李順發(fā)

一個(gè)句子必須表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的、前后語意一致的意思。如果把不相干的意思放在一個(gè)句子里或一個(gè)句子表達(dá)不完整，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)邏輯問題。句子無論長短，在安排上要合乎邏輯，銜接自然，使句內(nèi)語意關(guān)系明確。而同學(xué)們?cè)诹?xí)作過程中常出現(xiàn)懸垂修飾語、指代不明、缺少過渡詞語、非平行結(jié)構(gòu)和語意不完整的分割句等錯(cuò)誤。例如：

誤： Being an honest man， Tom worked very hard.

正： Being an honest man， Tom never tells a lie.

誤： Liu Hua is a kind-hearted girl. She will be successful in anything she tries.

正： As she has a strong will and confidence in herself， Liu Hua may be successful in anything she tries.

誤： Rose is in love with John， John is in love with Mary.

正： Rose is in love with John， but John is in love with Mary.

書面表達(dá)中主要不一致的錯(cuò)誤有以下幾大類：

一、比較對(duì)象不一致

在英語的比較句型中，兩個(gè)待比較的對(duì)象應(yīng)具有可比性，這也就是語法上說的比較對(duì)象的一致性問題。有的同學(xué)在進(jìn)行英語寫作時(shí)，經(jīng)常忽略這個(gè)一致性問題，從而寫出一些不符合英語習(xí)慣的句子。

誤：The population of China is much larger than Japan.

正：The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.

點(diǎn)撥 ?the population of China應(yīng)與the population of Japan比較，而不能與Japan比較，即誤句主要錯(cuò)在比較對(duì)象不一致。在組織此類句子時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，正句中的the population of China用that of China代替。

誤：The style of the new building is different from the old one.

正：The style of the new building is different from that of the old one.

正：The new building is different from the old one in style.

點(diǎn)撥 ?用different表示比較時(shí)，也要注重比較對(duì)象的一致性。就本題而言，新的style應(yīng)與舊的style比，或新的building與舊的building比，而不能將兩者混在一起。

二、主謂不一致

在英語中，句子的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須一致。由于受漢語的影響，許多同學(xué)在寫作時(shí)經(jīng)常忽略句子的主謂一致關(guān)系，從而造成錯(cuò)誤。

誤：Anyone can borrow the books， and it cost nothing to borrow them.

正：Anyone can borrow the books and it costs nothing to borrow them.

點(diǎn)撥 ?第一個(gè)分句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故第二個(gè)分句中的動(dòng)詞cost不可能是動(dòng)詞的過去式，且由于句子主語是it，故謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的單數(shù)形式costs，而不能用cost。

誤：He as well as his parents have been to the Great Wall.

正：He as well as his parents has been to the Great Wall.

點(diǎn)撥 ?當(dāng)作主語的名詞或代詞后有as well as， in addition to， including， with， along with， together with， but， except等引導(dǎo)的成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)仍由前面的主語決定。如：My English teacher together with his family is from England.

誤：Not only John but also I are going to Shanghai next week.

正：Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.

點(diǎn)撥 ?在由not only ... but also ...， not just ...but ...， or， either ... or ...， neither ... nor ...連接主語的句子中及在there be句型中，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)按就近原則處理，即按與謂語動(dòng)詞最靠近的那個(gè)主語來確定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Neither you nor she is a teacher.

三、單復(fù)數(shù)不一致

名詞有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)之分，而可數(shù)名詞又有單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)之區(qū)別。在英語寫作中，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)也是許多同學(xué)經(jīng)常忽略的一個(gè)問題。

誤：On the way home I took a lot of picture because since the scenery was so beautiful. Ill have them developed this afternoon.

正：On the way home I took a lot of pictures because the scenery was so beautiful. Ill have them developed this afternoon.

點(diǎn)撥 ?take picture中的picture為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)下文中的them可知，此處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式pictures。

誤：He has been working so hard recently that he has got good mark in all his subjects.

正：He has been working so hard recently that he has got good marks in all his subjects.

點(diǎn)撥 ?從后面的subjects來看，mark應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，說的是在各科考試中都取得了好成績。

四、非謂語形式不一致

動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式一直是英語學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，而動(dòng)詞非謂語形式的一致性問題更是許多同學(xué)經(jīng)常忽略的一個(gè)問題。

誤：To know what is good and doing what is right are two different things.

正：To know what is good and to do what is right are two different things.

點(diǎn)撥 ?由and連接的兩部分為并列主語，前一部分用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，后一部分也應(yīng)用相同的結(jié)構(gòu)。

誤：Fishing is his favourite hobby， and to collect coins is also his hobby.

正：Fishing is his favourite hobby， and collecting coins is also his hobby.

點(diǎn)撥 誤句的問題就在于句子不平行（不一致），因?yàn)閍nd前后都為句子，按英語習(xí)慣其結(jié)構(gòu)形式應(yīng)該一致。

五、代詞不一致

代詞一致的問題主要存在于性別一致、數(shù)的一致（單復(fù)數(shù)問題）和代詞的格等方面。

誤：There are forty students in our class， and thirty of them are boys.

正：There are forty students in our class， and thirty of us are boys.

點(diǎn)撥 從前一分句可看出，本句談?wù)摰氖恰拔覀儼唷钡那闆r，故后一分句也應(yīng)用第一人稱。

誤：Once one has money， we can do what he wants （to do）.

正：Once one has money， he can do what he wants （to do）.

點(diǎn)撥 誤句中前面提到的是one has money，后面又有what he wants，we與前后代詞不一致，故應(yīng)改為he。

六、搭配不一致

搭配不一致主要指句中的固定搭配應(yīng)保持完整并與上下文一致。

誤：He worked so hard as he could catch up with his classmates.

正：He worked so hard that he could catch up with his classmates.

點(diǎn)撥 從固定形式上看，有so ... as ...， so ... that ...等。但從句意上看，此處應(yīng)該用so ... that ...，才能保持句意及結(jié)構(gòu)的一致。

誤：I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow.

正：I was so tired that I fell asleep the moment my head touched the pillow.

點(diǎn)撥 此處the moment是名詞作連詞，表示“一……就……”，前面不能加at。

七、邏輯主語不一致

按英語習(xí)慣，當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語保持一致，否則便會(huì)造成錯(cuò)誤。

誤：After reading the letter， tears ran down his cheeks.

正：After he read the letter， tears ran down his cheeks.

正：After reading the letter， he burst into tears.

點(diǎn)撥 ?after引導(dǎo)動(dòng)名詞作狀語時(shí)，要注重其邏輯主語與句子主語保持一致。

誤：Given more time， the work could have been done better.

正：Given more time， we could have done the work better.

點(diǎn)撥 ?在上句中，given是give（給）的過去分詞，given more time是過去分詞短語，在句中用作狀語，表示條件，相當(dāng)于If we had been given more time。按照英語語法，分詞短語用作狀語，它的邏輯主語必須與句子主語保持一致。

八、句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系不清

誤：It hit the old man down but the driver， a woman， didnt stop her car. ?Finding she had caused an accident， the woman sped her car to flee away. The old man and I saw the cars number. Its AC864. The old man couldnt move， I decided to help him.

正：It hit the old man down but the driver， who was a woman， didnt stop her car. Finding she had caused an accident， the woman sped her car to flee away. Fortunately， I saw the cars number. Its AC864. Noticing the old man couldnt move， I decided to help him.