項(xiàng)晟煜 黃冬紅
[摘要] 目的 探討分析人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者并發(fā)癥危險(xiǎn)因素分析及護(hù)理效果。 方法 收集2012年1月~2014年1月于浙江省中醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)接受人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)40例患者的臨床資料,采用單因素分析和多因素Logistic回歸分析分析人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素。另選取2014年3月~2015年3月我院經(jīng)人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥70例患者,隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,每組各35例,給予對(duì)照組患者常規(guī)護(hù)理,針對(duì)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素給予實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者圍術(shù)期的護(hù)理干預(yù),對(duì)兩組患者的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率情況進(jìn)行比較。 結(jié)果 單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生與術(shù)前合并癥、肢體制動(dòng)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)、細(xì)菌交叉感染、住院時(shí)間有關(guān)(P < 0.05);多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果表明,存在術(shù)前的合并癥(OR = 4.967,95%CI:1.217~20.376,P = 0.010)、住院的時(shí)間>15 d(OR = 5.217,95%CI:2.692~10.175,P = 0.000)、存在細(xì)菌交叉感染(OR = 5.657,95%CI:2.487~12.892,P = 0.014)、肢體制動(dòng)的時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)(OR = 6.318,95%CI:3.252~12.299,P = 0.021)為人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。接受?chē)g(shù)期的護(hù)理干預(yù)后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率(14.29%)較對(duì)照組(51.43%)顯著降低,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 圍術(shù)期的針對(duì)性護(hù)理能夠顯著幫助減少人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)術(shù)后患者的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,具一定的臨床推廣價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);并發(fā)癥;危險(xiǎn)因素;護(hù)理
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R687.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2015)06(b)-0120-04
Analysis of the risk factors of complications in patients with prosthetic joint replacement and the nursing effect
XIANG Shengyu1 HUANG Donghong2
1.Service Centre, Beilun District People's Hospital of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315800, China; 2. Department of Orthopaedics, the TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310002, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the risk factors of complications in patients with prosthetic joint replacement and the nursing effect. Methods The clinical data of 42 patients with prosthetic joint replacement from January 2012 to January 2014 in the TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Province ("our hospital" for short ) were collected, single factor analysis and Logistic regression analysis were uesd to analyze risk factors of complication after prosthetic joint replacement. And 70 patients with complications after prosthetic joint replacement in our hospital from March 2014 to March 2015 were selected and divided into the experimental group and control group, with 35 cases in each group. The patients in control group were given the routine nursing, and patients in experimental group were given perioperative period nursing according to the risk factors. The complications incidence between two groups were compared. Results The single factor analysis showed postoperative complications were connected with preoperative complications, bacteria cross infection, limbs braking time too long, hospital stays (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed postoperative complications (OR = 4.967, 95%CI:1.217-20.376, P = 0.010), hospital stays > 15 d (OR = 5.217, 95%CI: 2.692-10.175, P = 0.000), bacteria cross infection (OR = 5.657, 95%CI: 2.487-12.892, P = 0.014), limbs braking time too long (OR = 6.318, 95%CI: 3.252-12.299, P = 0.021) were independent risk factors of complications after prosthetic joint replacement. The complications incidence of experimental group (14.29%) was much lower than that of control group (51.43%), the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion Perioperative targeting nursing can significantly help reduce the rate of complications in patients with prosthetic joint replacement, which is worth for clinical expand.
[Key words] Arthroplasty; Complications; Risk factors; Nursing
人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)主要是把人工關(guān)節(jié)的假體經(jīng)由外科技術(shù)以植入患者體內(nèi),從而替代患病關(guān)節(jié)的生理功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)緩解患者關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,基本恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)生理功能目的[1-2]。按照保守估計(jì),每年全世界150萬(wàn)以上的患者接受了人工關(guān)節(jié)的置換手術(shù),相應(yīng)其術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率也居高不下[3-4]。本研究通過(guò)回顧性分析人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)患者的臨床資料,對(duì)人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)并發(fā)癥產(chǎn)生的危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行總結(jié),并且針對(duì)相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素給予實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者圍術(shù)期的護(hù)理干預(yù),對(duì)護(hù)理后人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況進(jìn)行分析,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2012年1月~2014年1月于浙江省中醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)接受人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)40例患者的詳細(xì)資料,其中20例在術(shù)后發(fā)生了不同的并發(fā)癥,其并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為50.0%,男13例,女7例,年齡37~74歲,平均(58.4±2.0)歲。另外選取2014年3月~2015年3月我院經(jīng)人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),且出現(xiàn)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥患者70例,隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,每組各35例。對(duì)照組:男20例,女15例,年齡34~76歲,平均年齡(58.9±2.1)歲;實(shí)驗(yàn)組:男19例,女16例,年齡33~77歲,平均(58.8±2.2)歲。兩組患者年齡、性別等一般資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)同意,所有患者和/或家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 危險(xiǎn)因素選定策略
經(jīng)過(guò)文獻(xiàn)查閱和臨床工作的總結(jié),將可能造成患者人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的因素收集起來(lái),主要包括有性別、年齡、肢體制動(dòng)的時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)、術(shù)前的合并癥、術(shù)前抗生素使用、細(xì)菌的交叉感染、術(shù)中持續(xù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)常、術(shù)中有無(wú)嚴(yán)重出血及輸血。其中肢體制動(dòng)時(shí)間超過(guò)6 h判定為肢體制動(dòng)的時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)。將上述的因素做單因素分析,然后對(duì)其中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)一步做多因素的Logistic回歸分析,最后得到人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
1.2.2 護(hù)理方法
1.2.2.1 對(duì)照組 給予患者常規(guī)護(hù)理。
1.2.2.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)組 針對(duì)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素給予患者圍術(shù)期的護(hù)理干預(yù),具體如下:于術(shù)前調(diào)查患者的身體狀況,了解患者自身健康問(wèn)題和術(shù)前的合并癥情況,按照患者飲酒、吸煙、血脂、血糖和用藥史、有無(wú)服用激素等情況,對(duì)患者手術(shù)是否存在潛在危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行判定,對(duì)于術(shù)前存在合并癥的患者需要提高警惕,幫助和提醒患者于術(shù)前盡量將合并癥癥狀減輕[5]。此外應(yīng)幫助患者于術(shù)前進(jìn)行功能訓(xùn)練,從而保證患者在術(shù)后的恢復(fù)達(dá)到最好效果。術(shù)中對(duì)患者嚴(yán)格實(shí)施無(wú)菌的操作,留心手術(shù)切口的大小以及面積,最大程度避免交叉感染,于手術(shù)過(guò)程中對(duì)患者血壓和心率等指標(biāo)做密切觀察,若出現(xiàn)異常,需及時(shí)處理。在術(shù)后抗生素的使用應(yīng)合理且少量,可通過(guò)一些中藥的制劑對(duì)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)進(jìn)行預(yù)防。術(shù)后給予患者間歇充氣加壓裝置、關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)期以及下肢彈力襪等輔助裝置,以促進(jìn)患者靜脈血液的回流,避免由于制動(dòng)過(guò)久造成的靜脈血栓。對(duì)患者進(jìn)行適當(dāng)心理干預(yù),以防患者術(shù)后產(chǎn)生心理障礙或抑郁焦慮的情緒,格外注意患者的飲食,對(duì)患者術(shù)后的適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行合理安排,對(duì)手術(shù)的相關(guān)肌肉進(jìn)行適當(dāng)按摩,每日溫水泡腳,以改善血液的循環(huán),使患者住院時(shí)間盡量縮短[6]。
1.3 評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的并發(fā)癥:①感染:按照《醫(yī)院感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的規(guī)定,其典型的臨床表現(xiàn)是不明原因發(fā)熱,體溫>38℃,可伴有呼吸急促、寒顫,外周血的白細(xì)胞水平異常升高,手術(shù)切口分離得到病原菌,可診斷為感染[7]。②深靜脈血栓(DVT):按照DVT的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):靜脈腔內(nèi)實(shí)性回聲,強(qiáng)弱不等,全部或部分占據(jù)了血管腔,加壓探頭,不能壓癟或者部分壓癟靜脈管腔,可判定為DVT[8]。③肺栓塞:肺動(dòng)脈的CT直接征象可見(jiàn)肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)有充盈缺損,完全或部分包圍于血流之間,表現(xiàn)軌道征,或完全的充盈缺損,遠(yuǎn)端血管沒(méi)有顯影;間接征象有肺野楔形的高密度影,高密度的條帶狀區(qū)或者盤(pán)狀的肺不張,可見(jiàn)中心肺動(dòng)脈的擴(kuò)張和遠(yuǎn)端的血管分支降低、消失,可以確診[9]。④肺炎:X線檢查可見(jiàn)進(jìn)展的或新的肺部浸潤(rùn)影,合并兩個(gè)以上下列的臨床癥狀:血白細(xì)胞水平上升或下降,發(fā)熱>38℃,氣道的分泌物為膿性即可確診[10]。⑤壓瘡:按照美國(guó)國(guó)家壓瘡顧問(wèn)組的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),和臨近或者對(duì)稱的身體部位比較,可見(jiàn)完整皮膚有組織硬度、皮膚溫度、潰瘍、感覺(jué)表現(xiàn)中1種或多種的改變,可確診[11]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
研究數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。多因素分析采用Logistic回歸分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 單因素分析
單因素分析結(jié)果表明:患者存在術(shù)前合并癥,肢體制動(dòng)的時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),存在細(xì)菌交叉感染,住院時(shí)間>15 d會(huì)顯著增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的單因素分析[n(%)]
2.2多因素Logistic回歸分析
將單因素分析得到的有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的因素,包括存在術(shù)前合并癥、肢體制動(dòng)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)、存在細(xì)菌交叉感染、住院時(shí)間>15 d作為自變量,以有無(wú)出現(xiàn)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥作為應(yīng)變量作多因素的Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果表明,此4項(xiàng)因素均為人工關(guān)節(jié)置換患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素。見(jiàn)表2。
表2 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的多因素Logistic回歸分析
2.3 護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)表3。
表3 兩組患者人工關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況(例)
3 討論
目前,髖關(guān)節(jié)的置換術(shù)及膝關(guān)節(jié)的置換術(shù)為人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)當(dāng)中兩類(lèi)最常見(jiàn)的手術(shù),除此之外,人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)也應(yīng)用到了踝關(guān)節(jié)、肩關(guān)節(jié)、腕關(guān)節(jié)等處,伴隨其應(yīng)用的不斷推廣,人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)實(shí)施后患者并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)的數(shù)量同樣上升顯著[12-15],所以找出造成患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素就顯得極為重要,本研究經(jīng)過(guò)文獻(xiàn)查閱和臨床工作的總結(jié),將可能造成人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的因素收集起來(lái),在分析后得出人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素包括存在術(shù)前合并癥、肢體制動(dòng)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)、存在細(xì)菌交叉感染和住院時(shí)間>15 d。但鑒于能力有限,只是對(duì)主要的影響因素進(jìn)行了分析,而并未涵括所有可能存在的因素,其仍有待于進(jìn)一步的研究。
本研究另外選取人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥的70例患者,其中給予對(duì)照組患者常規(guī)護(hù)理,而針對(duì)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素給予實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者圍術(shù)期的護(hù)理干預(yù),除去本文當(dāng)中方法部分?jǐn)⑹龅膰g(shù)期針對(duì)性護(hù)理之外,對(duì)容易造成患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素尤其加以防范和護(hù)理:對(duì)于部分存在術(shù)前合并癥患者,需按照病情不同合理用藥;對(duì)于患者的手術(shù)切口進(jìn)行正確清理,嚴(yán)格按照相關(guān)規(guī)程進(jìn)行操作,以防交叉感染的出現(xiàn);肢體制動(dòng)的時(shí)間應(yīng)當(dāng)按照個(gè)人情況進(jìn)行合理掌握,以避免由于過(guò)長(zhǎng)制動(dòng)時(shí)間所導(dǎo)致形成靜脈血栓;盡可能降低患者的住院天數(shù),以防院內(nèi)的感染給患者帶來(lái)的不必要的問(wèn)題[16-17]。此外,患者術(shù)后進(jìn)行恢復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)十分重要,醫(yī)院的護(hù)理干預(yù)人員對(duì)待患者時(shí)應(yīng)保證足夠耐心,幫助和提醒患者按時(shí)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng),并輔助患者做肢體按摩等的行為干預(yù),與此同時(shí)注意患者患肢末梢的感覺(jué)、血運(yùn)、運(yùn)動(dòng)和肢體腫脹狀況,留意是否形成血栓[18-19]。
已有相關(guān)資料統(tǒng)計(jì)表明,術(shù)后的DTV及感染為最常見(jiàn)的人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[20-21],本研究通過(guò)針對(duì)性的護(hù)理干預(yù),明顯降低了人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的概率,幫助患者盡快恢復(fù)至比較理想狀態(tài),減輕患者病痛,同時(shí)提高患者滿意度,鑒于此,圍術(shù)期的針對(duì)性護(hù)理能夠顯著幫助減少人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)術(shù)后患者的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,具有一定的臨床推廣價(jià)值。
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(收稿日期:2015-03-01 本文編輯:蘇 暢)