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microRNA調(diào)節(jié)顳下頜骨關(guān)節(jié)炎軟骨退變的機(jī)制

2015-05-30 22:27:21劉發(fā)元翁霞萍林平冬邵翔陳后煌馬玉環(huán)葉蕻芝李西海
關(guān)鍵詞:內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)下頜線粒體

劉發(fā)元 翁霞萍 林平冬 邵翔 陳后煌 馬玉環(huán) 葉蕻芝 李西海

【摘 要】 顳下頜骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的確切發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,軟骨退變?yōu)槠浠静±砀淖儯⑿NA(micro RNA)在軟骨退變中起重要的調(diào)控作用?;陲D下頜骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的基本病理,文章從軟骨退變密切相關(guān)的軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡、軟骨細(xì)胞自噬和軟骨細(xì)胞代謝探討micro RNA調(diào)節(jié)顳下頜骨關(guān)節(jié)炎軟骨退變的可能作用機(jī)制,旨在為顳下頜骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的研究和防治提供新的思路。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 骨關(guān)節(jié)炎,顳下頜;micro RNA;軟骨退變;軟骨細(xì)胞;機(jī)制;探討

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4174.2015.05.015

顳下頜骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)紊亂的一種常見(jiàn)類型,常累及整個(gè)顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)組織,導(dǎo)致顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙及嚴(yán)重疼痛的慢性退行性骨關(guān)節(jié)疾病[1-2]。因顳下頜OA的確切發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,目前主要以對(duì)癥治療為主,缺乏有效控制和阻止本病進(jìn)展的方法。隨著基因網(wǎng)絡(luò)的深入研究,微小RNA(micro RNA)調(diào)控途徑廣泛,在顳下頜OA的病理過(guò)程發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)控作用[3]。以起始調(diào)控基因micro RNA為切入點(diǎn),探討其調(diào)節(jié)軟骨退變的機(jī)制,并探索延緩或阻止顳下頜OA軟骨退變的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),可為顳下頜OA的防治及研究提供一個(gè)新平臺(tái)。

1 micro RNA的生物學(xué)功能

micro RNA是一類內(nèi)源性、非編碼蛋白質(zhì)的單鏈小RNA家族,在細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、分化和器官的發(fā)育過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用,約30%的mRNA受micro RNA調(diào)節(jié)[4-6]。含有莖環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的micro RNA前體(長(zhǎng)約70個(gè)核苷酸),經(jīng)核酸內(nèi)切酶III(Dicer)切割后成為成熟的單鏈非編碼RNA分子(長(zhǎng)約21~23個(gè)核苷酸),5′端為單磷酸基,3′端為羥基,通過(guò)結(jié)合到靶基因mRNAs的3′-UTR非翻譯區(qū)域,導(dǎo)致mRNA降解,抑制蛋白質(zhì)翻譯[7]。

2 顳下頜OA軟骨退變的機(jī)制

軟骨退變是顳下頜OA發(fā)病的根本,也是啟動(dòng)其病理進(jìn)程的首要因素,軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡在軟骨退變過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)控作用[8-9]。軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡主要有線粒體凋亡、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)性死亡和死亡受體凋亡,而軟骨細(xì)胞自噬在抑制軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡啟動(dòng)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵的調(diào)控作用[10]。顳下頜OA產(chǎn)生大量炎癥因子,炎癥因子介導(dǎo)軟骨基質(zhì)降解,導(dǎo)致軟骨細(xì)胞代謝失衡,從而加劇軟骨退變,在顳下頜OA的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵的作用[11-12]。

3 micro RNA調(diào)節(jié)顳下頜OA軟骨退變的可能機(jī)制

3.1 micro RNA調(diào)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡 細(xì)胞凋亡分為細(xì)胞內(nèi)的線粒體凋亡、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)性死亡及細(xì)胞外的死亡受體凋亡。線粒體凋亡處于凋亡的中心調(diào)控地位,功能障礙時(shí)導(dǎo)致各種凋亡因子的釋放,引起軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)通過(guò)激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激感受蛋白(PEAK、ATF-6和IRE-1)介導(dǎo)軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡[13-14]。死亡受體與相應(yīng)配體相結(jié)合而被激活,經(jīng)過(guò)下游系列信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),逐級(jí)激活起半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡,其中FasL-Fas-FADD蛋白互為天然配體,為細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的典型代表,是介導(dǎo)凋亡的關(guān)鍵因子[15]。miR-34a通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期轉(zhuǎn)變,從而抑制細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡[16-17]。

miR-122參與調(diào)控線粒體代謝功能,miR-210通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)線粒體表型異常和線粒體跨膜電位降低,導(dǎo)致線粒體凋亡[18]。miR-30c通過(guò)靶向負(fù)調(diào)控內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激感受蛋白PERK途徑中的Xbpl的表達(dá)水平,而miR-221與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激重要凋亡因子Chop密切相關(guān),共同調(diào)控內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)性死亡[19-20]。FADD是miR-155的靶基因之一,miR-155特異性結(jié)合于FADD mRNA 3′UTR,促進(jìn)RNA誘導(dǎo)沉默復(fù)合體(RNA-Induced silencing complex,RISC)形成,使FADD mRNA降解,進(jìn)而減少軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡。

3.2 micro RNA調(diào)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞自噬 自噬在維持軟骨細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)及促進(jìn)軟骨細(xì)胞生存方面發(fā)揮重要作用,是軟骨細(xì)胞的保護(hù)或平衡機(jī)制。調(diào)控自噬的相關(guān)基因相互作用,參與自噬體的形成,Atg1(哺乳動(dòng)物ULK2同系物)、Atg13(哺乳動(dòng)物ULK1同系物)和Atg17構(gòu)成的ULK復(fù)合體參與自噬的誘導(dǎo)過(guò)程,mTOR是此過(guò)程重要的負(fù)調(diào)控基因[21]。Atg12由Atg7激活后轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至Atg10,最后與Atg5結(jié)合形成自噬體前體,Atg12-Atg5-Atg16復(fù)合物與自噬體外膜結(jié)合促進(jìn)自噬體伸展擴(kuò)張,哺乳動(dòng)物自噬標(biāo)記蛋白Beclin1參與自噬體膜形成過(guò)程[22]。LC3在自噬體形成中起關(guān)鍵作用,LC3前體首先加工成胞質(zhì)可溶性形式LC3-I,經(jīng)Atg7活化后轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至Atg3,被修飾成膜結(jié)合形式LC3-II。miR-106b和miR-20a通過(guò)抑制ULK1表達(dá),miR-885則靶向抑制ULK2表達(dá),從誘導(dǎo)環(huán)節(jié)阻礙自噬發(fā)生[23-24]。miR-181a通過(guò)下調(diào)Atg5,使Atg12-Atg5-Atg16復(fù)合物形成受阻;miR-101阻止Atg12-Atg5結(jié)合從而抑制自噬[25]。miR-30a既抑制上游自噬蛋白表達(dá),阻斷過(guò)度的自噬,又抑制Beclin-1形成,導(dǎo)致自噬功能下降[26]。miR-375通過(guò)下調(diào)Atg7,從而抑制LC3-I活化,而miR-204直接抑制LC3-I活化,使自噬功能下降,導(dǎo)致軟骨細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡,引起細(xì)胞凋亡[27]。

3.3 micro RNA調(diào)節(jié)軟骨基質(zhì)代謝 軟骨基質(zhì)主要由蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型膠原組成,在維持軟骨細(xì)胞功能中發(fā)揮重要作用。軟骨基質(zhì)合成與降解酶系統(tǒng)平衡紊亂,引起軟骨細(xì)胞功能障礙,促進(jìn)軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡,從而導(dǎo)致軟骨退變。OA時(shí),軟骨分解代謝因子蛋白多糖酶(a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs,ADAMTs)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)促進(jìn)軟骨基質(zhì)中蛋白多糖和II型膠原破壞、降解,導(dǎo)致軟骨退變,其中ADAMT-5和MMP-13是導(dǎo)致軟骨基質(zhì)降解的重要水解酶[28]。MMPs受腫瘤壞死因子受體相關(guān)因子6(TNF receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6)和白細(xì)胞介素-1受體相關(guān)激酶1(IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1,IRAK1)調(diào)控。miR-199a通過(guò)抑制蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型膠原表達(dá),直接促進(jìn)軟骨退變;miR-140在軟骨發(fā)育和維持軟骨正常代謝過(guò)程中起重要作用,通過(guò)下調(diào)ADAMT-5表達(dá),抑制軟骨退變[29]。miR-27a間接上調(diào)MMP-13的表達(dá),促進(jìn)軟骨退變,miR-146a/b通過(guò)下調(diào)TRAF6和IRAK1表達(dá)發(fā)揮抑制炎癥反應(yīng)作用,負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)MMP-13表達(dá),抑制軟骨基質(zhì)降解[30-31]。

綜上所述,micro RNA作為調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)的一類小RNA分子,可能通過(guò)調(diào)控軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡、軟骨細(xì)胞自噬、軟骨基質(zhì)代謝發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)OA軟骨退變的作用。深入起始調(diào)控基因及其靶點(diǎn)的研究,以體外培養(yǎng)軟骨細(xì)胞或OA動(dòng)物模型為研究對(duì)象,運(yùn)用基因芯片篩選micro RNA差異表達(dá),借助RNA干擾技術(shù),可為基因的靶向治療、藥物的機(jī)制研究提供更有針對(duì)性的研究平臺(tái)。

4 參考文獻(xiàn)

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收稿日期:2015-01-04;修回日期:2015-02-17

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