林玲,冉亞梅,郎秀瓊,何雨芩,陳強,紀(jì)雷,楊敏
典型與非典型癥狀非糜爛性反流病患者食管動力學(xué)特征研究
林玲,冉亞梅,郎秀瓊,何雨芩,陳強,紀(jì)雷,楊敏
目的探討典型與非典型癥狀非糜爛性反流病(NERD)患者的食管動力學(xué)特征。方法選取2012年8月-2014年12月于第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)大坪醫(yī)院消化科就診的NERD患者86例,分別行上消化道內(nèi)鏡及高分辨率食管測壓檢查。納入內(nèi)鏡檢查未見食管黏膜破損和Barret食管等的患者。按照有無典型反酸燒心癥狀分為典型癥狀組(n=47)和非典型癥狀組(n=39),采用高分辨率食管測壓儀檢查評估不同癥狀NERD患者食管動力的差異及臨床意義。結(jié)果典型癥狀組食管下段括約肌(LES)靜息壓及殘余壓分別為15.79±1.21和5.80±1.16mmHg,明顯低于非典型癥狀組(分別為20.68±1.64和10.42±1.20mmHg,P<0.01)。典型癥狀組和非典型癥狀組在食管體部蠕動功能、LES總長度、LES腹內(nèi)段長度及食管上段括約肌(UES)靜息壓及殘余壓方面差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論典型與非典型癥狀的NERD患者食管動力特征存在差異,區(qū)別主要在于前者LES靜息壓和殘余壓降低。
胃食管反流;食管括約肌,下段;動力學(xué)
非糜爛性反流病(non-erosive reflux disease,NERD)是指存在反流相關(guān)的不適癥狀,但內(nèi)鏡下未見食管黏膜損害的疾病,是臨床上最常見的胃食管反流病[1],約占胃食管反流病(GERD)的50%~70%。典型反流綜合征可以在不用診斷性試驗的情況下通過特征性臨床癥狀來診斷。有文獻(xiàn)報道,與糜爛性食管炎相比,NERD患者很少存在食管動力障礙,常表現(xiàn)為食管下段括約肌(LES)靜息壓正?;蚵杂薪档停瑯O少會低于10mmHg,且NERD患者僅存在輕微的食管動力異常[2-3]。然而既往研究多將NERD作為一個整體來進行研究分析,而未進一步區(qū)分不同亞型NERD患者食管動力的差異。本研究比較典型與非典型癥狀NERD患者食管壓力的檢查結(jié)果,以全面了解典型與非典型癥狀NERD患者的食管動力學(xué)特征,以及食管動力改變在不同癥狀NERD患者發(fā)病機制中的可能作用。
1.1 研究對象 2012年8月-2014年12月在第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)大坪醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科就診的86例具有典型反流燒心、胸骨后不適等食管及食管外相關(guān)癥狀的NERD患者,所有患者均接受上消化道內(nèi)鏡檢查及高分辨率食管測壓檢查。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)典型癥狀NERD組:最近3個月內(nèi)有典型的反酸燒心癥狀,RDQ量表反酸燒心等癥狀評分>12分;(2)非典型癥狀NERD組:存在有非典型的胃食管反流癥狀,主要表現(xiàn)為反流性喉炎、反流性咳嗽、反流性哮喘、咽部不適、胸悶、聲嘶、噯氣、咽部異物感、胸骨后疼痛等,亦可伴有上消化道不適(包括嘔吐、噯氣、上腹不適、惡心等)[4-5];(3)內(nèi)鏡陰性,即食管下無黏膜破損無Barrett食管等;(4)近4周內(nèi)未服用H2受體拮抗劑類藥物和/或PPI;(5)既往無消化系統(tǒng)病史,無消化道手術(shù)史,無可引起胃食管反流癥狀的嚴(yán)重心肺疾病或其他全身性疾病。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):不能耐受食管測壓及胃鏡檢查者,年齡<18歲,孕婦及哺乳期婦女;內(nèi)鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)Barrett食管,食管良惡性腫瘤患者,食管靜脈曲張者,嚴(yán)重食管動力障礙性疾病如賁門失遲緩征,食管裂孔疝及食管息肉等;曾行胃及食管手術(shù)者,糖尿病患者,酗酒者,結(jié)締組織病及凝血機制障礙者等可能影響胃腸道運動功能的疾病。本研究經(jīng)第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)大坪醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),所有參加者對研究方案均知情同意。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 上消化道內(nèi)鏡檢查 所有患者檢查前均禁食禁飲8h以上以防止嘔吐和誤吸,使用奧林巴斯(Olympus)電子胃鏡檢查?;颊卟扇?cè)臥位,經(jīng)手背靜脈全麻后再經(jīng)口腔將電子內(nèi)鏡緩慢插入食管及胃十二指腸中,在電鏡直視下觀察有無食管粘膜損害、Barret食管及其他需納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的胃食管改變。
1.2.2 高分辨率食管測壓 測壓采用美國Sierra Scientific Instruments(SSI)公司的36通道固態(tài)高分辨率傳感器測壓系統(tǒng)(型號ENA1068)通道間距1cm,導(dǎo)管外徑4.2mm。所有患者檢查前均禁食禁飲8h防止嘔吐和誤吸,檢查前1d禁煙酒、咖啡及胃腸動力藥。檢查在安靜、適溫的檢查室中進行。調(diào)試好測壓設(shè)備,受試者取坐位,經(jīng)鼻插入測壓導(dǎo)管。當(dāng)部分咽部、全段食管和部分胃內(nèi)壓力均能同時顯示且保證至少2個測壓通道位于胃內(nèi)后,將導(dǎo)管用醫(yī)用膠帶固定于鼻翼處。囑患者適應(yīng)5min,若患者出現(xiàn)明顯惡心、嘔吐、誤吸等癥狀不能耐受檢查時則停止檢查,若無明顯不適后再取側(cè)臥位。連接導(dǎo)管和傳感器,待壓力數(shù)值穩(wěn)定后開始測壓記錄。記錄過程中,除需吞咽外,受試者不可做吞咽動作,且每次只允許吞咽一次,一旦在一次吞咽記錄期間出現(xiàn)連續(xù)2次或2次以上吞咽、咳嗽或者打嗝等,該次吞咽將被剔除并且重新開始新的吞咽。囑受試者停止吞咽30s以記錄食管各段基礎(chǔ)壓力水平,然后再給予10次濕咽,每次咽生理鹽水5ml,2次吞咽間隔30s,對于配合能力差的受試者,每次吞咽間距至少達(dá)20s,待所有程序完成后拔出測壓導(dǎo)管,檢查結(jié)果基于已發(fā)表的芝加哥分類[6]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS18.0 軟件,計量資料采用表示,計量資料的比較采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料的比較采用χ2檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 一般情況 根據(jù)以上納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共入選86例患者,其中典型癥狀組47例,非典型癥狀組39例。兩組性別及身高差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);典型癥狀組年齡(48.4±1.9歲)大于非典型癥狀組(41.7±1.6歲,P<0.05)。
2.2 食管括約肌情況比較 典型癥狀組食管下段括約肌(LES)靜息壓及殘余壓均較非典型癥狀組明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01);而兩組之間LES總長度、腹內(nèi)段長度,以及食管上段括約肌(UES)靜息壓及殘余壓差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表1)。
2.3 食管體部蠕動功能比較 典型癥狀組與非典癥狀組在食管蠕動速度≤6.25cm/s的百分比、同步收縮速度≥6.25cm/s的百分比、蠕動波起始速度(cm/s)、食管無效吞咽百分比(LES以上3~11cm),波幅平均值(mmHg)、平均波持續(xù)時間平均值(s)(LES以上3~7cm)等方面差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表2)。
隨著醫(yī)療診斷水平的提高以及人們生活水平的進步,更多的技術(shù)被用于醫(yī)療診斷。高分辨率食管測壓技術(shù)可以清楚地顯示從咽部到食管的運動情況。該技術(shù)雖然不能直接反映胃食管反流病,但可以評估NERD患者是否存在抗反流機制障礙,如LES大小、LES長度及食管體部運動功能等。GERD是一種常見病,在世界各地的發(fā)病率不同。燒心和反流是其特征性癥狀,在GERD患者中,燒心和反流的發(fā)生率分別為75%~98%和48%~91%。GERD是一種多因素導(dǎo)致的慢性疾病[7-8],其主要發(fā)病機制為食管侵襲性因素的增強及防御功能的減弱。侵襲性因素包括胃酸、膽汁膽鹽等反流入食管及茶、非甾體抗炎藥、咖啡等某些刺激性傷害性藥物異物等對食管黏膜的急慢性損傷[9]。而LESP降低及其功能障礙[8]及食管體部運動功能異常是食管防御功能減弱的主要表現(xiàn),與NERD發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[10]。LES是食管-胃連接處一段約3~5cm長度的高壓帶,其壓力在10~35mmHg,有效地阻止了胃內(nèi)容物的反流。LES和膈角被認(rèn)為是食管下端的內(nèi)括約肌和外括約肌,為食管主要的抗反流屏障,LESP的高低為食管屏障功能高低的表現(xiàn)之一。正常人腹腔內(nèi)壓升高時通過神經(jīng)反射調(diào)節(jié),LESP也顯著增加來加強抗反流屏障。另外,當(dāng)LES壓力降低也增加了一過性反流的概率。大量臨床實踐表明:高分辨率食管測壓是診斷食管良性疾病,特別是食管功能障礙性相關(guān)疾病的重要手段。不同癥狀的NERD患者臨床抗酸治療效果不同,可能是其發(fā)病機制不同所致。
表1 兩組LES及UES情況比較(mmHg,±s)Tab.1 Features of LES and UES in both TSP and ASP group (mmHg,±s)
表1 兩組LES及UES情況比較(mmHg,±s)Tab.1 Features of LES and UES in both TSP and ASP group (mmHg,±s)
TSP. Typical symptom group; ASP. Atypical symptom group; LES. Lower esophageal sphincter; UES. Upper esophageal sphincter; (1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01 compared with ASP
Residual pressure of UES TSP(n=47) 15.79±1.21(1) 5.80±1.16(2) 3.28±0.12 2.45±0.11 72.2±5.1 5.5±1.1 ASP(n=39) 20.68±1.64 10.42±1.20 3.26±0.12 2.65±0.10 81.0±5.7 4.5±1.3 Group Resting pressure of LES Residual pressure of LES Total length of LES Internal length of LES Resting pressure of UES
表2 食管體部蠕動功能(±s)Tab.2 The peristalsis function of esophageal body (±s)
表2 食管體部蠕動功能(±s)Tab.2 The peristalsis function of esophageal body (±s)
TSP. Typical symptom group; ASP. Atypical symptom group
Average duration of the average amplitude (s) TSP(n=47) 73.3±4.69 8.20±2.42 14.5±3.65 4.84±0.39 65.86±4.93 3.08±0.10 ASP(n=39) 69.3±5.60 13.5±3.65 16.0±4.58 4.93±0.37 68.4±6.16 3.00±0.16 Group Percentage of esophageal peristalsis rate ≤6.25cm/s (%) Percentage of synchronous contraction rate ≥6.25cm/s (%) Percentage of invalid esophagus swallowing (%) Initial peristaltic wave velocity (cm/s) Average amplitude (mmHg)
據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報道,與正常對照組相比較,NERD患者LES松弛率較高且LESP明顯降低[11];糜爛性食管炎患者與NERD患者在LESP、LES的長度、食管收縮振幅及遠(yuǎn)端收縮積分等方面均無明顯差異[12];有反流燒心典型癥狀的患者LESP降低比無反酸燒心的患者更加明顯[13]。本研究表明,不同癥狀的NERD患者,即典型癥狀和非典癥狀的NERD 患者的LES靜息壓及殘余壓具有明顯統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,且典型癥狀組的LES靜息壓及殘余壓較非典型組明顯降低,而在食管體部蠕動力方面兩者無明顯統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。由此我們推測:不同癥狀的NERD患者食管動力特征差異的主要區(qū)別可能在于LESP的改變。對于不同癥狀的NERD患者,典型癥狀組的反流燒心癥狀非常明顯的原因可能在于典型癥狀組LESP降低明顯及LES長度縮短及功能障礙等[14]。當(dāng)LES壓力降低,破壞了抗反流屏障的重要組成部分,胃內(nèi)容物更容易反流入食管[15],且當(dāng)LES靜息壓降低或一過性松弛時[8],胃內(nèi)壓升高,胃動力降低使胃排空延緩,腹內(nèi)壓增高等造成抗反流屏障功能相對降低,食管體部有效收縮功能及蠕動波的傳導(dǎo)速度減慢造成食管算清除能力下降等因素相互作用[16-17],引起胃酸、膽汁膽鹽等胃十二指腸內(nèi)物反流入食管或長期停留在食管內(nèi),刺激食管黏膜而出現(xiàn)反酸、燒心、胸骨后不適等癥狀[18]。LESP降低時將增加食管中酸暴露的概率,而食管中酸暴露增加又會反饋性引起LES一過性的松弛[19]。同時有研究表明[18],食管酸敏感性增高可能導(dǎo)致食管黏膜損害并出現(xiàn)燒心的主要原因。以上因素相互影響相互作用可能是不同癥狀NERD患者出現(xiàn)不同表現(xiàn)的主要原因。
本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),典型癥狀組與非典型癥狀組的NERD患者在年齡上存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,且典型癥狀組的NERD患者發(fā)病年齡較大。有研究表明,年齡大于65歲的人群中上消化道疾病的發(fā)生率明顯升高[20],老年人群中NERD的發(fā)病率及疾病嚴(yán)重程度均高于年輕人群。同時有研究認(rèn)為,55歲以后GERD的發(fā)病率有明顯升高[21]。也有研究證實,隨年齡增長,食管的蠕動波傳導(dǎo)速度逐漸下降,無效的食管蠕動增加,可能進一步導(dǎo)致食管清除障礙,推進NERD的發(fā)生及加重其嚴(yán)重程度[14,22]。年齡對NERD的影響是復(fù)雜的,其機制可能與老年人LES長度縮短及其壓力降低、食管運動功能減弱、胃排空能力減弱、唾液分泌減少、膽鹽及藥物等侵襲因素增加有關(guān),其具體機制尚不清楚還需進一步研究。
綜上所述,不同癥狀NERD患者的食管動力學(xué)特征存在差異,其差別在于LESP的改變以及年齡對NERD臨床癥狀的影響。本研究未對年齡對NERD的影響進行更深入的研究,尚存在不足。但本研究對NERD患者從癥狀學(xué)上進行了亞分組,初步了解了不同癥狀NERD患者食管動力學(xué)特征。由此我們建議,對具有典型癥狀的NERD患者,可在常規(guī)抗酸保護黏膜等治療的同時加用增加LESP的藥物[23],采用電刺激療法[24]或手術(shù)等方法,以共同作用來減輕或消除NERD癥狀。
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The differences in esophageal motility and its clinical significance between the patients with typical and atypical symptoms of non-erosive reflux disease
LIN ling,RAN Ya-mei,LANG Xiu-qiong,HE Yu-qin,CHEN Qiang,JI Lei,YANG Min*
Department of Gastroenterology,Daping Hospital,Third Military Medical University,Chongqing 400042,China
*< class="emphasis_italic">Corresponding author,Email: yangmindoctor@126.com
,Email: yangmindoctor@126.com
This work was supported by the key project of Natural Science Foundation of Changqing (cstc2013jjB0143)
ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of esophageal motility in the patients with different symptoms of nonerosive reflux disease (non-erosive reflux disease,NERD).MethodsEighty-six patients with NERD who visited the Department of Gastroenterology in our hospital from August 2012 to December 2014 were selected. They were all evaluated with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and high resolution esophageal manometry. Those who had neither definite esophageal mucosal erosion nor Barrett's esophagus at endoscopy were diagnosed as NERD. According to the presence or absence of typical acid reflux and/or heartburn symptoms,patients with NERD were divided into two groups: the typical symptom group (47 cases),and the atypical symptom group (39 cases). High resolution measurement of esophageal pressure was used to evaluate the differences in esophageal dynamic characteristics between patients with different symptoms of NERD. The final results were analyzed withttest and chi-square test.ResultsCompared with atypical symptom group,both the resting pressure (20.68±1.64mmHgvs15.79±1.21mmHg respectively,P<0.05) and residual pressure (10.42±1.20mmHgvs5.80±1.16mmHg respectively,P<0.01) of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in typical symptoms group were obviously lower and the differences were statistically significant. However,the esophageal peristalsis function,the total length of LES,the intra-abdominal length of LES,the resting pressure and residual pressure of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) showed no obvious difference between two groups (P>0.05).ConclusionThere is a difference in esophageal motility characteristics between the patients with typical and atypical symptoms of NERD,and the main differences are changes in the resting pressure and residual pressure of LES.
gastroesophageal reflux; esophageal sphincter,lower; kinetics
R573.9
A
0577-7402(2015)12-0999-04
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.12.12
2015-06-25;
2015-08-12)
(責(zé)任編輯:熊曉然)
重慶市自然科學(xué)基金(重點)項目(cstc2013jjB0143)
林玲,碩士研究生。主要從事胃腸動力學(xué)的臨床與基礎(chǔ)研究
400042 重慶 第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)大坪醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科(林玲、冉亞梅、郎秀瓊、何雨芩、陳強、紀(jì)雷、楊敏)
楊敏,E-mail:yangmindoctor@126.com