李法印,徐 峰,張先龍
(江蘇省淮安市第一人民醫(yī)院麻醉科 223300)
論著·臨床研究
500例患兒麻醉后躁動(dòng)的多因素分析
李法印,徐 峰△,張先龍
(江蘇省淮安市第一人民醫(yī)院麻醉科 223300)
目的 分析該院2年500例患兒麻醉手術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生的影響因素。方法 該院ASA分級(jí)為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)的500例患兒,根據(jù)麻醉手術(shù)后蘇醒的躁動(dòng)情況分為躁動(dòng)組和非躁動(dòng)組。對(duì)患兒年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、術(shù)前焦慮分級(jí)、所患疾病種類、ASA分級(jí)、麻醉用藥種類及劑量、插管、麻醉時(shí)間、停藥后患兒蘇醒時(shí)間、患兒蘇醒后躁動(dòng)情況做Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果 500例患兒,術(shù)后躁動(dòng)153例,占總數(shù)的30.6%;Logistic回歸分析得出患兒年齡較大、性別、應(yīng)用氯胺酮等項(xiàng)目回歸系數(shù)為負(fù),患兒體質(zhì)量、術(shù)前焦慮分級(jí)、七氟醚麻醉、插管等項(xiàng)目回歸系數(shù)為正;ROC曲線下面積為0.850。結(jié)論 患兒體質(zhì)量、術(shù)前焦慮分級(jí)、氣管插管、七氟醚麻醉可以增加患兒麻醉手術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率,而患兒年齡較大、女性患兒、應(yīng)用氯胺酮可以減少麻醉手術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率。
兒童;麻醉;躁動(dòng);Logistic回歸
小兒術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率可以高達(dá)80%[1]。一旦術(shù)后躁動(dòng),可引發(fā)諸多意外傷害,這要求臨床醫(yī)生嚴(yán)密監(jiān)護(hù),必要時(shí)采取相應(yīng)的措施控制術(shù)后躁動(dòng)。作者認(rèn)真觀察了本院2年500例手術(shù)麻醉后患兒的躁動(dòng)發(fā)生情況,對(duì)術(shù)后躁動(dòng)原因分析如下。
1.1 一般資料 收集本院2011年5月至2013年5月麻醉患兒,ASA分級(jí)為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),排除嚴(yán)重心血管、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病及手術(shù)當(dāng)日感冒、咳嗽、發(fā)熱患兒后共入選500例。根據(jù)麻醉后蘇醒情況分為躁動(dòng)組和非躁動(dòng)組。分別記錄患兒的年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、術(shù)前焦慮分級(jí)(共4級(jí),1級(jí):患兒熟睡;2級(jí):能夠輕易地與父母分開(kāi),進(jìn)入手術(shù)室;3級(jí):有些焦慮,但在勸說(shuō)的情況下可以帶進(jìn)手術(shù)室;4級(jí):哭鬧,不情愿進(jìn)入手術(shù)室)。手術(shù)類型:(1)疝氣手術(shù);(2)眼科手術(shù);(3)腺樣體肥大手術(shù);(4)小兒燒傷手術(shù);(5)闌尾炎手術(shù);(6)包皮環(huán)切術(shù)。
1.2 麻醉方法 患兒進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后,對(duì)于有嚴(yán)重焦慮情緒的患兒,先輔助吸入七氟醚,待患兒安靜后,再開(kāi)放背靜脈;對(duì)于無(wú)焦慮癥狀患兒,直接開(kāi)放靜脈。按體質(zhì)量使用不同靜脈麻醉藥物,氯胺酮(2 mg/kg)、異丙酚(2 mg/kg)、芬太尼(2~5 μg/kg)、仙林(0.1 mg/kg)等麻醉藥物誘導(dǎo)后,做氣管插管,異丙酚持續(xù)泵入(6~8 mg·kg-1·min-1)或吸入七氟醚(2%~3%)維持麻醉,術(shù)中根據(jù)手術(shù)刺激情況酌情加入芬太尼或者肌肉松弛藥物,以增加麻醉深度。小手術(shù)如不需插管,則不用肌肉松弛藥,保留自主呼吸,吸氧。手術(shù)過(guò)程中保持小兒心率、血壓平穩(wěn),氧飽和度維持在95%以上。手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí),停止使用麻醉藥物。不使用麻醉催醒藥物,麻醉恢復(fù)室內(nèi)觀察患兒蘇醒情況。
患兒在麻醉恢復(fù)室內(nèi)躁動(dòng)分級(jí)根據(jù)以下評(píng)分進(jìn)行判斷,0級(jí):患兒安靜,對(duì)耳垂刺激無(wú)反應(yīng);1級(jí):患兒安靜,對(duì)耳垂刺激有反應(yīng);2級(jí):患兒清醒,對(duì)言語(yǔ)有主動(dòng)反應(yīng);3級(jí):患兒清醒,能夠感覺(jué)到疼痛及各種不適;4級(jí):患兒哭鬧;5級(jí):患兒哭鬧得厲害,需要采取相應(yīng)的安靜措施。每隔10 min評(píng)定1次患兒躁動(dòng)情況,在恢復(fù)室內(nèi)有1次評(píng)分達(dá)到4級(jí)或5級(jí)時(shí),可判斷為患兒麻醉后躁動(dòng)。記錄患兒麻醉用藥種類及劑量、插管情況、麻醉時(shí)間、停藥后患兒蘇醒時(shí)間、患兒蘇醒后躁動(dòng)情況。
2.1 500例患兒麻醉手術(shù)后躁動(dòng)情況 500例患兒中,術(shù)后發(fā)生躁動(dòng)者153例,占總數(shù)的30.6%;非躁動(dòng)者347例,占總數(shù)的69.4%,見(jiàn)表1。
表1500 例患兒麻醉手術(shù)后躁動(dòng)情況
2.2 兩組患兒一般臨床資料、麻醉藥物及相關(guān)時(shí)間的比較 躁動(dòng)組患兒年齡偏小,體質(zhì)量較輕,與非躁動(dòng)組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患兒麻醉藥物異丙酚、芬太尼使用量、麻醉時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間方面比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
表2 兩組患兒一般臨床資料、麻醉藥物及相關(guān) 時(shí)間的比較
2.3 兩組患兒一般臨床資料及麻醉相關(guān)資料的比較 躁動(dòng)組男性患兒較女性患兒多(P<0.05);患兒術(shù)前焦慮分級(jí)高,術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率也較高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);使用氯胺酮做麻醉誘導(dǎo)患兒術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率較少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);患兒使用肌肉松弛藥物、氣管插管及用七氟醚做麻醉維持,其術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率也較高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。但疾病種類、患兒ASA分級(jí)、術(shù)前用藥對(duì)患兒術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的影響差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 Logistic回歸方程系數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤、OR值及95%可信區(qū)間 患兒年齡、性別、氯胺酮使用方面Logistic回歸系數(shù)為負(fù);體質(zhì)量、術(shù)前焦慮分級(jí)、七氟醚使用、術(shù)前插管方面Logistic回歸系數(shù)為正。OR值95%可信區(qū)間都不包括0,表明參數(shù)有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表4。
表3 兩組患兒一般臨床資料及麻醉相關(guān)資料的比較
表4 Logistic回歸系數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤、OR值及95%可信區(qū)間及ROC值
續(xù)表4 Logistic回歸系數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤、OR值及95%可信區(qū)間及ROC值
Logistic回歸方程為log it(P)=-1.470 0-0.556 2y-0.780 9S+0.097 3kg+0.687 8An-0.445 5K+1.126 9Se+1.101 2I。
患兒術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率較高,術(shù)后缺氧、傷口疼痛、心理恐懼、各種不適均可導(dǎo)致患兒在蘇醒期躁動(dòng)??蓸?lè)定于手術(shù)前使用可以明顯減少術(shù)后躁動(dòng)[2];靜脈注射咪唑安定也可以減少術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生[3];咪唑安定經(jīng)鼻滴入對(duì)術(shù)后躁動(dòng)也有較好的抑制作用[4]。本研究表明在術(shù)前沒(méi)有用這些藥物和方法,患兒術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率為30.6%,如果使用了這些藥物和方法,有可能減少患兒術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率。
七氟醚吸入麻醉有較高術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率[5]。但七氟醚聯(lián)合使用小劑量異丙酚1 mg/kg或芬太尼1 μg/kg可以減少術(shù)后躁動(dòng)[6],麻醉前靜脈注射安定或父母陪同安慰的方法對(duì)七氟醚麻醉引起術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)有抑制作用[7]。本研究表明七氟醚麻醉后,其他研究因素保持不變的條件下,七氟醚吸入麻醉,躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生率較非七氟醚麻醉組發(fā)生率提高3.086倍。
聯(lián)合使用氯胺酮及異丙酚可以減少單獨(dú)使用氯胺酮或者異丙酚的不良反應(yīng)[8],小劑量氯胺酮加上異丙酚可以減少全憑異丙酚靜脈麻醉患兒術(shù)后躁動(dòng)[9],異丙酚靜脈麻醉可減少七氟醚麻醉術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率[10]。小劑量安定、異丙酚、小劑量芬太尼聯(lián)合使用可減少術(shù)后躁動(dòng)[11]。本研究也表明術(shù)前使用小劑量氯胺酮可有效抑制患兒麻醉后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率,其OR值為0.641。在其他影響因素不變時(shí),本研究方法可以使麻醉手術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率減少36%。
學(xué)前兒童較高術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率(43.3%)是由于對(duì)父母依賴[12]。本研究還表明患兒性別、身高與患兒麻醉手術(shù)后躁動(dòng)呈負(fù)相關(guān)性。這可能與年齡較大女性患兒較易交流,能較好適應(yīng)麻醉手術(shù)后各種不適。本研究表明,排除其他影響因素下,容易焦慮兒童發(fā)生躁動(dòng)概率是非焦慮兒童的1.989倍。另外,做氣管插管患兒其OR值為3.008,這表明麻醉時(shí)氣管插管患兒,更容易有不適感,特別是插管致喉頭部位刺激,能增加躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率。
ROC曲線下的面積反映診斷系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確性,理論上這一指標(biāo)的取值范圍為0.5~1,完全無(wú)價(jià)值的診斷為0.5,完善的診斷為1[13]。本例ROC值為0.850,說(shuō)明本方程準(zhǔn)確性較好。
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The incidence and risk factor for agitation after the general anesthesia from 500 pediatric patients
LiFaying,XuFeng△,ZhangXianlong
(DepartmentofAnaesthesiology,Huai′anFirstPeople′sHospitalAffiliatedtoNJMU,Huai′an,Jiangsu223300,China)
Objective To identify the incidence and risk factors that are associated with agitation after general anesthesia from 500 pediatric patients.Methods Data about any kinds of the index from 500 pediatric patients,ASA Ⅰand Ⅱ,receiving general anesthesia were recorded.such as the age,sex,weight,anxious before the anesthesia,kinds of the disease,class of ASA,kinds and dosage of the anesthesia drug,such as ketamine,propfol,sevoflurane,fentanyl,the intubation,length of anesthesia time,the recovery time and the agitation grade.According to the agitation grade,all the patients divided into two group,the agitation group and the non-agitation group.Logistic regression with a descending stepwise algorithm was performed to identify independent variables.The discriminative power of the Logistic regression model was checked with a receiver operating characteristic curve.Results Agitation meeting the predefined criteria occurred in 153 patients(30.6%).The Logistic analysis identified the following varables to be associated with agitation after the anesthesia:age,sex,weight,anxious before the anesthesia,the use of the ketamine and the sevoflurane,the intubation.The agitation correlation coefficients for the age,sex,and the use of the ketamine were negative,otherwise the weight,anxiety,the use of sevoflurane and the intubation were positive.The area of ROC was 0.850.Conclusion This study contributes to the identification of patients with a high risk for agitation after general anethesia.The index of the age,sex,weight,anxious before the anesthesia,the use of the ketamine and the sevoflurane,the intubation should be comprehensive evaluated.
pediatric;anesthesia;agitation;Logistic regression
李法印(1979-),主治醫(yī)師,本科,主要從事臨床麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛機(jī)制研究?!?/p>
,Tel:13952346702;E-mail:xf169873@126.com。
10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2015.08.024
R614
A
1671-8348(2015)08-1082-03
2014-10-01
2014-12-20)