李 陽(yáng)
《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《內(nèi)經(jīng)》)是《素問(wèn)》與《靈樞》之合稱,為我國(guó)現(xiàn)存最早之醫(yī)學(xué)典籍,反映了我國(guó)古代的醫(yī)學(xué)成就,奠定了我國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),成為我國(guó)醫(yī)藥之祖,醫(yī)家之宗。其思想發(fā)乎于遠(yuǎn)古,體系形成于春秋,編撰成書(shū)于秦漢,其語(yǔ)言之精美、理論之精深、思想之精湛、論述之精練,堪與三墳五典相媲美。斯書(shū)之問(wèn)世,奠定了華夏醫(yī)藥的理論基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)踐規(guī)范,數(shù)千年來(lái)一直被奉為醫(yī)藥圭臬、養(yǎng)生寶典,至今仍然指導(dǎo)著中華醫(yī)藥的學(xué)術(shù)研究和臨床治療。本文從通假字、古今字的辨析與翻譯,詞義的辨析與翻譯,修辭與翻譯幾個(gè)方面的進(jìn)行分析研究。
英譯:Overeating the fat meat and fine grain can cause the occurrence of abscesses.
說(shuō)明:高,通“膏”;梁,通“粱”?!案嗔弧本褪欠嗜饩住!白恪庇小澳堋币??!岸 彼茷椤扒摇保ㄅc疽同)之訛字。“丁”“且”古文形近致誤。膏粱之害,所以能生大疽,是因厚味郁為內(nèi)熱,發(fā)于肌肉,毒深則為癰為疽?!侗怡o心書(shū)》卷上引“丁”作“疽”。其書(shū)雖偽,此點(diǎn)卻甚可取。[1]無(wú)論從文理還是醫(yī)理來(lái)看,膏粱之變所生均應(yīng)為“癰疽”,而非“疔瘡”。
英譯:Medical classics stated that excessive pattern should be reduced,and deficient pattern should be supplemented.I have instructed the physicians with these principles but they cannot obtain a satisfactory result.
說(shuō)明:“寫(xiě)—瀉”為古今字;錫,通“賜”。
英譯:Slackness and weakness of the extremities is caused by the inability of the spleen to spread the essence.
說(shuō)明:“解—懈”為古今字。脾精之不行,即脾不散精。
英譯:Yin and yang are the origin of all things.
說(shuō)明:孫詒讓《札迻》:“能者,胎之借字。”《爾雅· 釋詁》:“胎,始也?!?/p>
黃帝問(wèn)曰:“人身非常溫也,非常熱也,為之熱而煩滿者,何也?”岐伯對(duì)曰:“陰氣少而陽(yáng)氣勝,故熱而煩滿也。”(帝曰:“人身非衣寒也,中非有寒氣也,寒從中生者何?”岐伯曰:“是人多痹氣也,陽(yáng)氣少陰氣多,故身寒如從水中出。”)(逆調(diào)論)
Huang-Di asked:When one has fever and feels vexed and oppressed but not owing to the wearing of warm clothes,what is the reason?
Qi Bo answered:It is due to deficiency of yin qi and overabundance of yang qi.
邪氣盛則實(shí),精氣奪則虛。(通評(píng)虛實(shí)論)
英譯:Disease patterns caused by overabundant pathogenic factors are excessive,while those caused by damaged healthy qi are deficient.
說(shuō)明:奪,今義多作“爭(zhēng)奪”解,但用于句中,則義不相協(xié)。此當(dāng)作“失”解,與“盛”反義對(duì)舉?!墩f(shuō)文·奞部》:“奪,手持奞失之也?!倍斡癫米ⅲ骸耙隇榉彩ノ镏Q?!盵2]
陽(yáng)氣者,若天與日,失其所則折壽而不彰。(生氣通天論)
英譯:Yang qi in the human body is just like the sun in the sky.When the sun fails to move normally,all things cannot exist;and when yang qi fails to move normally,the man cannot grow and will die early.
說(shuō)明:樓英:“人之陽(yáng)氣猶天之日光,人失陽(yáng)氣,而知覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)視聽(tīng)言嗅之靈明。壞不彰、壽命易折,猶天之失光明,則萬(wàn)物無(wú)以發(fā)生也?!闭茫罢隆??!犊镏囌住ち罚骸肮胖^大木為章?!币辍罢隆庇虚L(zhǎng)大之意。折壽而不彰,意為人易致夭折,而不能生長(zhǎng)壯大。[3]
刺針必肅,刺腫必?fù)u,經(jīng)刺勿搖。此刺之道也。(診要經(jīng)終論)
英譯:In pricking,the needle should be inserted quickly;when treating swelling,the needle should be waggled to remove the pathogenic factors;when pricking the meridians,waggling method is not necessary.These are the essentials of acupuncture.
說(shuō)明:“經(jīng)刺”,較費(fèi)解,但對(duì)照上文之“刺針”“刺腫”,可知“經(jīng)刺”即“刺經(jīng)”。此為交錯(cuò)語(yǔ)序。
五藏有俞,六府有合。(痹論)
英譯:All the viscera have shu-stream and he-sea points.
說(shuō)明:該句前有“五藏皆有合”、“六府亦各有俞”句,可知此句應(yīng)正確理解為:五藏六府皆有俞合。張介賓在《類經(jīng)》卷十七《痹證》中指出:“五藏有俞,六府有合,乃兼藏府而互言也?!币饧幢揪涫褂昧嘶溥@一修辭手法。
冬則閉塞。閉塞者,用藥而少針石也。(通評(píng)虛實(shí)論)
英譯:Winter is the season of shutting.When treating diseases in this season,practitioners should prescribe more medicinals and apply less acupuncture.
說(shuō)明:“用藥而少針石”意為多用藥而少用針石。舉下文“少針石”,見(jiàn)上文“用藥”當(dāng)為多用藥的意思(舉此見(jiàn)彼)。因?yàn)槎瑫r(shí)之氣閉藏于體內(nèi),而針石宜治外,湯藥善治內(nèi),故云。
《內(nèi)經(jīng)》雖然成書(shū)于秦漢之際,但其修辭手法不但至善至美,而且靈活多樣,豐富和發(fā)展了我國(guó)古代修辭學(xué)。限于篇幅,這里僅舉數(shù)例以示其貌。雖然這些修辭手法在目前的翻譯實(shí)踐中還無(wú)法一一化轉(zhuǎn)到譯文之中,但對(duì)其系統(tǒng)而深入的了解,有利于我們完整準(zhǔn)確地掌握《內(nèi)經(jīng)》的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)和行文風(fēng)格,從而更好地理解其實(shí)際內(nèi)涵并將其以較為貼切的方式傳達(dá)到譯文之中。