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5種人細(xì)胞色素P450 2A13突變體的異源表達(dá)及其香豆素代謝活性

2015-07-24 19:02劉亭李朝輝徐迎春陳樞青
關(guān)鍵詞:香豆素血紅素突變體

劉亭,李朝輝,徐迎春,陳樞青

(1.貴陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院藥學(xué)院貴州省藥物制劑重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,貴州貴陽(yáng)550004;2.浙江大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥物毒理與生化藥學(xué)研究所,浙江杭州310058)

5種人細(xì)胞色素P450 2A13突變體的異源表達(dá)及其香豆素代謝活性

劉亭1,2,李朝輝2,徐迎春2,陳樞青2

(1.貴陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院藥學(xué)院貴州省藥物制劑重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,貴州貴陽(yáng)550004;2.浙江大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥物毒理與生化藥學(xué)研究所,浙江杭州310058)

目的重組表達(dá)人細(xì)胞色素P450(CYP)2A13突變體CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6,CYP2A13*8和CYP2A13*9,并研究CYP2A13突變體與野生型CYP2A13(CYP2A13*1)對(duì)香豆素的代謝活性上的差異。方法通過(guò)點(diǎn)突變法構(gòu)建各CYP2A13突變體。用桿狀病毒表達(dá)系統(tǒng)制備含各突變體cDNA的重組病毒,并將其與含人源還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷磷酸P450氧化還原酶(POR,野生型)的重組桿狀病毒共轉(zhuǎn)染昆蟲(chóng)草地夜蛾細(xì)胞(sf9),共表達(dá)CYP2A13突變體和POR重組蛋白。將表達(dá)產(chǎn)物制備成微粒體與香豆素(0.25~25 μmol·L-1)體外孵育30 min,高效液相色譜法測(cè)定各重組酶對(duì)香豆素的代謝活性。結(jié)果Western蛋白印跡結(jié)果表明,各重組酶在sf9細(xì)胞中得到了表達(dá)。體外代謝實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,CYP2A13野生型及其突變體蛋白代謝香豆素在Km值上無(wú)顯著差異,而在Vmax(mol·min-1·mol-1CYP)上,CYP2A13*2(0.58± 0.05,P<0.05)、CYP2A13*5(0.71±0.08,P<0.01)、CYP2A13*6(0.84±0.09,P<0.01)、CYP2A13*9(0.58± 0.04,P<0.05)等突變體與CYP2A13*1(0.33±0.06)相比有顯著性差異,使得這4個(gè)突變體的代謝效率增加了40%~108%。結(jié)論體外成功表達(dá)了具有活性的CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6,CYP2A13*8和CYP2A13*9重組蛋白。CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6和CYP2A13*9等突變體的香豆素代謝活性明顯高于CYP2A13*1。

細(xì)胞色素P450 CYP2A13;突變體;桿狀病毒表達(dá)系統(tǒng);香豆素

DOl:10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2015.04.010

細(xì)胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP)是代謝外源性化學(xué)物質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵酶,參與許多前致癌物和前毒素的代謝活化[1]。人CYP中的CYP2A家族包括CYP2A6,CYP2A7和CYP2A13。其中,CYP2A13是近年來(lái)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的具有重要功能的CYP450酶,其表達(dá)存在組織特異性,主要在肺、鼻黏膜和氣管等人呼吸道組織中表達(dá)[2-3]。CYP2A13由于氨基酸序列與無(wú)功能的CYP2A7高度相似,曾一度被認(rèn)為是無(wú)代謝活性的P450酶。直到其代謝活化煙草特異性致癌物4-甲基亞硝胺-1-3-吡啶基-1-丁酮〔4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone,NNK〕的功能被發(fā)現(xiàn)后[2],研究人員才逐漸對(duì)CYP2A13展開(kāi)深入研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除NNK外,CYP2A13還可高效代謝活化強(qiáng)致癌物黃曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)[4]。CYP1A2是公認(rèn)的能代謝活化AFB1的優(yōu)勢(shì)CYP酶,而CHO細(xì)胞毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,CYP2A13介導(dǎo)的AFB1細(xì)胞毒性要遠(yuǎn)大于CYP1A2[4]。并且在AFB1的存在下,CYP2A13可誘導(dǎo)正常支氣管上皮細(xì)胞向腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化[5]。這些日益增多的證據(jù)表明,CYP2A13原位活化在環(huán)境致癌物并進(jìn)而引發(fā)人呼吸系統(tǒng)腫瘤的過(guò)程中起著關(guān)鍵作用。

CYP2A13基因位于人第19染色體上,全長(zhǎng)7.3 kb,包括了9個(gè)外顯子,編碼的CYP2A13蛋白含494個(gè)氨基酸。CYP2A13在人群中廣泛存在多態(tài)性,其外顯子區(qū)域已被人類CYP等位基因命名委員會(huì)〔The Human Cytochrome P450(CYP)Allele Nomenclature Committee〕確證具有9個(gè)錯(cuò)義突變位點(diǎn)(包括1個(gè)移碼突變和1個(gè)無(wú)義突變),產(chǎn)生8種突變體,導(dǎo)致CYP2A13的活性產(chǎn)生變化。例如,CYP2A13*4中突變位點(diǎn)與催化中心血紅素的結(jié)合不穩(wěn)定,使得蛋白喪失代謝活性[6];CYP2A13*2突變體與CYP2A13*1相比,NNK代謝活性下降50%左右[7]。但在AFB1代謝活性上,各CYP2A13突變體的差異不大[8]。已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,當(dāng)香豆素與AFB1共代謝時(shí),可顯著增強(qiáng)AFB1的毒性,Goeger等[9]認(rèn)為,香豆素是AFB1的共致癌物。CYP2A13突變體代謝香豆素活性的強(qiáng)弱,可影響到個(gè)體的AFB1致癌易感性。因此,本研究應(yīng)用Bac-to-Bac桿狀病毒昆蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞表達(dá)系統(tǒng)異源表達(dá)CYP2A13的野生型及其突變體蛋白,將表達(dá)產(chǎn)物制備成微粒體后,與香豆素體外孵育,并用高效液相色譜法對(duì)主要代謝產(chǎn)物7-羥基香豆素進(jìn)行定量,來(lái)研究各突變體對(duì)香豆素的代謝活性的差異。

1 材料與方法

1.1 儀器和試劑

電泳儀(PowerPac Basic),水平電泳槽(sub cell),凝膠成像儀(GelDoc XR+)及PCR儀(S1000),均為美國(guó)Bio-Rad公司產(chǎn)品;臺(tái)式冷凍高速離心機(jī)(fresco 17,Thermo,美國(guó)),高效液相色譜儀(1100型,Agilent,美國(guó))。

KOD-plus DNA polymerase購(gòu)于Toyobo公司(日本);rTaq購(gòu)于TaKaRa公司(日本);QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis試劑盒購(gòu)于Agilent公司(美國(guó));T4 DNA連接酶、XbaⅠ,XhoⅠ,DNA marker購(gòu)于MBI Fermentas公司(立陶宛);鼠抗His-tag多抗和過(guò)氧化物酶偶聯(lián)羊抗鼠IgG抗體購(gòu)于Jackson ImmunoResearch公司(美國(guó));ECL顯影試劑盒購(gòu)于GE Healthcare公司(美國(guó));pFastBac載體、E.coli DH10Bac菌株、Grace′s昆蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基、Gibco胎牛血清和Cellfectin?Reagent購(gòu)于美國(guó)Invitrogen公司;NADP、NADPH、枸櫞酸、枸櫞酸脫氫酶、香豆素和7-羥基香豆素均購(gòu)于美國(guó)Sigma公司;草地夜蛾卵巢細(xì)胞Sf9由中國(guó)典型培養(yǎng)物保藏中心提供;PCR引物合成和DNA測(cè)序服務(wù)均由上海生物工程有限公司提供;E.coliDH5α菌株、含CYP2A13*1基因片段的pGEM-T重組質(zhì)粒(pGEM-CYP2A13*1)由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存。

1.2 CYP2A13突變體的構(gòu)建

以pGEM-CYP2A13*1重組質(zhì)粒(CYP2A13開(kāi)放閱讀框上下游分別引入XbaⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切位點(diǎn),終止子插入6個(gè)組氨酸基因序列)為模板,使用QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis試劑盒來(lái)構(gòu)建CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5, CYP2A13*6,CYP2A13*8和CYP2A13*9突變體基因序列。CYP2A13*2的突變位點(diǎn)為R25Q和R257C,其所用引物對(duì)分別為GTCTTGATGTCAGTCTGGCAGCAGAGGAAGA/TCTTCCTCTGCTCCAGACTGACATCAAGAC和GTGGAGCACAACCAGTGCACGCTGGATCCCAATTC/GAATTGGGATCCAGCGTGCACTGGTTGTGCTCCAC;CYP2A13*5所用引物為GGAGCTCTTTCTCTTCTACACCACCATCATGCAGAAC和GTTCTGCATGATGGTGGTGTAGAAGAGAAAGAGCTCC;CYP2A13*6所用引物為AGCTTCCTGCCCTGCCACCACCACCACTGA和TCAGTGGTGGTGGTGGCAGGGCAGGAAGCT;CYP2A13*8所用引物為CTTCCTCATCGAGGCCCTCCGGGGCACGCACG和CCGTGCGTGCCCCGGAGGGCCTCGATGAGGAAG;CYP2A13*9所用引物為CATAAGCACCCAGAGCTGGAGGCCAAGGT和ACCTTGGCCTCCAGCTCTGGGTGCTTCATG(斜體下劃線標(biāo)示突變位點(diǎn))。操作方法參照試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)。將突變產(chǎn)物轉(zhuǎn)化入DH5α菌株,挑取陽(yáng)性克隆送測(cè)序。

1.3 pFastBac-CYP2A13突變體重組質(zhì)粒的構(gòu)建

分別將測(cè)序正確的CYP2A13突變體基因片段和pFastBac載體用XbaⅠ/XhoⅠ雙酶切,切膠回收后用T4連接酶連接CYP2A13突變體基因片段和pFastBac的酶切產(chǎn)物。用連接產(chǎn)物轉(zhuǎn)化DH5α菌株,挑取克隆培養(yǎng)并抽提質(zhì)粒,通過(guò)XbaⅠ/XhoⅠ雙酶切和PCR挑選出陽(yáng)性克隆,送測(cè)序,測(cè)序正確的克隆于-80℃保存。

1.4 bacmid-CYP2A13突變體重組質(zhì)粒的制備

用pFastBac-CYP2A13突變體重組質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)化E.coliDH10Bac感受態(tài)細(xì)胞,并用pFastBac空載體作為對(duì)照。在含有X-gal的瓊脂平板上培養(yǎng)24~36 h后,挑取白色克隆,用M13(+)/M13(-)為引物進(jìn)行PCR驗(yàn)證。

1.5 CYP2A13突變體重組病毒的制備及擴(kuò)增

抽提bacmid-CYP2A13突變體重組質(zhì)粒。在6孔板中,用Cellfectin?Reagent試劑盒將各bacmid-CYP2A13突變體重組質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染入sf9細(xì)胞,孵育72 h或直到細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)變大變圓,邊緣透明等病毒感染跡象時(shí),1000×g離心5 min,收集上清,得到第1代病毒液。用半數(shù)感染量方法[10]測(cè)定第1代病毒液滴度,并選擇合適感染復(fù)數(shù)值(multiplicity of infection,MOI),用第1代病毒液感染sf9細(xì)胞,當(dāng)細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)感染跡象時(shí),收集上清,得到第2代病毒。同法得到滴度較高的第3代病毒。

1.6 CYP2A13突變體重組蛋白的表達(dá)及微粒體制備

當(dāng)sf9細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)至80%匯合,并且有97%以上的活力時(shí),適合進(jìn)行重組蛋白的表達(dá)。按MOI值為2,加入CYP2A13突變體重組病毒。加入CYP2A13突變體重組病毒2 h后,再加入含人源野生型POR的重組桿狀病毒(MOI值為1)。27℃培養(yǎng)24 h后,加入終濃度為2 ng·L-1的鐵血紅素。繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h后,用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌細(xì)胞3次,然后于4℃下1000×g離心10 min收集細(xì)胞。用預(yù)冷P450溶解液(mmol·L-1:K3PO4100,EDTA 1,PMSF 0.1,20%甘油,pH 7.4)重懸細(xì)胞,然后用超聲波破碎。破碎液于4℃9000×g離心20 min,上清轉(zhuǎn)新管。再于4℃下13 000×g離心20 min,上清轉(zhuǎn)新管。最后于4℃下100 000×g離心60 min,小心棄去上清,用P450溶解液重懸沉淀,則得含重組蛋白的微粒體。-80℃凍存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

1.7 Western蛋白印跡法鑒定CYP2A13突變體重組蛋白的表達(dá)及CYP濃度測(cè)定

CYP2A13突變體重組蛋白的C段引入了組氨酸標(biāo)簽(His-tag),故可用抗His-tag的抗體來(lái)檢測(cè)重組蛋白是否表達(dá)。一抗為鼠抗His-tag多抗(稀釋2000倍),二抗為過(guò)氧化物酶偶聯(lián)羊抗鼠IgG(稀釋2500倍),按Western標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序操作,用ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。用一氧化碳光譜法[11]測(cè)定微粒體中CYP的含量。

1.8 HPLC法檢測(cè)香豆素代謝

200 μL孵育體系中含有異檸檬酸11 mmol·L-1、異檸檬酸脫氫酶0.8 kU·L-1、MgCl215 mmol·L-1、Tris-HCl 50 mmol·L-1(pH=7.4)、CYP2A13重組蛋白20 pmol。香豆素的終濃度分別為0.5,2,5,10,15,20和25 mmol·L-1。預(yù)孵育5 min后,加入NADP/NADPH啟動(dòng)劑(終濃度分別為0.25或0.01 mmol·L-1)啟動(dòng)反應(yīng),37℃孵育30 min。用200 μL冰乙腈終止反應(yīng),渦旋20 s后,4℃下16 000×g離心20 min,取上清用于液相分析。

建立7-羥基香豆素HPLC分析方法,方法學(xué)考察后,用該法對(duì)代謝產(chǎn)物7-羥基香豆素進(jìn)行定量檢測(cè)。分析柱,Diamond C18分析柱(250 mm×4.6 mm× 5 μm);柱溫30℃;流速1.0 mL·L-1;香豆素紫外檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng)360 nm;7-羥基香豆素?zé)晒鈾z測(cè)激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)350 nm;7-羥基香豆素?zé)晒鈾z測(cè)發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)453 nm;進(jìn)樣量20 mL;流動(dòng)相:25%乙腈,75%醋酸銨溶液,其中醋酸銨溶液濃度為10 mmol·L-1。

2 結(jié)果

2.1CYP2A13突變體的獲得

以實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存的含野生型CYP2A13基因片段的pGEM-T重組質(zhì)粒為模板,通過(guò)點(diǎn)突變的方法構(gòu)建突變體。將得到的突變質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)化入大腸桿菌感受態(tài)細(xì)胞,挑取陽(yáng)性克隆XhoⅠ/XbaⅠ雙酶切鑒定(圖1)。以CYP2A13*2為例(泳道1和2),重組質(zhì)粒(泳道1)被雙酶切后,其產(chǎn)物大小符合理論大?。ㄓ镜?,載體約為3000 bp,CYP2A13*2約為1500 bp),說(shuō)明該克隆為陽(yáng)性克隆。將陽(yáng)性克隆送出測(cè)序,測(cè)序結(jié)果與預(yù)期一致,5個(gè)突變體均構(gòu)建成功。在本文中,構(gòu)建好的重組質(zhì)粒按“載體名稱-基因名稱”模式來(lái)命名。

Fig.1 Electrophoresis identification of recombinant pGEM-CYP2A13s.Lane 1 and lane 2:pGEM-CYP2A13*2 pair(pGEM-CYP2A13*2 and pGEM-CYP2A13*2 cleaved by XhoⅠ/XbaⅠ);lanes 3-8:pGEM-CYP2A13*4 pair,pGEMCYP2A13*5 pair and pGEM-CYP2A13*6 pair,respectively;lane 9:DNA molecular marker;lanes 10-13:pGEM-CYP2A13*8, pGEM-CYP2A13*9 pair,respectively.

雖然CYP2A13*4不在本文研究范圍,但由于CYP2A13*4和其他突變體的構(gòu)建工作是并行的,所以圖中也出現(xiàn)了CYP2A13*4的電泳結(jié)果(泳道3和4)。

2.2 pFastBac-CYP2A13重組質(zhì)粒的獲得

將構(gòu)建成功的重組pGEM-CYP2A13質(zhì)粒用XhoⅠ/XbaⅠ雙酶切,與同樣處理的pFastBac載體片段連接,轉(zhuǎn)化E.coliDH5α。挑取陽(yáng)性克隆,用XhoⅠ/XbaⅠ雙酶切和PCR驗(yàn)證(圖2)。以CYP2A13*2為例(泳道1~3),重組質(zhì)粒(泳道1)被雙酶切后,其產(chǎn)物大小符合理論大?。ㄓ镜?,載體約為4500 bp,CYP2A13*2約為1500 bp),以該重組質(zhì)粒為模板來(lái)擴(kuò)增CYP2A13*2基因片段,產(chǎn)物大小也符合預(yù)期(泳道3),說(shuō)明該克隆為陽(yáng)性克隆。將陽(yáng)性克隆送測(cè)序,測(cè)序結(jié)果與預(yù)期一致,表明pFastBac-CYP2A13s構(gòu)建成功。

Fig.2 Electrophoresis identification of recombinant pFastBac-CYP2A13s.Lanes 1-3:pFastBac-CYP2A13*2 group(pFastBac-CYP2A13*2,pFastBac-CYP2A13*2 cleaved by XhoⅠ/XbaⅠand PCR product,respectively);lanes 4-6:pFast-Bac-CYP2A13*4 group;lane 7:DNA molecular marker;lanes 8-19:pFastBac-CYP2A13*5 group,pFastBac-CYP2A13*6 group,pFastBac-CYP2A13*8 group and pFastBac-CYP2A13*9 group,respectively.

2.3 bacmid-CYP2A13重組黏粒的制備

將鑒定正確的pFastBac-CYP2A13轉(zhuǎn)化到E.coliDH10Bac感受態(tài)細(xì)胞中,經(jīng)過(guò)兩輪藍(lán)白篩選,挑取白色單克隆,提取bacmid-CYP2A13黏粒后進(jìn)行電泳分析(圖3),并用M13引物對(duì)重組黏粒進(jìn)行PCR鑒定。電泳結(jié)果顯示,PCR產(chǎn)物大小約為3800 bp,作為對(duì)照的空pFastBac轉(zhuǎn)入DH10Bac后,其重組bacmid的PCR產(chǎn)物為2300 bp,表明有大小為1500 bp的基因序列重組入bacmid中,符合預(yù)期,證實(shí)重組bacmid-CYP2A13構(gòu)建成功。而未發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)座的bacmid,PCR產(chǎn)物為300 bp(圖4)。

Fig.3 Eletrophoresis analysis of recombinant bacmid isolated from DH10Bac.Lanes 1-7:bacmid-CYP2A13*1, bacmid-CYP2A13*2,bacmid-CYP2A13*4,bacmid-CYP2A13*5, bacmid-CYP2A13*6,bacmid-CYP2A13*8 and bacmid-CYP2A13*9, respectively;lane 8:DNA molecular marker.

2.4 CYP2A13重組蛋白的表達(dá)及鑒定

通過(guò)預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn),確定病毒擴(kuò)增條件為0.1的MOI值和96 h的感染時(shí)間;表達(dá)時(shí)CYP2A13和POR病毒的比例為2∶1,總MOI值為3。在此條件下,細(xì)胞24 h后便出現(xiàn)感染跡象,72 h后細(xì)胞大部分漂浮,蛋白表達(dá)也達(dá)到最高水平。

Fig.4 Electrophoresis identification of PCR products for the recombinant bacmids.Lane 1:bacmid without transposition(300 bp);lane 2:bacmid transported with empty pFastBac(2300bp);lanes3-8:recombinantbacmid-CYP2A13*2,bacmid-CYP2A13*4,bacmid-CYP2A13*5,bacmid-CYP2A13*6,bacmid-CYP2A13*8 and bacmid-CYP2A13*9,respectively;lane 9:DNA molecular marker;lane 10:bacmid-CYP2A13*1.

Western蛋白印跡結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),樣本在55 ku附近產(chǎn)生了特異條帶(圖5A),分子質(zhì)量與CYP2A13相同,而作為對(duì)照的空載體重組病毒在Western蛋白印跡檢測(cè)中未產(chǎn)生任何條帶,表明CYP2A13重組蛋白在sf9細(xì)胞中進(jìn)行了高效表達(dá)。CO差示光譜法測(cè)定結(jié)果顯示,各重組蛋白都出現(xiàn)了CYP特有的P450吸收峰(圖5B)。

2.5 7-羥基香豆素HPLC測(cè)定的方法學(xué)考察

Fig.5 Heterologous expression of CYP2A13 recombinant enzymes in sf9 cells by Western blotting.Microsomes were prepared from the sf9 cells infected for 72 h with recombinant bacmids containing either wild-type or mutant CYP2A13 cDNAs.sf9 cells transfected with the vector alone(without cDNA)were used as a negative control.A,lanes 1-7:CYP2A13*1,CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6,CYP2A13*8, CYP2A13*9 and the variants and negative control.B was the representative CO-difference spectra,which showed the characteristic P450 peak.

2.5.1 方法專屬性

HPLC分析結(jié)果顯示,空白孵育體系樣品在7-羥基香豆素保留時(shí)間處未見(jiàn)色譜峰(圖6A),表明孵育液中的雜質(zhì)不干擾測(cè)定。7-羥基香豆素保留時(shí)間為6.272 min(圖6B);香豆素的保留時(shí)間為12.888 min(圖6C);香豆素在熒光檢測(cè)器下沒(méi)有響應(yīng)(圖6D)。以上結(jié)果說(shuō)明本法可專屬檢測(cè)7-羥基香豆素。

Fig.6 Specificity of HPLC analysis.A:blank incubation solution,detected with fluorescence detector;B:the incubation solution containing 7-hydroxycoumarin(tR=6.272min),detected with fluorescence detector;C:the incubation solution containing coumarin(tR=12.888 min),detected with variable wavelength detector;D:the incubation solution containing coumarin,detected with fluorescence detector.

2.5.2 線性范圍

計(jì)算曲線(圖7)的回歸方程,A=10.141C-0.7617,R=0.9997。7-羥基香豆素在1~20 nmol·L-1濃度范圍內(nèi)呈良好的線性關(guān)系。采用逐步稀釋法測(cè)得7-羥基香豆素定量限(LOQ)為1 nmol·L-1,檢測(cè)限(LOD)為0.3 nmol·L-1。

2.5.3 回收率和精密度

在孵育體系中分別加入7-羥基香豆素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品溶液5,20和60 nmol·L-1,其HPLC分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1和表2。日內(nèi)(表1)、日間(表2)回收率在92%~100.8%之間,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差在1.47%~2.85%之間,表明方法的準(zhǔn)確度和精密度均符合要求。

Fig.7 Linearity of 7-hydroxycoumarin.

Tab.1 Intra-day accuracy and presicion for quantitation of 7-hydroxycoumarin

Tab.2 Inter-day reproducibility for quantitation of 7-hydroxycoumarin

2.6 重組蛋白代謝香豆素的酶動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)及比較

將獲得的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)按米氏方程擬合,得到香豆素代謝的酶動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)(表3)。結(jié)果顯示,在Km值上,CYP2A13突變體和CYP2A13*1之間沒(méi)有顯著差異。而在Vmax值上,除CYP2A13*8外,CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6和CYP2A13*9的Vmax值均高于CYP2A13*1,且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Vmax值的升高,也使得CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6和CYP2A13*9的Clint值都明顯高于CYP2A13*1,其中CYP2A13*2和CYP2A13*9的Clint值增加了40%~42%,CYP2A13*5和CYP2A13*6的Clint值增加了93%~108%。

Tab.3 Kinetic parameters of CYP2A13 enzymes in coumarin 7-hydroxylation

3 討論

AFB1在體內(nèi)需要經(jīng)過(guò)代謝活化,才能表現(xiàn)出毒性。AFB1的代謝產(chǎn)物有多種,其中具有強(qiáng)致癌活性的代謝物為AFB1-8,9-環(huán)氧化物。AFB1-8,9-環(huán)氧化物有兩種立體異構(gòu)體,AFB1-內(nèi)型-8,9-環(huán)氧化物和AFB1-外型-8,9-環(huán)氧化物,其中AFB1-外型-8,9-環(huán)氧化物與DNA等大分子的親和力比內(nèi)型異構(gòu)體高1000倍,具有突變致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12-13]。CYP1A2和CYP3A4是AFB1體內(nèi)代謝活化過(guò)程中公認(rèn)的優(yōu)勢(shì)代謝酶[14]。CYP1A2能代謝AFB1產(chǎn)生內(nèi)型和外型兩種異構(gòu)體,3A4只能產(chǎn)生外型-8,9-環(huán)氧化物[15],而CYP2A13代謝AFB1產(chǎn)生的異構(gòu)體種類還有待深入研究。盡管如此,CHO細(xì)胞毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,CYP2A13導(dǎo)致的AFB1細(xì)胞毒性顯著高于CYP1A2和CYP3A4[4]。

AFB1能被人體吸入,產(chǎn)生呼吸系統(tǒng)毒性。AFB1的優(yōu)勢(shì)代謝酶的CYP1A2和CYP3A4主要表達(dá)于肝,呼吸道中幾乎不表達(dá)[16];具有AFB1代謝活性的CYP2A6可在呼吸道表達(dá),且表達(dá)量高于CYP2A13,最高約達(dá)10倍[16-17],但CYP2A13介導(dǎo)的AFB1細(xì)胞毒性比CYP2A6約高800倍[4]。因此,CYP2A13是人呼吸道中AFB1的優(yōu)勢(shì)代謝酶,在AFB1呼吸道原位活化上起到重要作用。除AFB1外,CYP2A13對(duì)香豆素的代謝活性也較高[18]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,香豆素與AFB1共代謝時(shí),能增強(qiáng)AFB1的毒性[9]。由于CYP2A13的基因多態(tài)性對(duì)其代謝激活A(yù)FB1導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞毒性影響不大[8],所以CYP2A13的基因多態(tài)性導(dǎo)致的香豆素代謝活性的差異,對(duì)研究AFB1誘發(fā)的呼吸系統(tǒng)腫瘤的個(gè)體易感性差異具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。

以實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存的CYP2A13野生型基因?yàn)槟0?,利用點(diǎn)突變技術(shù)成功構(gòu)建了CYP2A13的突變株。在已報(bào)道的CYP 2AB的SNP中,有9個(gè)位于外顯子區(qū)域,共產(chǎn)生8種突變體。這8種變異體如下:CYP2A13*2,R25Q,R257C;CYP2A13*3,133_134T insertion;CYP2A13*4,R101Q;CYP2A13*5,F(xiàn)453Y;CYP2A13*6,R494C;CYP2A13*7,R101X;CYP2A13*8,D158E;CYP2A13*9,V323L。其中CYP2A13*7過(guò)早引入了終止子,導(dǎo)致翻譯中斷,產(chǎn)物沒(méi)有活性[19];CYP2A13*3引起移碼突變,其產(chǎn)生的蛋白不穩(wěn)定,無(wú)法用于體外實(shí)驗(yàn)[20];CYP2A13*4發(fā)生R101Q突變后,使得血紅素基團(tuán)偏離了活性中心,導(dǎo)致酶失活[6]。因此本研究只重組表達(dá)了CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6, CYP2A13*8和CYP2A13*9等突變體。

在表達(dá)系統(tǒng)的選擇上,本研究采用了Invitrogen公司的Bac-to-Bac桿狀病毒表達(dá)系統(tǒng)。影響CYP代謝酶在Bac-to-Bac系統(tǒng)中的表達(dá)效率的因素很多,其中感染MOI值和鐵血紅素對(duì)其活性的影響最大。P450酶蛋白的正確折疊需要血紅素的參與。sf9細(xì)胞自身合成的血紅素極少,所以表達(dá)時(shí)需要加入外源性血紅素——通常以氯高鐵血紅素的形式加入。氯高鐵血紅素是血紅素的一種穩(wěn)定形式。高濃度的氯高鐵血紅素會(huì)對(duì)sf9細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性,其適用濃度范圍為0.1至5.0 ng·L-1[21]。本研究綜合考慮了細(xì)胞毒性和蛋白產(chǎn)量等因素,確定了氯高鐵血紅素的終濃度為2 ng·L-1。在MOI值的選擇上,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)CYP和POR重組病毒的總MOI值從1增至5時(shí),重組酶活性會(huì)隨MOI值升高。而總MOI值在5以上時(shí),隨著MOI值的升高,重組酶活性反而有下降趨勢(shì)。因此,本研究在1~5的MOI值之間來(lái)考察CYP和POR重組病毒的比例,在考察了不同比例和酶活性的關(guān)系后,確定了CYP和POR的比例為2:1,總MOI值為3的表達(dá)條件。

將表達(dá)CYP2A13野生型和突變體蛋白的sf9細(xì)胞制備成微粒體,進(jìn)行香豆素體外代謝實(shí)驗(yàn),并用HPLC和熒光檢測(cè)器分離檢測(cè)香豆素代謝物——7-羥基香豆素。從代謝數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)看,雖然CYP2A13突變體和野生型CYP2A13之間在Km值上相似,但在Vmax的值上有顯著差異。這使得CYP2A13*2, CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6和CYP2A13*9的活性明顯高于CYP2A13*1,其中,CYP2A13*5和CYP2A13*6的活性分別增加了93%和108%。這兩種突變體,在與香豆素和AFB1共同作用的情況下,就很可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生更多的致癌代謝物,而攜帶有CYP2A13*5或CYP2A13*6的人群,就很可能具有更高的AFB1致癌易感性,更需要在生產(chǎn)或生活中避免同時(shí)接觸到香豆素和AFB1。當(dāng)然,這一推論需要進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)證明。

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Heterogenous expression of five human cytochrome P450 2A13 mutants and their catalytic activities of coumarin

LIU Ting1,2,LI Zhao-hui2,XU Ying-chun2,CHEN Shu-qing2
(1.Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics,School of Pharmacy,Guiyang Medical College,Guiyang 550004,China;2.Institute of Pharmacology,Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,China)

OBJECTlVETo construct and express recombinant human P450 2A13 mutants CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6,CYP2A13*8 and CYP2A13*9,and to determine the functional consequences,if any,thatCYP2A13mutants might have on CYP2A13-catalysed coumarin metabolism.METHODSThe wild-type CYP2A13gene was used as template to obtainCYP2A13mutants by site-directed mutation PCR.Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus expression system was employed to produce recombinant baculovirus carrying cDNAs ofCYP2A13mutants.Spodoptera frugiperda 9(Sf9)cells were co-infected with recombinant baculovirus ofCYP2A13mutants and human NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase(POR,wildtype)to express CYP2A13 proteins.The microsome containing recombinant proteins was prepared and incubated with coumarin(0.25-25 μmol·L-1)for 30 min.The coumarin 7-hydroxylation activities of CYP2A13 mutants were determined by HPLC.RESULTSA single band of 56 ku was detected in the microsomes prepared from the Sf9 cells transfected with bacmids containing CYP2A13 cDNAs.CYP2A13 mutants and CYP2A13*1 had similarKmvalues.However,theVmaxvalues(mol·min-1·mol-1CYP)of CYP2A13*2(0.58±0.05,P<0.05),CYP2A13*5(0.71±0.08,P<0.01),CYP2A13*6(0.84± 0.09,P<0.01)and CYP2A13*9(0.58±0.04,P<0.05)were significantly higher those of CYP2A13*1(0.33±0.06),which resulted in a 40%-108%increase of catalytic efficiency.CONCLUSlONCYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6,CYP2A13*8 and CYP2A13*9 with metabolic activities are successfully expressed using Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system.The results of coumarin metabolism show that the coumarin 7-hydroxylation activities of CYP2A13*2,CYP2A13*5,CYP2A13*6 and CYP2A13*9 are significantly higher than those of CYP2A13*1.

cytochrome P-450 CYP2A13;mutant;baculovirus expression system;coumarin

The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81273578);National Major Projects of China(2012ZX09506001-004);Guizhou Science and Technology Department(J2013-2034);Guizhou Science and Technology Department(2013-5002);and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Project for College Students(201410660005)

CHEN Shu-qing,E-mail:chenshuqing@zju.edu.cn,Tel:(0571)88208411

A

:1000-3002(2015)04-0591-08

2014-10-20接受日期:2015-03-05)

(本文編輯:?jiǎn)毯?

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81273578);國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)基金(2012ZX09506001-004);貴州省科技廳基金(黔科合J字[2013]2034號(hào);貴州省科技廳基金(黔科合中藥字[2013]5002號(hào));貴陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目(201410660005)

劉亭,男,博士,主要從事毒理學(xué)和藥物代謝學(xué)研究。

陳樞青,E-mail:chenshuqing@zju.edu.cn,Tel:(0571)88208411

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