王海櫻
縱觀新課標(biāo)下各省幾年來(lái)的高考完形題型,廣東省可說(shuō)是獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟。完形填空的考察分兩部分,即不僅有我們傳統(tǒng)意義上的“四選一”,還有自創(chuàng)的一種稱(chēng)為語(yǔ)法填空的新題型。題干要求如下:閱讀短文,按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法性和上下文連貫的要求,在空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號(hào)中詞語(yǔ)的正確形式填空。雖然新題型的出現(xiàn)給本省學(xué)生拿分帶來(lái)了挑戰(zhàn),但同時(shí)卻給我們其他各省的學(xué)生帶來(lái)探索做題方法的契機(jī)。那么我們?cè)撊绾卫么诵骂}型做好完形填空題,提高得分率呢?
一、完形填空的命題特征
1.文章難度并不大,但涉及范圍廣。文章長(zhǎng)度一般為300詞左右。
2.文章內(nèi)容以情景意義選擇為主,語(yǔ)法選擇填空為輔。
3.短文內(nèi)容邏輯性強(qiáng),文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),層次分明。
4.單詞填空為主,短語(yǔ)或詞組的整體填空為輔。
5.邏輯性強(qiáng),實(shí)詞為主,虛詞為輔。
6.保留提示句。
二、讀全文,領(lǐng)大意
在我看來(lái),完形填空是少了20個(gè)詞的一篇不完整的文章,盡管如此依然有它一定的主題思想,段落之間必然承上啟下,前呼后應(yīng),句與句之間也一定緊密相連,形成一個(gè)整體。因此通讀全文時(shí)要一氣呵成,不要中斷思路,大概能了解短文的大意即可。但同時(shí)在第一遍通讀是要特別注意文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾,因?yàn)樗鼈兡芴峁┲匾男畔ⅲ瑤椭私馊乃龅氖录蛭恼碌闹行淖h題。這是做好完形填空的第一步。
三、棄選項(xiàng),盲填空
在學(xué)生完成第一步通讀全文后,我們可實(shí)施此策略。就是讓學(xué)生根據(jù)自身的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)能力水平,不借助選空的選項(xiàng),自行猜測(cè)所缺失的目標(biāo)詞,并且填充出自己認(rèn)可的答案。以下則是我們?cè)趯?shí)際操作中的一個(gè)范例:
We were standing at the top of a church tower.My father had brought me to this place in a small Italian town not far from our home in Rome.I wondered ___1___.
“___2___down, Elsa,”Father said.I gathered all my courage and looked down.I saw the ___3____in the center of the village.And I saw the crisscross of twisting, turning streets leading to the square.“See, my dear,”Father said___4____.“There is ___5____one way to the square.Life is like that.If you cant get to the place where you want to go by one road, __6___ another.”
Now I understood why I was there.Earlier that day I had begged my mother to do something about the __7___ lunches that were served at school.But she ___8___ because she could not believe the lunches were as bad as I said.When I turned to Father for help, he would not say anything.__9___, he brought me to this high tower to give me a lesson.By the time we reached home, I had a ___10___.
At school the next day, I secretly poured my luncheon soup into a bottle and brought it home.Then I talked the __11___ into serving it to Mother at dinner.The plan worked perfectly.She swallowed one spoonful and sputtered, “ The cook must have gone mad!”Quickly I told what I had done, and Mother stated firmly that she would __12____the matter of lunches at school the next day!
In the ___13__ the followed I often remembered the lesson Father taught me.I knew where I wanted to go in life.And __14___the way to my success when I found the road blocked, I would choose to use imagination and wisdom to find another road to my goal.
在嘗試這篇無(wú)選項(xiàng)完形填空時(shí),教師可鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生先獨(dú)立完成,而后小組討論,探討依據(jù),最后由教師歸納總結(jié)所用的解題方法。如:依據(jù)上下文角度,推出前三空所填詞why,look, square; 從常識(shí)和知識(shí)角度,得出第四,五空的答案;從慣用法中看出14題的表述方式;而從詞語(yǔ)角度則能填充 出第六題的try another.最后,依據(jù)語(yǔ)法得出11題所缺的是表示人的一個(gè)名詞。所有這些,看似雜亂無(wú)章,其實(shí)各空均遵循完形填空題主要測(cè)試的角度來(lái)進(jìn)行設(shè)問(wèn)。這一遍初填答案結(jié)束后,學(xué)生應(yīng)該完成了自己心目中的答案,有了自己對(duì)文章的整體猜測(cè)。當(dāng)然,學(xué)生肯定對(duì)自己填出的答案有些還不十分有把握,或留下一些模棱兩可的題和難題沒(méi)有做完。那么,該如何解決呢?接下來(lái)讓我們看下面的策略。
四、查選項(xiàng),挑最佳
學(xué)生根據(jù)自身理解所盲填的選項(xiàng)只能代表自己的理解方向,并不一定就是選項(xiàng)里所出的答案項(xiàng)。因此,還需要學(xué)生把自己的所填詞與被選項(xiàng)詞相匹配,相斟酌,得出最后的最佳答案。比如,上題中的12小題,學(xué)生在初填答案中會(huì)填出多個(gè)答案:solve,deal with, handle, settle 等,這時(shí),學(xué)生就需從備選項(xiàng)中挑出和自填答案一致的選項(xiàng)或相近答案,若與備選項(xiàng)都不一致則需仔細(xì)辨別挑出符合和語(yǔ)境相似的答案。
五、審全文,補(bǔ)遺漏
全部答案選定后,文章完整了,應(yīng)再?gòu)念^至尾讀一遍。這也是最關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn),這就要求細(xì)心檢查每一個(gè)填空處是否有筆誤或疏漏的地方來(lái)調(diào)整答案。
總之,完形填空題雖然是一種難度較大的綜合性題目,但是只要按照正確的步驟進(jìn)行探討,剖析,并經(jīng)過(guò)大量的實(shí)踐,同學(xué)們就能夠做好這類(lèi)題。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(試驗(yàn))[M].人民教學(xué)出版社.2003.
[2]高鳳江.教學(xué)語(yǔ)法的認(rèn)知理?yè)?jù)與英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感培養(yǎng)的互動(dòng)研究[J].21世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)教育.2010.