陶玥君
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】H31 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089(2015)06-0116-01
所謂“代詞照應(yīng)”(PRONOUN REFERENCE),是指通過(guò)代詞的使用而構(gòu)建起來(lái)的一種照應(yīng)關(guān)系?!癛EFERENCE”一詞有“所指”之意,屬語(yǔ)義范疇。如果句子中一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的解釋?zhuān)荒軓脑~語(yǔ)本身得到解決,而須從其所指對(duì)象中求答,這樣就產(chǎn)生了照應(yīng)關(guān)系。代詞與其所指對(duì)象(即先行項(xiàng))之間的關(guān)系就是一種照應(yīng)關(guān)系。
如果按代詞以及其所指對(duì)象的相互位置來(lái)分,就有“后照應(yīng)”(ANAPHORIC REFERENCE)、“前照應(yīng)”(CATAPHORIC REFERENCE)和“語(yǔ)境照應(yīng)”(SITUATIONAL REFERENCE)?!昂笳諔?yīng)”是指代對(duì)象出現(xiàn)在上文,后面的代詞須回過(guò)頭來(lái)與之形成照應(yīng)關(guān)系。例如:
Anna told Lucy that Ruth was leaving, but she didnt believe her.
“前照應(yīng)”是指代對(duì)象出現(xiàn)在下文,代詞須指向前方與之形成對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。例如:
When he was at college, Alex was a great friend of mine.
“語(yǔ)境照應(yīng)”是指代對(duì)象未在上下文中表示,而只是存在于待定的情景中。例如:
(Pointing to Rudy who is rushing to the goal)Look, he is approaching the goal.
應(yīng)該注意的是,在使用代詞時(shí),須明確表示其所指代的對(duì)象,以免發(fā)生歧義。但如果一個(gè)代詞可能指兩個(gè)或更多的對(duì)象,同樣不行。例如:
He introduced me to the pilot. He looked after him when he was in hospital. He really did a fine job, and nothing was too much trouble for him.
句中he和him所指對(duì)象不明,即究竟是誰(shuí)住了院,又是誰(shuí)照顧了誰(shuí),在沒(méi)有上下文的情況下,貿(mào)然就用He開(kāi)頭,自然就會(huì)造成意義含糊不清。倘若將句子開(kāi)頭的He改成一個(gè)專(zhuān)有名詞或一個(gè)具體的人,如Tom或My brother或The old man等,那么就好理解了。當(dāng)然還可用其他改寫(xiě)的方法。
如果按代詞的種類(lèi)來(lái)分,那么代詞照應(yīng)又有“人稱(chēng)照應(yīng)”(PERSONAL REFERENCE)和“指示照應(yīng)”(DEMONSTRATIVE REFERENCE)之分。
“人稱(chēng)照應(yīng)”是指人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞以及物主限定詞(POSSESSIVE DETERMINER)與其所指代對(duì)象之間的一種照應(yīng)關(guān)系。人稱(chēng)照應(yīng)通常為后照應(yīng)。這種照應(yīng)關(guān)系,既可出現(xiàn)于同一句中,亦可出現(xiàn)于前后句中。人稱(chēng)照應(yīng)也可是前照應(yīng),但在使用上頗受限制,用得不普遍。一般而言,前照應(yīng)人稱(chēng)代詞常出現(xiàn)于從屬結(jié)構(gòu)中。但凡能用前照應(yīng)的,同樣也可用后照應(yīng)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如:
After she weighed anchor, the ship sailed out of the harbour.
句中人稱(chēng)代詞出現(xiàn)在上文的狀語(yǔ)分句(從屬結(jié)構(gòu))中,指代對(duì)象the ship出現(xiàn)在下文,構(gòu)成前照應(yīng)關(guān)系。我們可以將該句改寫(xiě)成后照應(yīng)關(guān)系:
After the ship weighed anchor, she sailed out of the harbour.
但反過(guò)來(lái),后照應(yīng)并不能如此自由地改變成前照應(yīng)。例如:
Mary bought a new dress, but she didnt like it.
句中she指Mary,兩者為同一人。但如改寫(xiě)成:
She bought a new dress, but Mary didnt like it.
句中,she指的不是Mary,兩者非同一人,那么他們之間也就不存在照應(yīng)關(guān)系了。
“指示照應(yīng)”,是通過(guò)指示代詞和指示限定詞(DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINER)的使用而構(gòu)建起來(lái)的一種照應(yīng)關(guān)系,多用于后照應(yīng)。例如:
Im going to buy the house. That will cost me a lot of money.
指示代詞this、these也可用于前照應(yīng),這時(shí)多半是指代下文整個(gè)句子或若干個(gè)句子。例如:
This is what I mean: You should have changed, not deleted, that paragraph.
These language options are open to student: Spanish, French and German.
指示代詞that、those則很少用于前照應(yīng),偶爾使用,多帶諷刺意味。例如:
I like that !He damaged my car and then blamed me for letting him use it.
總之,代詞照應(yīng)是一種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,它指的是語(yǔ)篇中一個(gè)成分做另一個(gè)成分的參照點(diǎn),正確把握好代詞照應(yīng)關(guān)系,是英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中不可忽視的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。弄清楚上文提到的各種不同的照應(yīng),對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)大有裨益。