徐偉豪,郭文杰,盧才義,楊庭樹*
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出院后停用他汀類藥物治療會(huì)增加老年急性心肌梗死患者遠(yuǎn)期死亡率:739例分析
徐偉豪1,郭文杰2,盧才義2,楊庭樹1*
(解放軍總醫(yī)院:1南樓臨床部心血管內(nèi)科,2心血管內(nèi)科,北京 100853)
探討老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者出院后終止他汀類藥物治療對(duì)其遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響。對(duì)解放軍總醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科2010年1月至2010年12月期間確診為AMI并行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)且符合入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的老年患者739例進(jìn)行出院后隨訪。根據(jù)患者出院后1年內(nèi)是否終止他汀類藥物治療將其分為終止他汀類藥物治療組(=178)和未終止他汀類藥物治療組(=561),比較兩組患者遠(yuǎn)期全因死亡率和心源性死亡率的差異。對(duì)患者隨訪4年后發(fā)現(xiàn),終止他汀類藥物治療的患者有更高的全因死亡率(21.4%13.9%,HR=1.62,95%CI:1.04~2.85,=0.008)和心源性死亡率(14.5%8.1%,HR=1.98,95%CI:1.26~3.64,=0.002)。老年AMI患者出院后終止他汀類藥物治療會(huì)顯著增加其遠(yuǎn)期死亡率,因此在患者出院前以及臨床隨訪的過程中均需要對(duì)其他汀類藥物的用藥情況進(jìn)行有效的教育和嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)督,以期改善此類患者的遠(yuǎn)期生存情況。
老年人;急性心肌梗死;他汀類藥物;預(yù)后
當(dāng)今社會(huì)人口老齡化情況日趨嚴(yán)重,老年患者心血管疾病的發(fā)病率和死亡率也越來越高。在美國(guó),因急性心肌梗死(acute myocardium infarction,AMI)住院的患者中年齡>65歲的老年患者約占患病總?cè)藬?shù)的60%[1]。如何提高老年AMI患者的生存率已經(jīng)引起越來越多的臨床醫(yī)師的重視。既往研究表明,心肌梗死患者出院后繼續(xù)他汀類藥物降脂治療可以改善其遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后[2?4]。但是,也有研究指出,需要連續(xù)服用他汀類藥物1~2年,才有可能達(dá)到其最大的治療效果[5]。不充分的他汀類藥物治療(如患者自行終止他汀類藥物治療或間斷性的治療)并不能達(dá)到最優(yōu)的治療效果[6?10]。本研究旨在探討老年AMI患者出院后終止他汀類藥物治療對(duì)其遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響,并對(duì)影響他汀類藥物依從性的因素進(jìn)行分析。
收集解放軍總醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科2010年1月至2010年12月期間因AMI住院并行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治療的老年患者(≥65歲)的臨床資料,最終入選739例患者,其中男性537例,女性202例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)住院期間死亡;(2)出院后1年內(nèi)死亡;(3)出院時(shí)醫(yī)師未給予他汀類藥物處方;(4)臨床數(shù)據(jù)資料不完整。
依據(jù)患者出院后1年內(nèi)是否存在終止他汀類藥物治療將患者分為兩組,終止他汀類藥物治療組(=178)和未終止他汀類藥物治療組(=561)。終止他汀類藥物治療定義為患者出院后3個(gè)月內(nèi)因?yàn)槟撤N原因停用他汀類藥物。未終止他汀類藥物治療定義為出院后1年內(nèi)仍規(guī)律、連續(xù)服用他汀類藥物。
選取全因死亡為主要終點(diǎn)事件,心源性死亡為次要終點(diǎn)事件。自患者出院起1年內(nèi)第3、6及12個(gè)月進(jìn)行隨訪,之后每年隨訪1次。以2014年12月為截止日期對(duì)全部739例患者進(jìn)行隨訪,隨訪內(nèi)容包括是否死亡、死亡原因(心源性死亡或其他原因?qū)е碌乃劳觯┖蜕鏁r(shí)間。隨訪方法包括我院門診或住院復(fù)查、電話隨訪和郵寄隨訪表進(jìn)行隨訪。
兩組患者臨床基線資料單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,與未終止他汀類藥物治療組比較,終止他汀類藥物治療組血肌鈣蛋白Ⅰ峰值、肌酸激酶同工酶峰值、心房利鈉肽、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白的水平更高(均<0.05)。在既往患病史方面,終止他汀類藥物治療組中腦血管病的患者更多(<0.05),而未終止他汀類藥物治療組外周血管病的患者更多(<0.05)。終止他汀類藥物治療組在出院后口服血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制類藥物的患者數(shù)高于未終止他汀類藥物治療患者(<0.05),而口服血管緊張素受體阻斷類藥物的患者數(shù)要低于未終止他汀類藥物治療患者(<0.05)。兩組患者其他方面比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均>0.05;表1)。
兩組患者心血管造影資料單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,終止他汀類藥物治療組患者平均支架長(zhǎng)度比未終止他汀類藥物治療組患者更長(zhǎng)(<0.05)。兩組患者其他方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均>0.05;表2)。
隨訪患者中共死亡114例,其中心源性死亡77例。由于存在失訪患者,不能直接計(jì)算死亡率,依據(jù)壽命表法算得全部患者隨訪期間全因死亡率為15.8%,心源性死亡率為9.6%。終止他汀類藥物治療組的的全因死亡率和心源性死亡率均高于未終止他汀類藥物治療組(分別為21.4%13.9%,<0.05;14.5%8.1%,<0.05)。采用Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析終止他汀類藥物治療對(duì)終點(diǎn)事件的影響,校正混雜因素后,結(jié)果表明終止他汀類藥物治療能夠增加全因死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:1.62,95%CI:1.04~2.85,=0.008)和心源性死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:1.98,95%CI:1.26~3.64,=0.002;圖1,圖2)。
本研究中終止他汀類藥物治療的患者共178例(24.1%),采用多因素logistic回歸模型對(duì)影響他汀類藥物依從性的因素進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)他汀類藥物依從性產(chǎn)生不利影響的因素包括年齡>75歲、出現(xiàn)藥物不良反應(yīng)、既往腎病史、血肌酐水平異常、低收入水平、高受教育水平、心力衰竭患者;對(duì)他汀類藥物依從性能夠產(chǎn)生有利影響的因素包括既往心肌梗死病史和出院前進(jìn)行治療咨詢(表3)。
截至2014年12月,共隨訪739例患者,男537例(72.7%),女202例(27.3%),年齡65~87(69.9±5.7)歲。隨訪時(shí)間為12~48(45.5±7.3)個(gè)月。在最近1次隨訪中,因不能來院復(fù)診或已經(jīng)死亡而采用電話隨訪的共計(jì)502例,信函隨訪、來我院住院和門診復(fù)查的患者共237例,分別占本次隨訪研究樣本總例數(shù)的67.9%、14.1%和18.0%。隨訪患者中,失訪37例,失訪率為5.0%。
表1 兩組患者臨床基線資料比較
BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; CVD: cerebral vascular disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non ST-elevation myocardial infarction; Scr: serum creatinine; TnI: troponinⅠ; CK-MB: creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme; BNP: brain-type natriuretic peptide; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker
表2 兩組患者造影基線資料比較
LMT: left main trunk; LAD: left anterior descending branch; LCX: left circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery
圖1 全因死亡累積發(fā)生率
Figure 1 Cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality of two groups
AMI: acute myocardium infarction. Compared with continued statin therapy group,*=0.015
圖2 心源性死亡累積發(fā)生率
Figure 2 Cumulative incidence of cardiac mortality of two groups
AMI: acute myocardium infarction. Compared with continued statin therapy group,*=0.013
表3 終止他汀類藥物治療原因的多因素分析
Scr: serum creatinine.*Low income: monthly income lower than RMB 1 000/month; Highly educated: college or above education level
本研究主要探討老年AMI患者出院后終止他汀類藥物治療對(duì)遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響。結(jié)果顯示,老年AMI患者出院后1年內(nèi)中止他汀類藥物治療的比例為24.1%;年齡>75歲、出現(xiàn)藥物不良反應(yīng)、既往腎病史、血肌酐水平異常、低收入水平、受教育水平較高、心力衰竭患者、既往心肌梗死病史以及出院前進(jìn)行治療咨詢等因素可能會(huì)影響老年AMI患者出院后他汀類藥物的使用;出院后終止他汀類藥物治療增加了老年AMI患者的遠(yuǎn)期死亡率。
他汀類藥物能夠減少既往發(fā)生過心肌梗死的患者再次心肌梗死的發(fā)生率和死亡率[11?14];對(duì)既往無心血管疾病的患者,使用他汀類藥物也能降低其死亡率[13]。在目前AMI患者的臨床診療過程中,臨床醫(yī)師在患者出院時(shí)一般都會(huì)給予他汀類藥物處方。但患者出院之后,其藥物使用情況便不得而知。既往許多研究表明,患者往往在開始他汀類藥物治療后幾個(gè)月內(nèi),因?yàn)榉N種原因而停止了他汀類藥物治療[6?10,15,16]。1篇關(guān)于他汀類藥物依從性的meta分析指出,在他汀類藥物治療開始后的6個(gè)月內(nèi),60%可能會(huì)終止他汀類藥物治療[17]。患者的藥物依從性差,很大程度上會(huì)影響藥物的治療效果。本研究對(duì)可能影響他汀類藥物依從性的因素進(jìn)行多因素分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡>75歲、出現(xiàn)藥物不良反應(yīng)、既往腎病史、血肌酐水平異常、低收入水平、受教育水平較高、心力衰竭患者、既往心肌梗死病史和出院前進(jìn)行治療咨詢等因素都可能會(huì)影響老年AMI患者出院后他汀類藥物的使用。其中高齡、藥物不良反應(yīng)、腎功能差、低收入、心力衰竭病史為藥物依從性較差的常見原因。受教育水平較高的患者出現(xiàn)藥物依從性差可能是由于對(duì)他汀類藥物不良反應(yīng)了解較為全面、過度憂慮藥物不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生所致。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),在患者出院前,由臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)患者進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的治療建議,可以降低出院后患者終止他汀類藥物治療的比例。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年心肌梗死患者出院后3個(gè)月內(nèi)中止他汀類藥物治療組與堅(jiān)持他汀類藥物治療組比較,其第4年的全因死亡率和心源性死亡率均顯著升高。Heeschen等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),既往服用他汀類藥物的患者因急性冠脈綜合征入院時(shí),若此時(shí)即停止他汀類藥物治療,其預(yù)后較繼續(xù)他汀類藥物治療的患者差。Kim等[19]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在AMI患者出院后1年內(nèi),發(fā)生過停止他汀類藥物治療的行為,不管之后是否繼續(xù)服藥,其遠(yuǎn)期全因死亡率和心源性死亡率均升高,而非致死性心肌梗死、再血管化、腦卒中的發(fā)生率沒有顯著改變。終止他汀類藥物治療導(dǎo)致不良心血管事件增加的具體機(jī)制目前仍未被完全了解。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,終止他汀類藥物治療可能會(huì)造成血管粥樣斑塊部位炎癥過程的反彈,其具體機(jī)制也尚未被完全揭示[20,21]。
本研究結(jié)果提示臨床工作者需重視AMI患者出院后的他汀類藥物使用情況,并對(duì)常見的可能影響他汀類藥物依從性的因素采取干預(yù)措施,這樣才能更好地改善心肌梗死患者的預(yù)后。在參考本研究結(jié)果時(shí),一些不足之處應(yīng)予以注意:首先,本研究為觀察性非隨機(jī)回顧性單中心研究,混雜因素多,結(jié)果會(huì)有偏倚;其次,本研究未對(duì)再發(fā)心肌梗死、再發(fā)心絞痛或再次血運(yùn)重建等指標(biāo)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行研究,以后的研究中應(yīng)對(duì)此進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析,以幫助臨床工作者全面了解終止他汀類藥物治療所帶來的不利影響。
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(編輯: 劉子琪)
Post-discharge statin withdrawal increase long-term mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: analysis of 739 cases
XU Wei-Hao1, GUO Wen-Jie2, LU Cai-Yi2, YANG Ting-Shu1*
(1Department of Geriatric Cardiology,2Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)
To determine the impact of post-discharge statin withdrawal on the long-term prognosis in the elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).A retrospective follow-up study was carried out on the elderly patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treatment due to AMI in the Department of Cardiology of our hospital from January 2010 to December 2010. A total of 739 patients were recruited in this study, and divided into 2 groups on the basis of statin withdrawal history: statin withdrawal group (=178) and continued statin therapy group (=561). The incidences of long-term all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality were compared between the 2 groups.After 4 years’ follow-up, the statin withdrawal group had significantly higher all-cause mortality (21.4%13.9%, HR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.04?2.85,=0.008), and obvious higher cardiac mortality (14.5%8.1%, HR=1.98, 95%CI: 1.26?3.64,=0.002) when compared with the continued statin therapy group.Post-charge statin withdrawal greatly increases the long-term mortality in the elderly AMI patients after PCI treatment. So, effective education and strict supervision about statin therapy are needed for these elderly patients to improve their long-term survival situation.
elderly; acute myocardial infarction; statin; prognosis
(01Z036)(2010gxjs093).
R541.4; R592
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.10.172
2015?06?11;
2015?07?13
“十五”全軍醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科研基金課題重點(diǎn)資助項(xiàng)目(01Z036);軍隊(duì)臨床高新技術(shù)重大項(xiàng)目(2010gxjs093)
楊庭樹,E-mail: yangtshu@vip.sina.com