鄒志禮,周 波
(四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院心身醫(yī)學(xué)中心,四川 成都 610072)
△通訊作者
驚恐障礙的分子遺傳學(xué)研究進(jìn)展
鄒志禮,周 波△
(四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院心身醫(yī)學(xué)中心,四川 成都 610072)
驚恐障礙(panic disorder,PD)又稱急性焦慮發(fā)作,是一種突然發(fā)作的、不可預(yù)測(cè)性的強(qiáng)烈焦慮、軀體不適和痛苦,臨床以反復(fù)發(fā)作的呼吸急促、頭暈、心悸、震顫、出汗、可伴有瀕死感為特點(diǎn)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)遺傳因素在PD的發(fā)生中起著重要的作用。隨著分子遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展,PD的基因多態(tài)性研究取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,但國內(nèi)對(duì)此的研究相對(duì)較少。本文就PD的分子遺傳學(xué)研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
驚恐障礙;基因多態(tài)性;遺傳
驚恐障礙(panic disorder,PD)是焦慮障礙中的常見類型,終身患病率3.4%~4.7%,其中女性為5.1%,男性為1.9%[1]?;颊叱3R攒|體癥狀為主訴,首次多就診于急診科及內(nèi)科,常按軀體疾病常規(guī)處理,不但使患者病情遷延,嚴(yán)重影響了患者的生活質(zhì)量和社會(huì)功能;同時(shí)患者四處求醫(yī),重復(fù)各種可能的輔助檢查,造成醫(yī)療資源的大量消耗,給家庭和社會(huì)帶來沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。然而,PD的病因目前仍不清楚,家系研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD一級(jí)親屬的患病相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度在2.8~14.7[2,3]。雙生子研究顯示PD的遺傳因素占30%~46%[4]。近年來,隨著分子遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展,人們能夠從基因水平了解PD與基因之間的關(guān)系,研究中涉及到5-羥色胺(hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、5-羥色胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(serotonin ransporter,5-HTT)、兒茶酚氧位甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(catechol-O-methyltransferase,COMT)等基因。本文對(duì)5-HT等多個(gè)基因進(jìn)行綜述分析,旨在為國內(nèi)開展這方面的研究提供參考。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)5-HT含量及功能異常與焦慮、抑郁等多種疾病有關(guān),而5-HT必須通過相應(yīng)受體的介導(dǎo)才能產(chǎn)生作用,5-HT受體分布廣且亞型多,同時(shí)每種亞型受體又存在不同的亞亞型。如藥理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)激動(dòng)5-HT1A受體有抗焦慮抑郁作用。同時(shí)在遺傳學(xué)的研究中5-HT受體的變異可能與焦慮、抑郁等疾病有關(guān)。2004年Rothe等發(fā)現(xiàn)5-HT1A受體C(-1019)G多態(tài)性與PD伴有廣場(chǎng)恐怖有關(guān)[5]。Choi等卻未發(fā)現(xiàn)5-HT1A受體C(-1019)G多態(tài)性與PD有關(guān),卻發(fā)現(xiàn)與不伴廣場(chǎng)恐怖的PD的嚴(yán)重性有關(guān),即攜帶更多的G等位基因和GG基因型[6]。Rothe發(fā)現(xiàn)5hT2A 102T/C多態(tài)性與PD有關(guān)[7],而在2008年Yoon 通過病例對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)5hTR2A 1438A/G、5hTR2A 102T/C和TPH218 A/C多態(tài)性均與PD無關(guān),但發(fā)現(xiàn)驚恐癥狀的嚴(yán)重性與5hTR2A基因有關(guān)[8]。Inada 通過與HTR2A 基因的關(guān)聯(lián)分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)PD組攜帶更多的MspI A2等位基因,但未發(fā)現(xiàn)HTR1A 和 HTR2C 與之有關(guān)聯(lián)[9]。Karacetin通過對(duì)105例PD患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,5hTR2A多態(tài)性的基因型及等位基因頻率均未存在差異,同時(shí)也未發(fā)現(xiàn)與PD發(fā)生的起始年齡、性別、PD的嚴(yán)重程度、是否伴有廣場(chǎng)恐怖有關(guān)[10]。
5-HTT是5-HT能神經(jīng)元末梢的一種膜蛋白,其作用是從突觸間隙重?cái)z取5-HT進(jìn)入突觸神經(jīng)元,影響突觸間隙5-HT的濃度。5-HTTLPR多態(tài)性由5’啟動(dòng)子區(qū)44bp的插入/缺失形成長(zhǎng)型(L)和短型(S)兩種等位基因。Maron通過病例對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD與5-HTT啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的功能相關(guān)多態(tài)性(5-HTTLPR)有關(guān)聯(lián),即PD患者攜帶更多的L等位基因和LL基因型,但未發(fā)現(xiàn)與變數(shù)目串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列多態(tài)性(VNTR)有關(guān)[11]。在Kim的一項(xiàng)244例韓國樣本的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)5-HTTLPR多態(tài)性與PD不存在關(guān)聯(lián)[12]。2010年Strug發(fā)現(xiàn)PD與5-羥色胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體SLC6A4基因多態(tài)性存在關(guān)聯(lián),而未發(fā)現(xiàn)5-HTTLPR與之存在關(guān)聯(lián)[13]。Gyawali通過對(duì)307例PD患者與544例正常組進(jìn)行對(duì)照研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)rs3813034基因位點(diǎn)的G等位基因與遠(yuǎn)端SLC6A4亞型的低表達(dá)有關(guān),且PD患者較正常對(duì)照組(44%)攜帶更多的G等位基因(51%)[14]。Lonsdorf研究發(fā)現(xiàn)攜帶5-HTTLPRs等位基因?qū)⒃馐芨鼑?yán)重的驚恐發(fā)作和抑郁癥狀[15]。從這些研究中不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其結(jié)果不盡相同,除可能與樣本量、性別、種族等有關(guān)外,環(huán)境因素將是一個(gè)重要的影響因素,如在韓國的一項(xiàng)194例PD患者和172例健康對(duì)照的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)5-HTTLPR 和 HTR1A rs6295與PD均不存在關(guān)聯(lián),但5-HTTLPR和分離生活事件的交互作用與PD存在關(guān)聯(lián)[16]。
TPH是5-HT合成過程中的限速酶,包括有TPH1和TPH2兩種形式。而TPH2主要參與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)5-HT的合成,編碼TPH2的基因位于染色體12q21。Kim通過對(duì)108例PD患者進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)TPH2 703 g/T與PD存在關(guān)聯(lián),PD患者攜帶更少的T等位基因,同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)與女性PD患者有關(guān)[17]。2007年Maron 未發(fā)現(xiàn)TPH2 rs1386494 A/G 和 rs1386483 C/T 兩單核苷酸多態(tài)性有關(guān)聯(lián),但發(fā)現(xiàn)TPH2 rs1386494與女性PD有關(guān)聯(lián)[18]。Mossner 未發(fā)現(xiàn)TPH2 單核苷酸多態(tài)性 rs4570625和rs4565946與PD有關(guān)聯(lián)[19]。而在Maron的另一項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)中,110例健康志愿者通過CCK-4誘發(fā)驚恐發(fā)作,其中39例經(jīng)歷了驚恐發(fā)作,其余未發(fā)作的作為對(duì)照組,通過基因關(guān)聯(lián)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)TPH2 rs1386494多態(tài)性與驚恐發(fā)作有關(guān),即在驚恐發(fā)作組攜帶更多的GG基因型及G等位基因頻率[20]。
COMT主要參與兒茶酚胺類遞質(zhì)的降解,編碼COMT的基因位于染色體22q11.2。在第3外顯子區(qū)G1947-A單核苷酸置換導(dǎo)致其蛋白第158號(hào)纈氨酸(Va1)被蛋氨酸(Met)替代,從而引起酶活性降低,即COMT 158val比COMT 158met等位基因表現(xiàn)更高活性。既往研究COMTVal158Met基因多態(tài)性與精神分裂癥等精神疾病存在關(guān)聯(lián)。Rothe 通過病例對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Val158Met基因多態(tài)性與PD存在關(guān)聯(lián),即PD患者攜帶更多的Val等位基因[21]。Annerbrink對(duì)211例瑞典的PD患者進(jìn)行了研究,與452例正常對(duì)照相比,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)無論是男性還是女性PD患者均攜帶更多的Val等位基因[22]。在Karacetin的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)COMTVal158Met基因多態(tài)性與PD存在關(guān)聯(lián)[10]。而在Wray等研究中卻未發(fā)現(xiàn)PD與COMT基因的易感性有關(guān)[23]。這也許與性別、種族等異質(zhì)性有關(guān),如在Zintzaras研究中未發(fā)現(xiàn)PD與COMT 472g/A多態(tài)性有關(guān)聯(lián),然而不同的性別和種族卻存在不同的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[24]。在Domschke的一項(xiàng)Meta分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)COMTVal158Met基因多態(tài)性與PD不存在關(guān)聯(lián),進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)COMTVal158Met基因多態(tài)性與高加索人的PD有關(guān),而在亞洲人群的關(guān)聯(lián)性較小;在性別方面,同樣也發(fā)現(xiàn)在高加索人群中與性別無關(guān),而在亞洲人群且僅限于女性PD與COMTVal158Met基因多態(tài)性有關(guān)[25]。
MAOA主要參與5-HT、去甲腎上腺素、多巴胺的降解。編碼MAOA的基因位于染色體Xp11.3。Maron通過對(duì)158例PD患者和215例健康對(duì)照組進(jìn)行病例對(duì)照研究,結(jié)果未發(fā)現(xiàn)PD與MAOA有關(guān)聯(lián)[11]。一項(xiàng)在歐洲人群中的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn)高表達(dá)的MAOA-uVNTR等位基因增加女性PD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[26]。Tadic未發(fā)現(xiàn)T941 g多態(tài)性與PD有關(guān)[27]。
CCK是由小腸黏膜I細(xì)胞釋放的一種肽類激素,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCK也存在于腦和周圍神經(jīng)之中,且在腦內(nèi)含量最為豐富。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCK 系統(tǒng)在PD的發(fā)病機(jī)理中扮演著重要的角色,如CCK-4能誘發(fā)驚恐發(fā)作。Koefoed發(fā)現(xiàn)CCK基因的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)(-36C>T,rs1799923)變異和內(nèi)含子1多態(tài)性(IVS1-7C>G,rs754635)對(duì)PD有保護(hù)效應(yīng)[28]。CCK受體有CCKA和B受體兩種類型,Miyasaka在日本的樣本中發(fā)現(xiàn)CCK-AR(-81A/G,-128 g/T基因多態(tài)性可能與PD有關(guān)[29]。Ise的一項(xiàng)小樣本病例對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCK-ARPst基因多態(tài)性與PD無關(guān)[30]。
ACE又稱激肽酶Ⅱ或肽基-羧基肽酶,屬血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞膜結(jié)合酶,由肽的C端將氨基酸切為兩段變換而來,可使肽鏈C端二肽殘基水解。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ACE可降低P物質(zhì),而P物質(zhì)與焦慮相關(guān)的行為相關(guān),因此許多學(xué)者對(duì)ACE與PD進(jìn)行了關(guān)聯(lián)分析。Gulec-Yllmaz對(duì)43例PD患者與41例健康受試進(jìn)行病例對(duì)照研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)ACE基因有一個(gè)插入和缺失基因多態(tài)性I/D與PD的發(fā)病有關(guān),在D組攜帶有更多的I等位基因,同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了I/D多態(tài)性與呼吸系統(tǒng)類型的PD發(fā)生有關(guān),即攜帶D等位基因增加呼吸系統(tǒng)類型的PD發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在相關(guān)分析中分析發(fā)現(xiàn)D等位基因與PD的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)[32]。Bandelow在德國樣本中發(fā)現(xiàn)男性PD患者攜帶更多的ACE I等位基因[33]。而在一項(xiàng)土耳其的研究中,Bayoglu以123例PD為研究對(duì)象,另以169例年齡匹配的健康人群作為對(duì)照組,通過關(guān)聯(lián)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)ACE I/D多態(tài)性與PD存在關(guān)聯(lián)[34]。
研究中還涉及到其他基因,如在Buttenschon的病例對(duì)照研究中,通過對(duì)去甲腎上腺素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體基因21個(gè)單核苷酸進(jìn)行了分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)去甲腎上腺素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體基因?yàn)镻D的候選基因[35]。Otowa等學(xué)者均未發(fā)現(xiàn)腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(rs6265、rs11030104和rs7103411)多態(tài)性與PD存在關(guān)聯(lián)[36]。Hansson發(fā)現(xiàn)前促生長(zhǎng)激素釋放多肽原基因rs4684677多態(tài)性也許會(huì)增加PD的發(fā)生[37]。Annerbrink對(duì)215例PD患者進(jìn)行了研究,與405例對(duì)照組相比,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)下丘腦分泌素1受體Ile408Val基因多態(tài)性在基因型及等位基因頻率方面均未存在差異,而下丘腦分泌素2受體Val308Iso基因多態(tài)性的Iso等位基因頻率多于對(duì)照組[38]。
上述研究雖然為PD的遺傳學(xué)提供了重要的線索,但研究結(jié)果不盡一致,甚至部分結(jié)果相互矛盾,這可能與樣本量大小、研究設(shè)計(jì)的差異、候選基因的選擇、性別、種族及人群遺傳異質(zhì)性等多方面原因有關(guān),但我們認(rèn)為更大的局限性在于絕大多數(shù)研究仍只停留在分析單一基因某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)與疾病關(guān)系的單一病因思路上,而忽略了多個(gè)微效基因與特定環(huán)境因素存在的復(fù)雜相互作用。近年來,大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為諸多精神疾病均是由遺傳和環(huán)境因素共同作用的結(jié)果,因此,要明確基因?qū)τ赑D的影響必需結(jié)合環(huán)境因素,通過這些環(huán)境因素與遺傳易感基因相結(jié)合,對(duì)PD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展是促使還是起著保護(hù)作用?未來仍需要進(jìn)一步的研究。
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The research progress of molecular genetics in panic disorder
ZOU Zhi-li,ZHOU Bo
R749.5
B
1672-6170(2015)04-0164-04
2014-10-22;
2015-01-05)