王軍
【摘要】本文以英語專業(yè)綜合英語課程的課文為例說明如何解析英文長句,文章對比了傳統(tǒng)的句子結構分析法,并對如何使用語義分層法做了具體演示。
【關鍵詞】英文長句解析 語義分層法 綜合英語教學
一、前言
在英語專業(yè)的基礎學習中,長句的解析一直是個難點,筆者擬以綜合教程4第7單元The Monster課文為例來說明如何分析和理解長句。
The Monster是Deems Taylor 1937 年所著的一篇傳記式文章,記述德國音樂家瓦格納的生平,以一種欲揚先抑的手法刻畫了一個有著種種劣跡然而又對人類音樂史做出重大貢獻的“怪物”。文章中有很多長句,造成了學生理解的難點。
語義分層法側重于上下文的邏輯聯(lián)系和句子本身的意思,與傳統(tǒng)分析法有本質的區(qū)別。語義分層法的具體步驟為拆分、變形、釋義。拆分、變形(split、transform)即把一個長的復合句拆分變形成若干個簡單句;而釋義(paraphrase)則是用簡單易懂的詞或詞組乃至句子替換原文中難懂的部分。
二、語義分層法實例
簡單句是英文最基礎的語義單位,長句之所以復雜在于其含有多層意思,而理清這些意思的關鍵在于把長句拆分變形成多個簡單句,拆分到最小的語義單位。以下面兩個句子為例。
1.He wrote begging letters by the score,sometimes groveling without shame,at others loftily offering his intended benefactor the privilege of contributing to his support,and being mortally offended if the recipient declined the honor.
這個句子描寫的是瓦格納寫很多封要錢的信,在信中時而表現(xiàn)卑躬屈膝,時而又趾高氣揚,好像給他錢是一種天大的榮耀,而拒絕這種“榮耀”會讓他非常生氣。
第一步:找到主句(該句最主要的意思,一般不用變形)
He wrote begging letters by the score.
第二步:把剩余部分依序拆分變形成5個簡單句:
(1)Sometimes he groveled without shame;
(2)At others he loftily offered his intended benefactor the privilege;
(3)The privilege is to contribute to his support;
(4)He was mortally offended;
(5)The recipient declined the honor.
第三步:用簡單易懂的詞或詞組乃至句子釋義
(1)He wrote begging letters (letters asking for money) by the score (a lot of)
(2)Sometimes he groveled (humbled himself) without shame
(3)At others he loftily (proudly) offered his intended benefactor (possible supporter) the privilege (rights,“honor”)
(4)The privilege is to contribute to his support (lend him the money)
(5)He was mortally offended (very angry)
(6)The recipient (letter receivers) declined (refused) the honor (requirement,demand)
第四步:重組
Paraphrase: He wrote a lot of letters to ask for money,sometimes he behaved very humbly in the letters,at other times he was very proud as if hes giving people the “honor” to lend him the money.If others refused,he would be very angry.
2.It is a matter of being dumb with wonder that his poor brain and body didnt burst under the torment of the demon of creative energy that lived inside him,struggling,clawing,scratching to be released; tearing,shrieking at him to write the music that was in him.
這個句子寫的是人們被一個奇跡驚呆了,那就是在創(chuàng)造力之魔的折磨下,瓦的腦袋和身體居然沒爆炸。這個長句依序可以拆分(變形)成7個簡單句:
(1)It is a matter of being dumb with (overwhelmed with) wonder.(主句)
(2)His poor brain and body didnt burst (explode) under the torment (torture) of the demon (devil,monster);
(3)The demon is his creative energy;
(4)The demon lived inside him;
(5)The demon struggled,clawed (scratched),scratched to be released;
(6)The demon torn him and shrieked at (screamed at) him to write the music;
(7)The music was in him.Paraphrase: It is a matter of being overwhelmed with wonder that he didnt explode under the torture of the devil of his creative energy.The creative energy was inside him and struggled to get out.It torn him and screamed at him to write the music within.
三、結語
綜上所述,語義分層法(也可叫做拆分變形釋義法)可以有效地幫助我們理解英文長句,不過使用者要具備以下條件:
1.要對長句的可拆分性有信心,有耐心;
2.具備基礎的語法知識特別是對英語簡單句的基本句型熟悉,找得到主句;
3.了解基本的意群分層標志(markers)如:that,who 等關系代詞,and,but等并列或轉折連接處,后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處如of,–ing結構,特殊標點符號如分號等等。
參考文獻:
[1]程存熹.英語長句,難句的分析和翻譯[J].外語學刊,1989,(1):52.