楊 蕓, 周 坤, 徐衛(wèi)紅*, 江 玲, 王崇力,熊仕娟, 謝文文, 陳 蓉, 熊治庭, 王正銀, 謝德體
(1西南大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,重慶 400715; 2武漢大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,武漢 430079)
外源鐵對(duì)不同品種番茄光合特性、品質(zhì)及鎘積累的影響
楊 蕓1, 周 坤1, 徐衛(wèi)紅1*, 江 玲1, 王崇力1,熊仕娟1, 謝文文1, 陳 蓉1, 熊治庭2, 王正銀1, 謝德體1
(1西南大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,重慶 400715; 2武漢大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,武漢 430079)
鐵鎘交互; 光合特性; 番茄品質(zhì); 鎘累積; 鎘形態(tài)
鎘是生物毒性最強(qiáng)的重金屬,其在環(huán)境中化學(xué)活動(dòng)性強(qiáng),移動(dòng)性大,毒性持久[1-2],土壤中的鎘通過(guò)植物根系吸收和體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)最終在植物可食部分中積累,進(jìn)而通過(guò)食物鏈的富集作用而對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生影響[3]。土壤環(huán)境中的鎘主要來(lái)自工業(yè)廢物排放、污水灌溉、大氣沉降和長(zhǎng)期施用磷肥。隨著我國(guó)工農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,化肥、農(nóng)藥和污泥等的大量施用以及工業(yè)廢水和重金屬的大氣沉降的增加,菜田土壤中Cd含量明顯增加。植物組織中Cd濃度積累到一定水平時(shí),就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出毒害癥狀,嚴(yán)重時(shí)甚至?xí)?dǎo)致植物死亡[4],影響作物的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[5]。
重金屬污染土地的治理主要有客土法、石灰改良法、化學(xué)淋洗法等和植物修復(fù)技術(shù)等方法[6-10]。近年來(lái),利用競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性陽(yáng)離子與Cd2 +的拮抗效應(yīng)來(lái)抑制鎘吸收或轉(zhuǎn)移到作物可食部位中的農(nóng)藝調(diào)控方法,已逐漸成為鎘污染治理研究的焦點(diǎn)[11]。Shao等[12]報(bào)道,土壤加入鐵肥后水稻根、莖和果實(shí)的Cd含量顯著減少。但也存在相反的報(bào)道[13]。番茄(LycopersiconesculintumMill.)是人們喜食的果菜之一,在我國(guó)各地也均有栽培。有研究表明番茄對(duì)Cd耐性和吸收富集方面存在基因型差異[14]。但鐵對(duì)不同番茄品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)、Cd積累及化學(xué)形態(tài)的影響報(bào)道較少。本研究在人工模擬鎘污染土壤條件下,采用盆栽試驗(yàn)研究了葉面噴施不同濃度的Fe對(duì)不同品種番茄生長(zhǎng)、光合特性、果實(shí)品質(zhì)、Cd積累及化學(xué)形態(tài)的影響,旨在為鎘污染土壤上番茄的安全生產(chǎn)提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 供試材料
供試作物為番茄(SolanumlycopersicumMill.),由重慶市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蔬菜花卉所提供,品種為‘4641’和‘渝粉109’。供試土壤由重慶市九龍坡區(qū)白市驛蔬菜基地提供。土壤全氮為1.21 g/kg、 有機(jī)質(zhì)為33.3 g/kg、 有效氮、有效磷和速效鉀分別為110.8、10.6和104.6 mg/kg,pH為 6.9,CEC 為20.7 cmol/kg。沒(méi)有檢驗(yàn)出Cd。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
1.3 測(cè)定方法
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
試驗(yàn)所得結(jié)果均為3次重復(fù)測(cè)定的平均值,數(shù)據(jù)用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
2.1 不同F(xiàn)e濃度處理對(duì)蕃茄植株生物量的影響
表1 不同F(xiàn)e濃度處理對(duì)番茄單株干重的影響(g/pot)Table 1 Effects of different Fe levels on the dry weights of tomato
注(Note): 數(shù)值后不同小寫(xiě)字母代表同一個(gè)品種不同F(xiàn)e濃度之間差異顯著(P≤0.05) Values followed by different letters indicate significant difference (P≤0.05) among different Fe levels in the same cultivar.
2.2 不同F(xiàn)e濃度處理對(duì)番茄光合效率的影響
由圖1可知,不同品種間和不同F(xiàn)e濃度處理下,番茄植株凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、胞間CO2濃度(Ci)、蒸騰速率(Tr)差異達(dá)到顯著水平。隨鐵濃度的增加Pn、Gs和Tr先增后降,在200 μmol/LFe時(shí),Pn、Gs和Tr達(dá)到最大值,2個(gè)番茄品種‘4641’和‘渝粉109’的Pn、Gs和Tr較對(duì)照分別增加了8%和28.7%,11%和15.5%,2.9%和18.8%。無(wú)論噴施Fe與否,Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr以‘4641’>‘渝粉109’。
圖1 不同濃度Fe處理對(duì)番茄光合效率的影響Fig.1 Effect of different Fe levels on photosynthetic efficiency of tomato
2.3 不同F(xiàn)e濃度處理對(duì)番茄營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的影響
圖2 不同F(xiàn)e濃度處理對(duì)番茄果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響Fig.2 Effect of different Fe levels on fruit quality of tomato
2.4 果實(shí)中不同形態(tài)Cd含量
2.5 番茄植株各部位Cd含量和積累量
本試驗(yàn)條件下,供試2個(gè)番茄品種未出現(xiàn)Cd和Fe中毒癥狀,生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好。在Cd污染的土壤上,葉面噴施200 μmol/L和400 μmol/L Fe顯著提高了番茄果實(shí)、根、莖和葉的干重(表1),說(shuō)明Cd對(duì)番茄的毒害作用通過(guò)Fe與Cd的拮抗效應(yīng)得到了抑制,也有可能是噴施Fe改善了植株地上部鐵營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài),從而抑制了高親和的鐵吸收轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)的表達(dá),降低了根系對(duì)Cd的吸收,最終減小了Cd的毒害作用[19]。噴施200 μmol/L Fe能顯著提高植株各部位干重,但是當(dāng)Fe濃度達(dá)到400 μmol/L時(shí),各部位干重有所下降,這與李元等在煙草方面的研究基本一致[20],這可能是由于番茄體內(nèi)過(guò)多的游離Fe2+誘發(fā)形成多種活性自由基,膜脂過(guò)氧化作用加強(qiáng),質(zhì)膜透性加大,代謝紊亂,導(dǎo)致生物量下降[21]。試驗(yàn)還發(fā)現(xiàn),未噴施Fe時(shí),番茄果實(shí)干質(zhì)量以‘4641’>‘渝粉109’,表明‘4641’耐Cd性較強(qiáng),噴施Fe后‘渝粉109’>‘4641’,表明‘渝粉109’對(duì)Fe的反應(yīng)更為敏感。
光合作用是高等植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量形成的基礎(chǔ),而鐵是植物合成葉綠素的必須元素之一,因此鐵對(duì)植株光合作用有著重要的影響。在本試驗(yàn)條件下,與對(duì)照相比,噴施Fe 200 μmol/L時(shí),凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、蒸騰速率(Tr)明顯增加,說(shuō)明噴施適當(dāng)濃度的Fe能夠促進(jìn)番茄植株的光合作用和蒸騰作用。這可能是由于Cd污染誘導(dǎo)了番茄植株的鐵營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏,植株鐵蛋白、鐵硫蛋白等合成受阻,影響了植物光合電子傳遞,外源補(bǔ)充適當(dāng)濃度的鐵后,光合電子傳遞鏈的活性升高所致[22]。但是當(dāng)Fe濃度增加到400 μmol/L時(shí),凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、蒸騰速率(Tr)有所下降,表明高濃度Fe反而抑制了番茄植株的光合作用與蒸騰作用,該結(jié)果與生物量隨Fe濃度變化趨勢(shì)一致。也與章藝等[23]的報(bào)道類似。原因可能是過(guò)多的亞鐵離子會(huì)誘發(fā)多種活性自由基,并產(chǎn)生多種次生自由基,葉綠素合成受阻,最終導(dǎo)致葉綠素降解、膜脂過(guò)氧化,干物質(zhì)合成降低[24-25]。影響Pn變化的因素有氣孔因素和非氣孔因素[26],本試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),品種‘4641’Pn和Gs隨Ci的降低先增加后降低,說(shuō)明Pn變化由非氣孔因素逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闅饪滓蛩卣贾鲗?dǎo),‘渝粉109’Ci先降低后增加,Pn和Gs呈先增加后下降趨勢(shì),表明Pn變化主要是由非氣孔因素引起的,這可能與葉片光合活性、RUBP羧化酶活性或者是卡爾文循環(huán)等原因有關(guān)[27]。試驗(yàn)還表明,無(wú)論噴施Fe否,凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、胞間CO2濃度(Ci)、蒸騰速率(Tr)以‘4641’>‘渝粉109’,說(shuō)明2個(gè)番茄品種間,‘4641’葉片對(duì)高Fe脅迫的耐性高于‘渝粉109’,同時(shí)也表明植株光合作用和蒸騰作用大小不僅與Fe濃度相關(guān),而且還與品種有關(guān)。
Fe是植物必需的微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素,F(xiàn)e在植物體內(nèi)與血紅蛋白有關(guān)。李元[28]指出,隨著噴施Fe濃度的增加,煙草葉片中總氨基酸含量下降,Cd+Fe處理后,隨著Fe濃度的增加,煙草葉片總氨基酸呈上升趨勢(shì),而在本試驗(yàn)中,隨著噴施Fe濃度的增加,‘渝粉109’氨基酸含量在噴施Fe后呈下降趨勢(shì),與李元[28]的結(jié)果不一致,原因可能有待進(jìn)一步研究。在本試驗(yàn)條件下,品種‘4641’還原糖含量隨著噴施Fe濃度的增加而降低,這與張木[29]所得出的噴施Fe不利于小白菜可溶性糖的提高結(jié)果基本一致。原因可能是由于Fe與Cd發(fā)生協(xié)同作用影響了植株碳代謝所致。而‘渝粉109’的還原糖含量隨著噴施Fe濃度的增加而顯著增加,這可能是由于Fe促進(jìn)了植株葉綠素的合成,而增強(qiáng)了光合作用,從而促進(jìn)碳代謝所致。說(shuō)明‘4641’果實(shí)對(duì)高量Fe更為敏感。Vc是蔬菜重要品質(zhì)之一[30],在本試驗(yàn)中,噴施200 μmol/L低Fe時(shí),2個(gè)番茄品種Vc較對(duì)照處理都有所降低。這可能因Vc是植物體內(nèi)抗氧化系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,能夠清除活性自由基;適量的Fe可緩解Cd脅迫誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的自由基造成的膜脂過(guò)氧化[31]。因此,在噴施低Fe時(shí),Vc合成也相應(yīng)降低。噴施Fe 400 μmol/L時(shí),2個(gè)供試番茄品種的果實(shí)Vc含量顯著高于對(duì)照處理,該結(jié)果與吳俊華[32]的報(bào)道結(jié)果不一致。這可能是由于過(guò)量的Fe脅迫誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的大量自由基刺激了Vc的合成所致。噴Fe增加了2個(gè)供試番茄品質(zhì)的硝酸鹽含量,這可能與Cd脅迫可降低硝酸還原酶活性,導(dǎo)致硝酸鹽積累有關(guān)[33]。
Cd在植物體內(nèi)有5種化學(xué)形態(tài)(乙醇提取態(tài)、去離子水提取態(tài)、氯化鈉提取態(tài)、醋酸提取態(tài)、鹽酸提取態(tài)),這5種提取態(tài)對(duì)重金屬在植物體內(nèi)的運(yùn)移、累積及其毒性有顯著影響[34]。本試驗(yàn)研究了Cd(10 mg/kg)污染條件下,2個(gè)番茄品種果實(shí)中不同形態(tài)Cd積累狀況。研究表明, 2個(gè)番茄品種中不同形態(tài)Cd含量大小順序?yàn)镕R>FHCl>FE>FNaCl>FHAC>FW。該結(jié)果與一些學(xué)者研究中指出的Cd在植物體內(nèi)的主要形態(tài)為氯化鈉提取態(tài),其次為醋酸提取態(tài)和水提取態(tài)不同[35]。本試驗(yàn)中,2個(gè)番茄品種果實(shí)中殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)Cd(FR)和鹽酸提取態(tài)Cd(FHCl)為活性偏低形態(tài)Cd,其平均含量之和為1.424 mg/kg,占Cd提取總量的70.8%;水提取態(tài)(FW)和乙醇提取態(tài)(FE)為活性較高形態(tài)Cd,二者平均含量之和為0.238 mg/kg,僅占Cd提取總量的11.8%,有效地限制了Cd的毒害作用。噴施適當(dāng)濃度的Fe,可以降低番茄果實(shí)中各形態(tài)Cd含量以及Cd提取總量,F(xiàn)e、Cd表現(xiàn)出拮抗作用,這與Krupa[36]所報(bào)道的結(jié)果基本一致。但高量Fe(400 μmol/L )反而較低量Fe增加了‘4641’果實(shí)中鹽酸提取態(tài)Cd、殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)Cd以及‘渝粉109’果實(shí)中乙醇提取態(tài)Cd、氯化鈉提取態(tài)Cd、殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)Cd和總提取量,鐵鎘表現(xiàn)出一定的協(xié)同效應(yīng),這與黃益中報(bào)道中指出的施鐵可促進(jìn)煙草對(duì)鎘的吸收基本一致[37]??梢?jiàn),鐵鎘交互作用不僅與Fe濃度有關(guān),還與供試作物種類和品種有關(guān)。
在本試驗(yàn)的條件下,番茄各器官的Cd含量順序?yàn)槿~>根>莖>果實(shí),Cd積累量大小順序?yàn)槿~>莖>果實(shí)>根,該結(jié)果與朱芳[14]所報(bào)道的結(jié)果不一致。表明番茄將Cd從根轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至地上部分的能力較強(qiáng)。但本試驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn),Cd在番茄食用部位的累積量遠(yuǎn)小于其他非食用部位,食用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較低。噴Fe能夠降低植株各部位Cd含量以及葉、莖中的Cd積累量,F(xiàn)e與Cd表現(xiàn)出明顯的拮抗效應(yīng),這可能是由于鐵供應(yīng)充足的情況下,鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子基因關(guān)閉,鐵吸收增加,鎘的被動(dòng)吸收量下降,Cd富集降低所致[36]。此外,噴施高濃度Fe后,番茄各部位Cd含量較噴施低濃度Fe時(shí)有所增加,此時(shí)Cd和Fe表現(xiàn)出協(xié)同效應(yīng)。這表明Cd和Fe在作物體內(nèi)的交互作用比較復(fù)雜,不僅與植物種類和部位有關(guān),還與Cd和Fe的相對(duì)含量有關(guān)。試驗(yàn)還發(fā)現(xiàn),噴施Fe降低了植株Cd積累總量,但是卻增加了果實(shí)的Cd積累量,表明Fe對(duì)番茄的增產(chǎn)作用比對(duì)降低果實(shí)Cd含量的作用更顯著。無(wú)論噴施Fe與否,葉、莖、果實(shí)中的Cd積累量以及總Cd積累量總是以‘4641’>‘渝粉109’,表明在Cd污染土壤上種植‘4641’,較‘渝粉109’風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。
1)重金屬Cd污染(Cd 10 mg/kg)下,F(xiàn)e能緩解Cd對(duì)供試番茄生長(zhǎng)的抑制,顯著增加了2個(gè)番茄品種的果實(shí)、根、莖、葉及總干重。但隨Fe濃度增加,番茄果實(shí)、根、莖、葉及總干重均表現(xiàn)出先增后降的趨勢(shì)。
2)在Cd污染(Cd 10 mg/kg)條件下,隨鐵濃度的增加凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、蒸騰速率 Tr)先增后降,在Fe 200 μmol/L時(shí),凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、蒸騰速率(Tr)達(dá)到最大值。
3)隨著噴施Fe濃度的增加,‘4641’還原糖含量降低,‘渝粉109’還原糖含量卻增加;噴施高Fe(400 μmol/L)提高了‘4641’和‘渝粉109’果實(shí)中的維生素C含量;噴Fe增加了2個(gè)供試品種番茄果實(shí)中硝酸鹽含量。
4)番茄果實(shí)中Cd的主要存在形態(tài)為殘?jiān)鼞B(tài),其次為鹽酸提取態(tài),去離子水提取態(tài)和乙醇提取態(tài)所占比例較小。噴施Fe降低了‘4641’品種 FE、FW、FHAC含量、‘4641’品種Cd總提取量以及‘渝粉109’品種Fw含量。無(wú)論噴Fe與否,4641’的總Cd提取量都大于‘渝粉109’品種。
5)番茄中的Cd主要累積于葉和莖中,噴鐵降低了植株各部位Cd含量,但隨著噴施Fe濃度的增加,各部位Cd含量呈先降后升趨勢(shì)。
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Effect of exogenous iron on photosynthesis, quality, and accumulation of cadmium in different varieties of tomato
YANG Yun1, ZHOU Kun1, XU Wei-hong1*, JIANG Ling1, WANG Chong-li1, XIONG Shi-juan1,XIE Wen-wen1, CHEN Rong1, XIONG Zhi-ting2, WANG Zheng-yin1, XIE De-ti1
(1CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,SouthwestUniversity,Chongqing400715,China;2CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,WuhanUniversity,Wuhan430079,China)
【Objectives】In soils simulated with cadmium (Cd) pollution, different levels of exogenous Fe were added and their influences on the chemical forms of cadmium (Cd)and the Cd accumulation in tomato were studied to provide a theoretical base for tomato safe production.【Methods】 Pot experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of different iron levels(0,200 and 400 μmol/L, FeSO4·7H2O) on the plant growth,the activities of antioxidant enzymes,the accumulation and chemical forms of cadmium(Cd)in tomato when exposed to Cd(10 mg/kg). 【Results】 The exogenous Fe increased the dry weights of roots, stems, leaves, fruits as well as the total dry matter, which increased by 20.4%-48.6%,13.3%-56.0%, 16.0%-63.1%, 9.8%-16.5% and 21.6%-40.3% respectively. The dry weights of plant parts and whole plant were increased first, and then decreased with increasing of Fe levels. Comparing the two tested tomato cultivars, ‘4641’ had stronger resistance to Cd, ‘Yufen 109’ was more sensitive to Fe. The Pn, Gs and Tr values in tomato leaves of both the cultivars were high with moderate Fe (200 μmol/L) application, and low with excess Fe (400 μmol/L); compared to the control, the Pn, Gs and Tr of ‘4641’ were increased by 8%, 11% and 2.9% and these of ‘Yufen 109’ were increased by 28.7%, 15.5% and 18.8%, while concentration of intercellular carbon dioxide (Ci) decreased with the application of Fe. Both photosynthesis and transpiration of ‘4641’ were stronger than those of ‘Yufen 109’. The contents of nitrate in fruits of both the cultivars and sugar in ‘Yufen 109’ increased after Fe application, while amino acid in ‘Yufen 109’decreased compared to the control, and the increase of nitrate 18.1%-22.2% and 2.3%-22.0%. In addition, high Fe application (400 μmol/L) facilitated the biological synthesis of Vc in fruit increased by 8.2% and 13.2%. Cadmium was mainly existed in the fractions of residual Cd and hydrochloric acid-extractable Cd in fruits, which were low activity form and accounting for 70.8% of the total. Deionized water extractable Cd (FW) and ethanol extractable Cd (FE) were high activity form with only 11.8% of the total Cd. Toxic effects of Cd on Tomato were effectively inhibited by spraying Fe. Foliar application of different levels of Fe reduced the concentrations of all Cd forms compared to the control. Cadmium was mostly accumulated in leaves and stems with the concentrations of Cd in the order of leaves > toots > stem > fruits with foliar Fe. Spraying Fe could reduce the concentration of Cd in tomato leaves, roots, stems and fruits with a ranges of 7.1%-21.9%, 35.6%-50.4%, 13.0%-37.0% and 2.8%-8.2%, respectively. Cadmium concentrations of all plants parts decreased with foliar Fe application compared to the control, while displayed an upward trend when excessive Fe applied. The Cd accumulation of leaves, stems and fruits and total accumulation of ‘4641’ were higher than those of ‘Yufen 109’. It showed that planting ‘4641’ in Cd contaminated soil had greater risk. 【Conclusions】 Appropriate Fe could promote photosynthesis and transpiration of the tomato leaves and increase the dry weights of each part of the tomato plants. Toxic effects of Cd on tomato plants and the concentration of Cd in each part could be decreased by applying the appropriate concentration of Fe.
iron and cadmium interaction;photosynthetic characteristic;tomato quality;Cd accumulation;Cd fraction
2014-03-12 接受日期: 2014-10-15 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2015-05-11
現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(Nycy-25);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(20477032);國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2007BAD87B10)資助。
楊蕓(1989—), 女, 四川樂(lè)山人, 碩士研究生,主要從事植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與環(huán)境生態(tài)研究。 E-mail:410713602@qq.com * 通信作者 E-mail:xuwei_hong@163.com
S641.2
A
1008-505X(2015)04-1006-10