施麗娟++羅慧君 沈逸飛
[摘要] 目的 比較不同全身麻醉方式在腹腔鏡手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果。 方法 2013年3月~2015年2月,選擇下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者90例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),相同麻醉方案誘導(dǎo)后,按照不同的全身麻醉維持方式,將患者分為3組:全憑丙泊酚靜脈麻醉組(A組)、全憑異氟醚吸入麻醉組(B組)以及丙泊酚、異氟醚靜吸復(fù)合麻醉組(C組)。記錄氣腹前(T0)、氣腹時(shí)(T1)、氣腹后15 min(T2)、術(shù)畢時(shí)(T3)、拔管時(shí)(T4)、拔管后5 min(T5)的MAP和HR;記錄蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、蘇醒期躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率以及術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況;記錄拔管時(shí)(T4)、拔管后5 min(T5)、拔管后10 min(T6)、拔管后20 min(T7)的OAA/S評(píng)分。 結(jié)果 T0、T1、T2、T3時(shí),3組的MAP、HR差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與T0時(shí)比較,T1、T2時(shí),3組的MAP明顯升高,HR明顯增快(P<0.05);與A組比較,T4、T5時(shí),B、C組的MAP、HR明顯升高(P<0.05)。A組術(shù)畢蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間明顯短于B、C組(P<0.05);A、C組的蘇醒期躁動(dòng)、惡心嘔吐、嗆咳發(fā)生率明顯低于B組(P<0.05),且A組明顯低于C組(P<0.05);T5、T6時(shí),A組的OAA/S評(píng)分明顯高于B、C組(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 全憑丙泊酚靜脈麻醉用于下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù),術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)平穩(wěn),術(shù)畢蘇醒快、質(zhì)量高,蘇醒期躁動(dòng)及其他不良反應(yīng)少。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 全憑靜脈麻醉;腹腔鏡手術(shù);血流動(dòng)力學(xué);蘇醒期質(zhì)量
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2015)06(c)-0044-04
[Abstract] Objective To compare the application effect of different general anesthesia modes in laparoscopic surgery. Methods From March 2013 to February 2015,90 patients with ASAⅠ-Ⅱ grade received with laparoscopic surgery of lower abdomen were selected.After they were induced by the same anesthetic regimen and divided into 3 groups:total intravenous anesthesia of propofol group (group A),total inhalation anesthesia of isoflurane group (group B) and propofol by intravenous anesthesia combined with isoflurane inhalation anesthesia group (group C) according to maintained method with different general anesthesia.Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) before pneumoperitoneum (T0),during pneumoperitoneum (T1),after 15 min pneumoperitoneum (T2),termination of surgery (T3),when extubation (T4),and after 5 min extubation (T5) were recorded.Awakening time,time of extubation,incidence rate of restlessness during awakening period and postoperative occurrence of adverse reaction were recorded. OAA/S score was recorded in T4,T5,after 10 min extubation (T6),and after 20 min extubation (T7) were also recorded. Results There was no statistical difference of MAP or HR at T0,T1,T2, and T3 among 3 groups (P>0.05).In comparison with T0,MAP was greatly increased at T1 and T2 in 3 groups and HR was obviously quickened (P<0.05).Compared with group A,MAP and HR were greatly increased in group B and group C at T4 and T5 (P<0.05).In group A,time of awakening after surgery and time of extubation were significantly shorter in comparison with that in group B and C respectively (P<0.05).Incidence rate of restlessness,nausea and vomiting,and cough in group A and group C was obviously lower than that in group B respectively (P<0.05),and those in group A was the lowest (P<0.05).The OAA/S score in group A at T5 and T6 were remarkably higher than that in group B and group C respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion Total propofol intravenous anesthesia for lower abdominal laparoscopic surgery has advantage of intraoperative stable hemodynamics,quick awakening after surgery with high quality,and few restlessness during awakening period and other adverse reaction.
[Key words] Total intravenous anesthesia;Laparoscopic surgery;Hemodynamics;Quality during awakening period
腹腔鏡手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,近年來(lái)在臨床廣泛開(kāi)展,但由于CO2氣腹、手術(shù)體位對(duì)呼吸和循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的影響,腹腔鏡手術(shù)對(duì)麻醉的要求除了術(shù)中要達(dá)到一定的麻醉深度及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)平穩(wěn),保證手術(shù)順利進(jìn)行外,全身麻醉蘇醒期質(zhì)量亦受到麻醉醫(yī)師的高度關(guān)注。研究報(bào)道認(rèn)為,患者麻醉蘇醒期質(zhì)量與不同麻醉方式有關(guān)[1]。如何做到全身麻醉術(shù)畢蘇醒迅速完全,減少惡心嘔吐、躁動(dòng)等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,是麻醉醫(yī)師共同的追求。有報(bào)道[2]認(rèn)為,丙泊酚TCI全憑靜脈麻醉恰能滿足以上這些要求。丙泊酚屬超短效靜脈麻醉藥,起效快、無(wú)蓄積、蘇醒迅速而完全。本研究對(duì)采用丙泊酚、異氟醚不同全身麻醉維持方式的腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和蘇醒期不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生情況進(jìn)行比較,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2013年3月~2015年2月,選擇近年下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者90例(闌尾切除31例、疝無(wú)張力修補(bǔ)20例、精索靜脈高位結(jié)扎16例、輸卵管切除23例),男48例,女42例,年齡19~65歲,體重45~78 kg,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):心血管、呼吸及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,肝腎功能異常,藥物過(guò)敏史,溝通障礙,手術(shù)時(shí)間>1 h。按照不同的全身麻醉維持方式,將患者分為3組:全憑丙泊酚靜脈麻醉組(A組)、全憑異氟醚吸入麻醉組(B組),丙泊酚異氟醚靜吸復(fù)合麻醉組(C組),每組30例。3組患者的年齡、性別、體重及手術(shù)種類、時(shí)間等差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 麻醉方法
術(shù)前30 min肌注阿托品0.5 mg、苯巴比妥0.1 g。入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)BP、HR、ECG、SpO2、PETCO2,建立上肢靜脈通道,面罩給氧。3組患者采用相同的麻醉誘導(dǎo)方案,均依次靜注咪達(dá)唑侖0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼2 μg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg、維庫(kù)溴胺0.1 mg/kg快速誘導(dǎo)氣管插管機(jī)械通氣,維持PETCO2在30~45 mm Hg。麻醉維持方式分別為:A組全憑丙泊酚4~8 mg/(kg·h)微量泵持續(xù)輸注;B組全憑2.0%~3.5%異氟醚吸入麻醉;C組丙泊酚3~6 mg/(kg·h)復(fù)合吸入1.0%~2.5%異氟醚。術(shù)中按需給予維庫(kù)溴胺2.0 mg/次維持肌松,氣腹后取頭低腳高位15°~20°,氣腹壓維持在12~13 mm Hg。術(shù)畢前5 min關(guān)閉異氟醚揮發(fā)罐及停止泵入丙泊酚。術(shù)畢自主呼吸恢復(fù)后靜注新斯的明1 mg和阿托品0.5 mg拮抗肌松殘余作用。拔管指征:咳嗽吞咽反射恢復(fù)、能聽(tīng)從指令、RR 12~20/min、VT>6 ml/kg以及脫氧后SpO2>95%。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
記錄氣腹前(T0)、氣腹時(shí)(T1)、氣腹后15 min(T2)、術(shù)畢時(shí)(T3)、拔管時(shí)(T4)、拔管后5 min(T5)的MAP和HR;記錄蘇醒時(shí)間(停藥至呼之睜眼時(shí)間)、拔管時(shí)間(停藥至拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)間);記錄蘇醒期躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率以及術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、嗆咳、呼吸抑制等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生情況;記錄拔管時(shí)(T4)、拔管后5 min(T5)拔管后10 min(T6)、拔管后20 min(T7)的警覺(jué)/鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分(OAA/S),對(duì)蘇醒期質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)估。OAA/S評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):5分為對(duì)正常聲音呼名反應(yīng)迅速,完全清醒;4分為對(duì)正常聲音呼名反應(yīng)遲鈍,語(yǔ)速較慢;3分為對(duì)僅在大聲或反復(fù)呼名后有反應(yīng),言語(yǔ)模糊;2分為對(duì)輕推或輕拍有反應(yīng),不能辨其言語(yǔ);1分為對(duì)輕推或輕拍無(wú)反應(yīng),昏睡。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 12.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用成組t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 3組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR的比較
T0、T1、T2、T3時(shí),3組患者的MAP、HR差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與T0時(shí)比較,T1、T2時(shí),3組的MAP明顯升高,HR明顯增快(P<0.05);與A組比較,T4、T5時(shí),B、C組的MAP、HR明顯升高(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2 3組患者蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、躁動(dòng)以及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率的比較
A組術(shù)畢蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間明顯短于B、C組(P<0.05);A、C組的蘇醒期躁動(dòng)、惡心嘔吐、嗆咳發(fā)生率明顯低于B組(P<0.05),且A組明顯低于C組(P<0.05)(表2),3組患者均未發(fā)生呼吸抑制。
2.3 3組患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的OAA/S評(píng)分的比較
3組患者T4、T7時(shí)的OAA/S評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T5、T6時(shí),A組的OAA/S評(píng)分明顯高于B、C組(P<0.05)(表3)。
3 討論
隨著腹腔鏡手術(shù)日益廣泛開(kāi)展,手術(shù)量的增加,對(duì)麻醉提出了更高的要求,除了保證手術(shù)順利進(jìn)行外,如何提高全身麻醉蘇醒期質(zhì)量值得進(jìn)一步研究探討。雖然麻醉藥物、技術(shù)也不斷提高,但全身麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)仍是困擾麻醉醫(yī)師的一大難題。文獻(xiàn)[3]報(bào)道,蘇醒期躁動(dòng)(emergence agitation,EA)發(fā)生率為3.3%~80.0%。EA是全身麻醉恢復(fù)早期階段較為常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥,表現(xiàn)為興奮、躁動(dòng)和定向障礙并存[4],可引起患者的心率、血壓劇烈波動(dòng)[5],同時(shí)可出現(xiàn)哭喊或呻吟、肢體的無(wú)意識(shí)動(dòng)作(拔除各種引流管或氣管導(dǎo)管,甚至墜床),不僅給術(shù)后護(hù)理工作帶來(lái)額外負(fù)擔(dān),同時(shí)增加了患者自我傷害、心腦血管事件及手術(shù)區(qū)域內(nèi)出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6-7],嚴(yán)重影響蘇醒期質(zhì)量,影響術(shù)后的康復(fù),甚至導(dǎo)致意外情況發(fā)生[8]。EA的發(fā)生與年齡,手術(shù)部位,麻醉用藥、術(shù)后疼痛等多種因素有關(guān),發(fā)生機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能是全身麻醉藥物對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的抑制程度不同,部分麻醉藥物的殘余作用致使大腦皮質(zhì)與上行網(wǎng)狀激活系統(tǒng)高級(jí)中樞的功能仍未能恢復(fù)完全,從而影響患者對(duì)感覺(jué)的反應(yīng)和處理。
丙泊酚為一種快速短效的靜脈麻醉藥,誘導(dǎo)過(guò)程平穩(wěn),無(wú)肌肉不自主運(yùn)動(dòng)、咳嗽、呃逆等不良反應(yīng),對(duì)中樞的作用主要是催眠、鎮(zhèn)靜與遺忘,持續(xù)輸注幾乎無(wú)蓄積,適用于持續(xù)輸注維持麻醉,蘇醒迅速而完全,蘇醒后常有安寧感[9]。有研究表明,丙泊酚具有鎮(zhèn)吐作用,持續(xù)維持靜脈全身麻醉劑量的丙泊酚對(duì)術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率的降低是有作用的[10];鎮(zhèn)痛藥(如芬太尼、嗎啡等)和吸入麻醉藥都有一定的致嘔作用,而丙泊酚卻具有一定的抗惡心嘔吐作用[11]。惡心嘔吐是吸入麻醉藥物異氟醚的常見(jiàn)不良反應(yīng)之一,其機(jī)制尚未能完全闡明。異氟醚對(duì)呼吸道刺激較大,有一小部分經(jīng)肝腎代謝,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間吸入后在體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生蓄積作用。研究報(bào)道[12],長(zhǎng)時(shí)間使用吸入麻醉后會(huì)影響患者的蘇醒。關(guān)于吸入麻醉后煩躁譫妄的發(fā)生機(jī)制目前還不明確,是由于吸入麻醉藥對(duì)迷走神經(jīng)的抑制強(qiáng)于對(duì)交感神經(jīng)活性的影響,從而出現(xiàn)中樞興奮,表現(xiàn)為四肢不自主運(yùn)動(dòng),如果短時(shí)間內(nèi)排出肺內(nèi)較高濃度的吸入麻醉藥,容易導(dǎo)致二氧化碳分壓降低,而誘發(fā)患者的不自主躁動(dòng)[13],還可能與低濃度殘留吸入麻醉藥,如異氟醚可誘發(fā)痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏作用[14-15]有關(guān)。有研究[16]表明,吸入麻醉的EA發(fā)生率高于靜吸復(fù)合麻醉,靜吸復(fù)合麻醉又高于全憑靜脈麻醉。Bryand等[17]提示,丙泊酚全身麻醉組較七氟醚全身麻醉組EA的發(fā)生率顯著降低。Walker等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),七氟醚麻醉最主要的缺點(diǎn)是EA,且發(fā)生率高達(dá)50%~80%。有研究[19]顯示,應(yīng)用異氟醚后,小兒全身麻醉術(shù)后的躁動(dòng)與七氟醚有相似的發(fā)生率。本研究采用3種不同全身麻醉維持方式用于腹腔鏡手術(shù),結(jié)果顯示,全憑異氟醚吸入麻醉組(B組)的EA發(fā)生率高達(dá)46.7%,顯著高于全憑靜脈麻醉組(A組)的3.3%和靜吸復(fù)合麻醉組(C組)的20.0%,且T4、T5時(shí),B、C組的MAP、HR波動(dòng)明顯,術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、嗆咳等不良反應(yīng)亦明顯增多,與上述一些研究結(jié)果相似;另外A組患者的蘇醒期OAA/S評(píng)分在T5、T6時(shí)明顯高于B、C組,大多數(shù)患者拔管后意識(shí)清楚、安靜合作,蘇醒質(zhì)量明顯較高。本研究主要是針對(duì)手術(shù)時(shí)間在1 h內(nèi)的腹腔鏡手術(shù),麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)應(yīng)用的芬太尼足夠維持術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛作用,所以術(shù)中未使用其他靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛藥。
綜上所述,全憑丙泊酚靜脈麻醉用于短時(shí)間腹腔鏡手術(shù),與全憑異氟醚吸入麻醉以及兩者靜吸復(fù)合麻醉相比,具有血流動(dòng)力學(xué)平穩(wěn),術(shù)畢蘇醒迅速完全,蘇醒期躁動(dòng)及惡心嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低,術(shù)畢OAA/S評(píng)分高,拔管后患者舒適、安靜合作,蘇醒期質(zhì)量高等優(yōu)勢(shì)。
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(收稿日期:2015-03-10 本文編輯:許俊琴)