考涇陽地區(qū)的測年結(jié)果,認為平?jīng)鼋M的主體沉積時代應為晚奧陶世早期的桑比階-凱特階(Sandbian-Katian)。
不活潑的的微量元素和稀土元素如TiO2和高場強元素如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf 被認為在成巖作用和低級變質(zhì)作用中是穩(wěn)定的(胡艷華等,2009),常被用于判斷其源巖的物質(zhì)組成和原巖形成的構(gòu)造環(huán)境(Huff et al.,1997;蘇文博等,2006)。在Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y 圖解(圖9a)中,本次研究的樣品(1 個樣品落在粗面巖的范圍內(nèi))均落在流紋英安巖和粗面安山巖的區(qū)域內(nèi),顯示了中酸性的原始巖漿親緣關系。而在Nb-Zr 圖解(圖9b)中,所有樣品(1 個除外)都落在高鉀、亞堿性巖漿范圍內(nèi)。綜上所述,筆者認為本次研究樣品的原始巖漿為高鉀亞堿性流紋英安巖和粗面安山巖。
鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖中穩(wěn)定的微量元素和稀土元素除了能夠反映原始巖漿的親緣性外,還可以有效的指示原始火山的構(gòu)造環(huán)境(Teale and Spears,1986;Roberts and Merriman,1990)。鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖研究中應用最多的為Nb-Y、Nb-(Y +Nb)和Zr-TiO2圖解(萬斌等,2013)。分別將本次研究的樣品投入上述判別圖中,在Nb-Y、Nb-(Y+Nb)圖解(圖9c,d)中均落在火山弧花崗巖和板內(nèi)花崗巖的范圍內(nèi)且主要在火山弧花崗巖一側(cè),在Zr-TiO2圖解(圖9e)中均落在島弧熔巖區(qū)域內(nèi),判別結(jié)果出現(xiàn)了少量的不一致,但都說明火山弧花崗巖是其主要的構(gòu)造環(huán)境。按照萬斌等(2013)的研究,參考選擇了Th/Yb-Nb/Yb 圖解(圖9f)對本次研究的樣品進行判別,結(jié)果都落入了大陸弧巖漿的區(qū)域,這和Zr-TiO2圖解的結(jié)果比較一致。
鄂爾多斯盆地南緣奧陶紀鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖分布廣泛。由于這些鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖為火山成因,因此它們的物源成為一個必須要解答的問題。從理論上講,每次火山噴發(fā)事件形成的大量的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖都可以在周圍地區(qū)的地層中有所保存。陳誠等(2012)認為鄂爾多斯盆地南緣的斑脫巖可能源自沿商丹洋盆北緣展布的火山弧噴發(fā),而張進等(2012)認為鄂爾多斯西南緣平?jīng)龅貐^(qū)的中奧陶統(tǒng)沉積中含有的大量凝灰質(zhì)組分可能來自早古生代北祁連造山帶的火山噴發(fā)。但由于火山灰可以在空中搬運較遠的距離,目前盆地南緣的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖尚不能排除有一些是遠源來源的。
鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的微量元素特征和原巖構(gòu)造環(huán)境判別表明這些斑脫巖的原巖主要產(chǎn)于島弧環(huán)境。而在出露鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的鄂爾多斯盆地南緣地區(qū),并未有同時代的火山噴發(fā)事件。然而,鄂爾多斯盆地南緣周圍滿足這種構(gòu)造背景的地區(qū)不外乎兩個,一個是其南部的北秦嶺地區(qū)發(fā)育的廣泛的島弧巖漿活動(Huang and Wu,1992;Xue et al.,1996;Li et al.,2001;Sun et al.,2002;馬昌前等,2004;Shi et al.,2013)和西南部北祁連島弧帶的巖漿活動(夏林圻等,1995;張建新等,1997;Mao et al.,1999,2000;Xia et al.,2003;Wang et al.,2005;Wu et al.,2005;陳化奇,2007;Enkelmann et al.,2007),前者時限集中在464 ~442Ma,后者時限集中在480 ~445Ma。一般認為早古生代秦嶺洋和北祁連洋是相通的,本文的測年結(jié)果和秦嶺-祁連洋板塊俯沖導致的火山活動的時限是一致的。
另一個可能是火山灰來自北部的古亞洲洋俯沖帶。早古生代中亞造山帶存在的較強烈的與俯沖作用相關的巖漿活動(劉敦一等,2003;施光海等,2003;石玉若等,2004;葛文春等,2005;裴福萍等,2006;苗來成等,2007;Jian et al.,2008;郭鋒等,2009)。內(nèi)蒙古中部地區(qū)早-中奧陶世時洋盆非?;钴S(施光海等,2003;石玉若等,2004),內(nèi)蒙古圖林凱地區(qū)曾發(fā)生過467 ~451Ma 的洋殼消減事件,導致了459 ±8Ma 的英安巖噴發(fā)(施光海等,2003);緊挨華北克拉通北緣的內(nèi)蒙古貝特(Bater)地區(qū)存在488 ~444Ma 的弧后火山噴發(fā)事件,形成了高鉀的鈣堿性巖石(閃長巖和石英閃長巖)(Jian et al.,2008)。上述年齡與研究區(qū)鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的就位的時間一致,因此,雖然古亞洲洋俯沖帶離研究區(qū)較遠,但還不能排除來自同時期北部古亞洲洋俯沖帶火山噴發(fā)的可能。
圖9 本次研究樣品的原始巖漿和構(gòu)造環(huán)境判別圖(a)Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y 圖解(Winchester and Floyd,1977);(b)Zr-Nb 圖解(Leat et al. ,1986);(c、d)Nb-Y 和Rb-(Y +Nb)圖解(Pearce et al. ,1984);(e)Zr-TiO2 圖解(Pearce and Norry,1979);(f)Th/Yb-Nb/Yb 圖解(Pearce and Peate,1995)Fig.9 The protolith and tectonic environment discrimination diagrams of this study samples(a)Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y diagram (Winchester and Floyd,1977);(b)Zr-Nb diagram (Leat et al. ,1986);(c,d)Nb-Y diagram and Rb-(Y +Nb)diagram (Pearce et al. ,1984);(e)Zr-TiO2 diagram (Pearce and Norry,1979);(f)Th/Yb-Nb/Yb diagram (Pearce and Peate,1995)
圖10 鄂爾多斯南緣奧陶紀斑脫巖夾層出露位置圖(據(jù)袁衛(wèi)國,1995;陳孟晉等,2007;陳誠等,2012 修編)1-鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖出露的剖面;2-見有鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的鉆井;3-鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖層數(shù)/厚度不詳;4-鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖總厚度(m)/層數(shù)Fig.10 The outcrop lacations of the Ordovician bentonite beds in the southern margin of Ordos Basin (modified after Yuan et al.,1995;Chen et al.,2007,2012)1-the section of bentonite outcrops;2-the well drillings of containing bentonites;3-the number/thickness of bentonitesis unknow;4-total thickness(m)/number of bentonites
為了進一步確定鄂爾多斯南緣陜西涇陽地區(qū)鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的物源,統(tǒng)計了鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的區(qū)域分布及其厚度變化(圖10)。結(jié)果表明鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的厚度和層數(shù)大致呈現(xiàn)由南向北或由南西向北東變小的趨勢,表明鄂爾多斯盆地南緣奧陶紀鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖來自其南部北秦嶺地區(qū)或西南部北祁連地區(qū)的火山弧噴發(fā)。
事實上,北秦嶺地區(qū)的火山噴發(fā)事件記錄不止僅限于北秦嶺造山帶以北的區(qū)域,胡艷華等(2009)研究了揚子地臺內(nèi)湖北宜昌地區(qū)和貴州桐梓地區(qū)奧陶-志留系界限剖面的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖,認為它們很可能與北面早古生代秦嶺洋的閉合過程有關,也可能來自華南板塊東南緣外側(cè)存在的一古老洋殼向華南板塊的俯沖。楊穎(2011)報道了湖北宜昌黃花場剖面臨湘組-五峰組間的鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖地球化學、鋯石U-Pb 年代學和鋯石Hf 同位素特征,認為其中的第一層和第八層斑脫巖更可能來自秦嶺地區(qū)。結(jié)合區(qū)域地質(zhì)演化和火山發(fā)育的情況,認為推測秦嶺地區(qū)加里東期的火山活動是華南奧陶-志留系界線附近斑脫巖最有可能的物源。
(1)鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖鋯石的CL 圖像及Th/U 比值顯示其成因為巖漿鋯石,且所有樣品均為K2O >Na2O,顯示了其鉀質(zhì)特征,野外和室內(nèi)特征都符合鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的定義。
(2)鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖地球化學特征表明其源巖為同碰撞火山弧構(gòu)造環(huán)境下形成的中酸性火山巖。利用在風化過程中不活動元素對鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的原巖進行了恢復,結(jié)果表明其原始巖漿為高鉀亞堿性流紋英安巖和粗面安山巖。通過鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖的時代、區(qū)域分布和周緣造山帶的對比分析,認為這些鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖來源于北祁連或北秦嶺島弧火山噴發(fā)。
(3)分別對陜西涇陽和甘肅平?jīng)龅貐^(qū)兩個剖面的4 個和2 個鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖樣品進行了LA-ICP-MS 鋯石U-Pb 定年,獲得了457 ±3Ma、454 ±4Ma、452 ±5Ma、449 ±3Ma、450 ±2Ma和451 ±2Ma 6 組諧和年齡,結(jié)合鋯石的巖漿成因特征,這些定年結(jié)果代表了平?jīng)鼋M同沉積噴發(fā)的火山凝灰?guī)r的年齡。根據(jù)鉀質(zhì)斑脫巖發(fā)育的層位,將平?jīng)鼋M的主體沉積年齡厘定為晚奧陶世早中期。
致謝 房強、傳婷婷、袁路朋一起參加了野外工作;河北省廊坊區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查研究所實驗室?guī)椭瓿闪虽喪瘑蔚V物分選工作;鋯石U-Pb 測年得到天津地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)研究所李懷坤研究員與耿建珍博士的熱情幫助;方小敏研究員和胡修棉教授對本文提出了富有建設性的意見;在此一并致謝!
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