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尿毒癥毒素對(duì)甲酚對(duì)單核細(xì)胞體外釋放炎癥因子的影響

2015-06-28 15:40丁瑜王健梁新韋杏雪鄒仲敏袁發(fā)煥
解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)雜志 2015年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:甲酚單核細(xì)胞尿毒癥

丁瑜,王健,梁新,韋杏雪,鄒仲敏,袁發(fā)煥

尿毒癥毒素對(duì)甲酚對(duì)單核細(xì)胞體外釋放炎癥因子的影響

丁瑜,王健,梁新,韋杏雪,鄒仲敏,袁發(fā)煥

目的利用體外細(xì)胞模型研究尿毒癥毒素對(duì)甲酚對(duì)單核細(xì)胞釋放炎癥因子的影響及其可能機(jī)制。方法采用CCK-8法檢測(cè)THP-1單核細(xì)胞株經(jīng)20、40、80、160mg/L對(duì)甲酚分別處理6、12、24h后細(xì)胞增殖能力的變化;根據(jù)細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,選取40mg/L和80mg/L兩個(gè)劑量組作為低劑量組和高劑量組,提取細(xì)胞RNA和蛋白質(zhì),用RT-PCR法、Western blotting檢測(cè)對(duì)甲酚處理24h后THP-1單核細(xì)胞株炎癥因子TNF-α、抗炎因子IL-10以及炎癥相關(guān)Toll樣受體4(TLR-4)mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)的變化。結(jié)果對(duì)甲酚可抑制THP-1細(xì)胞增殖,其抑制作用呈濃度和時(shí)間依賴性(P<0.05);RT-PCR及Western blotting檢測(cè)顯示,對(duì)甲酚處理的THP-1細(xì)胞炎癥因子TNF-α釋放增加,IL-10釋放減少,TLR-4表達(dá)增加(P<0.05)。結(jié)論對(duì)甲酚可抑制THP-1細(xì)胞增殖,抑制IL-10抑炎因子表達(dá),并可能通過(guò)上調(diào)TLR-4的表達(dá),促進(jìn)促炎因子TNF-α的釋放,從而導(dǎo)致微炎癥狀態(tài)。

單核細(xì)胞;尿毒癥;細(xì)胞因子類;對(duì)甲酚

慢性腎病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是常見(jiàn)的腎臟疾病,患病率高達(dá)8%~10%,且晚期并發(fā)癥多,病死率高。CKD患者中約70%死于心血管疾病(50%)和感染(20%),兩者都與慢性腎病終末期的微炎癥狀態(tài)相關(guān)。微炎癥狀態(tài)是指機(jī)體在各種補(bǔ)體、免疫復(fù)合物、內(nèi)毒素等非微生物因素刺激下,以單核巨噬細(xì)胞激活和促炎因子釋放為中心的炎癥反應(yīng),表現(xiàn)為全身循環(huán)中炎癥標(biāo)志蛋白及炎性細(xì)胞因子持續(xù)升高[1]。研究顯示,腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)等對(duì)微炎癥狀態(tài)敏感的炎癥因子具有促進(jìn)腎纖維化及促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等作用[2-5]。在終末期慢性腎病患者中,腎功能減退導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)大量尿毒癥毒素蓄積。尿毒癥毒素依據(jù)其生化性質(zhì)以及清除方式可分水溶性物質(zhì)、不與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合的小分子物質(zhì)、中分子物質(zhì)以及蛋白結(jié)合毒素,其中蛋白結(jié)合毒素如硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sufate,IS)、硫酸對(duì)甲酚(P-cresylsuifate,PCS)可以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地與血漿蛋白結(jié)合。由于蛋白結(jié)合毒素可附著于血漿蛋白,所以難以通過(guò)常規(guī)透析進(jìn)行清除。研究表明,此類毒素可導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、腎小管上皮細(xì)胞凋亡增加,炎性細(xì)胞因子釋放增多[6-7],同時(shí)還能刺激免疫系統(tǒng),促進(jìn)白細(xì)胞募集[8],降低T細(xì)胞Th1/Th2比率。但蛋白結(jié)合毒素對(duì)尿毒癥患者微炎癥狀態(tài)的作用及其機(jī)制尚不清楚。本研究以體外單核細(xì)胞為模型,觀察蛋白結(jié)合毒素對(duì)甲酚(p-cresol,PC)對(duì)細(xì)胞炎癥因子釋放的影響,并初步探究其可能的作用機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料 人單核細(xì)胞株THP-1為本室保存。對(duì)甲酚購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司;RPMI 1640細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基及胎牛血清購(gòu)自HycClone公司;Cell Counting Kit(CCK-8)試劑盒購(gòu)自日本同仁化工;Trizol試劑購(gòu)自美國(guó)Invitrogen公司;反轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR試劑盒購(gòu)自日本TaKaRa公司;2×TaqMaster Mix購(gòu)自Novoprotein公司,引物為自行設(shè)計(jì),由英濰捷基合成;反轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)和PCR擴(kuò)增均在Bio-Rad公司的S1000型PCR儀上進(jìn)行;兔抗人TNF-α、白介素10(IL-10)、Toll樣受體4(TLR-4)抗體購(gòu)自武漢博士德公司;BCA蛋白定量試劑盒、PMSF、RIPA裂解液、SDS-PAGE凝膠快速配制試劑盒、5×蛋白上樣緩沖液、彩色預(yù)染蛋白分子量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、小鼠抗人β-actin抗體、山羊抗兔二抗、山羊抗鼠二抗、ECL發(fā)光液等購(gòu)自碧云天公司。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 單核細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及對(duì)甲酚溶液配制 單核細(xì)胞THP-1用含10%胎牛血清的完全培養(yǎng)基RPMI 1640在37℃、5% CO2孵箱中培養(yǎng),2d換液1次。對(duì)甲酚溶液配制:取對(duì)甲酚凍干粉,用滅菌PBS溶解稀釋,參考文獻(xiàn)[9]中CKD患者的血清對(duì)甲酚水平,先配制成1600mg/L母液,再依次稀釋配制成20、40、80、160mg/L濃度對(duì)甲酚工作液處理細(xì)胞,現(xiàn)用現(xiàn)配。

1.2.2 CCK-8檢測(cè)對(duì)甲酚對(duì)THP-1細(xì)胞活性的影響

收集對(duì)數(shù)期THP-1細(xì)胞,1×105個(gè)/孔接種于96孔板,100μl完全培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜。按20、40、80、160mg/L劑量分組加入不同濃度對(duì)甲酚,另設(shè)加入等量PBS的空白對(duì)照組,每組設(shè)6個(gè)平行孔(100μl/孔)。培養(yǎng)6、12、24h后,加入CCK-8試劑10μl,37℃繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)1.5h后在酶標(biāo)儀上于450mm波長(zhǎng)處檢測(cè)每孔的吸光度(A)值。以空白對(duì)照組A450值均數(shù)為對(duì)照,以平行孔的平均A450值作為各實(shí)驗(yàn)組的A450值。細(xì)胞增殖水平=實(shí)驗(yàn)組A450/對(duì)照組A450×100%。根據(jù)CCK-8實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,選取細(xì)胞增殖在正常水平80%和60%實(shí)驗(yàn)組的劑量為后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的劑量。

1.2.3 RT-PCR法檢測(cè)THP-1細(xì)胞TLR-4、IL-10、TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá) THP-1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)24h后分為40、80mg/L對(duì)甲酚處理組及空白對(duì)照組(加入同體積PBS)繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24h,收集細(xì)胞,PBS洗滌3次,加入500μl Trizol裂解細(xì)胞,Trizol法常規(guī)提取細(xì)胞RNA;檢測(cè)各組RNA質(zhì)量和濃度。所用引物序列如下:TNF-α上游5'-AGGCGGTGCTTGTTCCTCA-3',下游5'-GTTCGAGAAGATGATCTGACTGCC-3',擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物長(zhǎng)度167bp;IL-10上游5'-AGGGCACCCAGTCTGAGA ACA-3',下游5'-CGGCCTTGCTCTTGTTTTCAC-3',擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物長(zhǎng)度351bp;TLR-4上游5'-AGAAATGAA GGAAACTTGGAAAAGT-3',下游5'-TTGGAATGC TGGAAATCCAGATGTT-3',擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物長(zhǎng)度509bp;β-actin上游5'-GGCACCACCATGTACCCTG-3',下游5'-CACGGAGTACTTGCGCTCAG-3',擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物長(zhǎng)度114bp。按TaKaRa公司反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)將提取的RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA(反應(yīng)體系10μl)。梯度退火溫度摸索3種引物及內(nèi)參最佳退火溫度,IL-10、TNF-α及TLR-4最佳退火溫度分別為59℃、55℃、55℃,β-actin退火溫度為60℃。反應(yīng)條件為:94℃5min;94℃ 1min,退火溫度30s,72℃ 1min,35個(gè)循環(huán);72℃ 10min。瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分析PCR產(chǎn)物,電泳結(jié)果采用Image J軟件進(jìn)行灰度值分析。以各目的基因灰度值與內(nèi)參灰度值的比值為其相對(duì)表達(dá)量。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。

1.2.4 Western blotting檢測(cè)THP-1細(xì)胞TLR-4、IL-10、TNF-α蛋白的表達(dá) 用對(duì)甲酚按前述方法處理各組細(xì)胞后,PBS洗3次,收集細(xì)胞。每組細(xì)胞中加入200μl蛋白裂解液(RIPA:PMSF按100:1配制),14 000×g離心5min,取上清。BCA蛋白定量試劑盒定量,調(diào)整蛋白電泳上樣量。蛋白樣品按照4:1比例加入5×Loading Buff,混勻,沸水浴變性5min。12%分離膠進(jìn)行蛋白電泳,18V電壓半干法轉(zhuǎn)膜,5%脫脂奶粉封閉1h后,加1:1000稀釋的一抗4℃孵育過(guò)夜。次日TBST洗膜3次,每次15min,二抗1:1000稀釋,室溫孵育1h;TBST洗膜3次,每次10min;TBS洗膜1次,5min。采用ECL發(fā)光液顯色,F(xiàn)X成像系統(tǒng)曝光。Image J軟件分析面積灰度值。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 10.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以表示,多組間差異比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用Scheffe檢驗(yàn)(方差齊時(shí))或采用TamhaneT2檢驗(yàn)(方差不齊時(shí))。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié) 果

2.1 對(duì)甲酚對(duì)THP-1細(xì)胞增殖的影響 CCK-8檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)甲酚處理6h后,20、40、80、160mg/L濃度組的細(xì)胞活力分別下降至正常對(duì)照組的88.18%±7.81%、87.94%±5.66%、76.03%±4.55%、67.25%±8.48%,其中80、160mg/L組細(xì)胞抑制作用明顯(P<0.05)。對(duì)甲酚處理12、24h后,各組細(xì)胞活力均較正常對(duì)照組有不同程度的下降,其中80、160mg/L組與正常對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。另一方面,各劑量對(duì)甲酚處理組的細(xì)胞活力隨著藥物處理時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而不斷下降,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。其余各濃度對(duì)甲酚處理組的細(xì)胞均有相似變化。最終我們選取40mg/L和80mg/L兩個(gè)濃度作為低劑量處理組和高劑量處理組進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn),對(duì)甲酚處理時(shí)間確定為24h(表1)。

2.2 對(duì)甲酚對(duì)THP-1細(xì)胞中TNF-α、IL-10、TLR-4 mRNA表達(dá)的影響 對(duì)甲酚處理后,細(xì)胞TNF-α、TLR-4 mRNA表達(dá)水平升高,IL-10 mRNA表達(dá)水平降低,其中高劑量組與對(duì)照組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,圖1)。

圖1 對(duì)甲酚處理后TNF-α、IL-10及TLR-4 mRNA的表達(dá)Fig.1 Expressions of TNF-α, IL-10 and TLR-4 mRNA in THP-1 cell exposed to p-cresol

表1 不同濃度對(duì)甲酚處理后單核細(xì)胞活力的變化(%,±s,n=6)Tab.1 Changes of cell viability of THP-1 cell exposed to 20, 40, 80 and 160mg/L p-cresol (%,±s,n=6)

表1 不同濃度對(duì)甲酚處理后單核細(xì)胞活力的變化(%,±s,n=6)Tab.1 Changes of cell viability of THP-1 cell exposed to 20, 40, 80 and 160mg/L p-cresol (%,±s,n=6)

(1)P<0.05 compared with control group (0mg/L)

Concentration of p-cresol (mg/L)12 24 0 100 100 100 20 88.18±7.81 86.64±8.59 83.75±1.09 40 87.94±5.66 89.58±7.12 82.37±8.60 80 76.03±4.55(1)65.31±7.72(1) 55.17±6.24(1)160 67.25±8.48(1)57.65±6.14(1) 52.99±9.07(1)Time after exposure (h) 6

2.3 對(duì)甲酚對(duì)THP-1細(xì)胞中TNF-α、IL-10、TLR-4蛋白表達(dá)的影響 Western blotting 檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)甲酚處理后,細(xì)胞TNF-α、TLR-4蛋白表達(dá)水平升高,IL-10蛋白表達(dá)水平降低,其中高劑量組與比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,圖2)。

3 討 論

尿毒癥相關(guān)免疫功能障礙是過(guò)度免疫激活與免疫抑制共存的復(fù)雜狀態(tài)。炎癥反應(yīng)雖然是消滅入侵病原體的必要條件,但當(dāng)不能控制時(shí)就成了一柄雙刃劍[10]。心血管疾病及感染是CKD患者的主要死因,其病理過(guò)程都與免疫功能紊亂相關(guān)。尿毒癥毒素能激活機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致全身炎癥因子水平升高[11],并能抑制單核細(xì)胞的吞噬功能,致使機(jī)體抵抗力下降[12-13]。無(wú)論是炎癥因子增高,還是機(jī)體抵抗力下降,都會(huì)對(duì)尿毒癥患者的遠(yuǎn)期存活率和生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生不利影響。

圖2 對(duì)甲酚處理后THP-1細(xì)胞TNF-α、IL-10、TLR-4蛋白的表達(dá)Fig.2 Effects of p-cresol on the protein expressions of TNF-α, IL-10 and TLR-4 in THP-1 cell

對(duì)甲酚是一種蛋白結(jié)合毒素,CKD患者血清中對(duì)甲酚水平比健康人高10倍左右,因其與血漿蛋白的結(jié)合率為94.0%,常規(guī)血液透析及腹膜透析對(duì)其清除率僅為20.0%和17.5%。在血液中蓄積的對(duì)甲酚對(duì)單核細(xì)胞抑制作用及對(duì)炎癥因子釋放的影響尚缺乏直接證據(jù)。本研究通過(guò)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著濃度升高,對(duì)甲酚對(duì)THP-1的增殖抑制作用逐漸增強(qiáng),高濃度的對(duì)甲酚可顯著抑制THP-1的增殖能力。隨著作用時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),對(duì)甲酚對(duì)THP-1的增殖抑制程度逐漸增強(qiáng),提示尿毒癥患者體內(nèi)的高濃度對(duì)甲酚可能抑制人單核細(xì)胞的增殖,導(dǎo)致單核細(xì)胞功能受損。

TNF-α是目前研究最為活躍的促炎細(xì)胞因子,它主要由單核-巨噬細(xì)胞激活釋放,不但能直接導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)烈的炎癥反應(yīng),還能通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)iNOS的表達(dá)產(chǎn)生大量NO,進(jìn)一步加重炎癥反應(yīng)[14]。雖然炎癥因子在防御病原體入侵及組織修復(fù)過(guò)程中十分必要,但其過(guò)度釋放或長(zhǎng)期高水平存在均會(huì)引起免疫系統(tǒng)紊亂,導(dǎo)致微炎癥狀態(tài),而在CKD患者中,TNF-α水平升高與營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、胰島素抵抗、血管鈣化相關(guān)[15-16]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),TNF-α的表達(dá)隨對(duì)甲酚處理濃度的升高而增加,提示對(duì)甲酚在患者血液中累積可能會(huì)促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞炎癥因子的釋放。這一結(jié)果與Rossi等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)的對(duì)甲酚可導(dǎo)致尿毒癥終末期患者血漿中IL-6、TNF-α表達(dá)水平升高一致。IL-10是為數(shù)不多的抑制多種促炎因子釋放的細(xì)胞因子[18],主要由淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,可通過(guò)抑制IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α等炎癥細(xì)胞因子的釋放,下調(diào)黏附因子并抑制氧自由基的產(chǎn)生等方式抑制炎癥的發(fā)生[16]。因此IL-10釋放減少可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)缺乏控制,促進(jìn)炎癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展。本研究證實(shí),TNF-α的表達(dá)隨著對(duì)甲酚濃度的升高而增加,而IL-10的表達(dá)卻相應(yīng)減少。這提示對(duì)甲酚在患者血液中的累積促進(jìn)了炎癥因子的表達(dá),抑制了抑炎因子的表達(dá),從而破壞了免疫系統(tǒng)中炎癥調(diào)控的平衡,導(dǎo)致了微炎癥狀態(tài)的發(fā)生。

TLR-4在炎癥反應(yīng)中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,它能通過(guò)MyD88依賴性和非MyD88依賴性途徑活化NF-κB,介導(dǎo)炎癥因子TNF-α以及IL-6、IL-8等的釋放[19-20]。臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)尿毒癥患者TLR-4受體表達(dá)較健康者明顯增加,這與本研究中高濃度對(duì)甲酚作用于THP-1細(xì)胞導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞中TLR-4、TNF-α表達(dá)升高的結(jié)果相呼應(yīng),提示促炎因子表達(dá)增加可能是通過(guò)TLR-4介導(dǎo)的通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

綜上所述,對(duì)甲酚能抑制THP-1細(xì)胞增殖,抑制抑炎因子IL-10的表達(dá),并可能通過(guò)激活TLR-4通路,促進(jìn)促炎因子TNF-α表達(dá),導(dǎo)致免疫系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng)平衡紊亂。免疫功能的異常以及微炎癥狀態(tài)會(huì)增加動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化及感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在未來(lái)的臨床實(shí)踐中,增加體內(nèi)對(duì)甲酚的有效清除,有可能改善CKD患者的微炎癥狀態(tài)。

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An in vitro study of effects of the uremic toxin p-cresol on release of inflammatory cytokines from monocytes

DING Yu1, WANG Jian2, LIANG Xin1, WEI Xing-xue1, ZOU Zhong-ming2, YUAN Fa-huan1*1Kidney Disease Center of PLA, Chongqing Research Institute of Kidney Disease, Key Specialties of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
2Institute of Toxicology, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of uremic toxin p-cresol on the release of inflammatory cytokines from monocytes and explore its potential mechanism.MethodsCCK-8 was employed to evaluate the proliferation status of monocytes cell-line THP-1 after being exposed to 20, 40, 80, 160mg/L of p-cresol for 6, 12 or 24h, while 40mg/L and 80mg/L were assigned as low-dose group and high-dose group. RNA and protein were extracted. RT-PCR and Western blotting were employed to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, as well as Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) of THP-1 cell exposed to p-cresol for 24h.ResultsP-cresol depressed the proliferation ability of THP-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P<0.05). RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that both TNF-α and TLR-4 were over-expressed in THP-1 cell exposed to p-cresol, while the expression of IL-10 was reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion P-cresol may inhibit both the proliferation of THP-1 cell and the release of IL-10. By up-regulating the expression of TLR-4, p-cresol may stimulate the release of TNF-α, resulting in microinflammation.

monocytes; uremia; cytokines; p-cresol

R692

A

0577-7402(2015)01-0035-05

10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.01.08

2014-10-12;

2014-12-04)

(責(zé)任編輯:張小利)

丁瑜,碩士研究生。主要從事慢性腎病發(fā)病機(jī)制及治療方面的研究

400037 重慶 第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬新橋醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科、全軍腎臟病中心、重慶市腎臟病研究所、國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局重點(diǎn)專科(丁瑜、梁新、韋杏雪、袁發(fā)煥);400038 重慶第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)系毒理學(xué)研究所(王健、鄒仲敏)

]袁發(fā)煥,E-mail:yuanfh023@126.com

*Corresponding author, E-mail: yuanfh023@126.com

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