李杰靜,蘇曉靜,唐翔宇,張永剛,宋 凱,趙 陸
解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科??漆t(yī)院脊柱外科,北京 100853
青少年特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)凸患者肩部影像學(xué)新參數(shù)的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值
李杰靜,蘇曉靜,唐翔宇,張永剛,宋 凱,趙 陸
解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科??漆t(yī)院脊柱外科,北京 100853
目的 探討青少年特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者肩部影像學(xué)新參數(shù)—喙突外鎖骨差(coracoid process outer clavicle difference,CPCD)的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法 選取我科2012年2月- 2013年3月70例Lenke 1型或2型AIS患者,在自然站立位上拍攝后前位全脊柱X線片及背部外觀照。分別在X線片上測(cè)量肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù):本研究定義的喙突外鎖骨差及之前學(xué)者定義的喙突高、肩高差、放射學(xué)肩高、鎖骨差,在背部外觀照上測(cè)量肩部外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)—外肩高。將肩部各影像學(xué)參數(shù)分別與肩部外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)—外肩高進(jìn)行Pearson's相關(guān)分析。結(jié)果 在Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者中,本研究新定義的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)—喙突外鎖骨差與外肩高相關(guān)性最高。放射學(xué)肩高、肩高差、鎖骨差、喙突高與外肩高的相關(guān)性較喙突外鎖骨差低。 結(jié)論 新定義的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)—喙突外鎖骨差與肩部外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)外肩高相關(guān)性較之前學(xué)者定義的上述參數(shù)更高,更能準(zhǔn)確地反映肩部外觀,有較高的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
脊柱側(cè)凸;肩部平衡;X線片
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2015-04-03 09:36 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150403.0936.003.html
雙肩失平衡、腰線不對(duì)稱、明顯的軀干偏移是青少年特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者常見(jiàn)的外觀特征。青少年患者重視自身的外觀形態(tài),因此這些外觀畸形對(duì)AIS患者心理狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生影響[1-6]。目前X線、MRI等輔助檢查手段大量應(yīng)用于脊柱側(cè)凸的診治過(guò)程中。但是,應(yīng)用肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)衡量AIS患者肩部外觀情況、評(píng)價(jià)矯形治療效果尚存在爭(zhēng)議[7-11]。應(yīng)用穩(wěn)定、合理且與肩部外觀美學(xué)能保持一致的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù),對(duì)AIS患者術(shù)前評(píng)估畸形情況、合理制訂矯形策略、術(shù)后評(píng)價(jià)矯形效果具有十分重要的臨床意義。本研究定義自然站立后前位X線片中左右喙突外側(cè)的鎖骨最高點(diǎn)的垂直高度差值為喙突外鎖骨差(coracoid process outer clavicle difference,CPCD)。將此新定義的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)和既往常用的影像學(xué)參數(shù)放射學(xué)肩高、肩高差等分別與肩部外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)—外肩高進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,探討本研究新定義的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)—喙突外鎖骨差是否能更準(zhǔn)確地反映肩部外觀平衡情況。
1 研究對(duì)象 回顧2012年2月- 2013年3月在我科接受治療的AIS患者,選取70例Lenke 1型或2型AIS患者作為研究對(duì)象。所有患者需要有自然站立全脊柱后前位X線片及背部外觀照等完整的影像學(xué)資料。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有脊柱、胸背部、肩部外傷及手術(shù)史,骨盆傾斜≥2.0 cm,雙下肢不等長(zhǎng)等情況會(huì)對(duì)肩部影像產(chǎn)生影響的患者。
2 影像學(xué)參數(shù)測(cè)量 1)本研究中新定義的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)—喙突外鎖骨差:左右喙突外側(cè)鎖骨的最高點(diǎn)的垂直高度差值(圖1)。2)Bag ó等[12]定義的喙突高(coracoid process height,CPH):左右喙突最高點(diǎn)的垂直高度差值(圖2)。3)Suk等[9]定義的肩高差(shoulder height difference,SHD):左右鎖骨外端上緣的垂直高度差值(圖3)。4)Kuklo等[8]定義的放射學(xué)肩高(radiographic shoulder height,RSH):左右肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)上方軟組織上緣的高度差值(圖4)。Kuklo等[8]定義的鎖骨角轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)的鎖骨差(clavicle difference,CD):左右鎖骨最高點(diǎn)的垂直高度差值(圖5)。鎖骨角的計(jì)量單位為角度,鎖骨差的計(jì)量單位是長(zhǎng)度,但是兩者代表的是肩部同等的畸形程度。為提高研究的準(zhǔn)確性,本研究將測(cè)量的參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為統(tǒng)一的度量單位。
圖 1 X線測(cè)量喙突外鎖骨差Fig 1 Coracoid process outer clavicle difference (CPCD) was measured on X-ray film
圖 2 X線測(cè)量喙突高Fig 2 Coracoid process height (CPH) was measured on X-ray film
圖 3 X線測(cè)量肩高差Fig 3 Shoulder height difference (SHD) was measured on X-ray film
圖 4 X線測(cè)量放射學(xué)肩高Fig 4 Radiographic shoulder height (RSH) was measured on X-ray film
圖 5 X線測(cè)量鎖骨差Fig 5 Clavicle difference (CD) was measured on X-ray film
圖 6 背部外觀照上測(cè)量外肩高Fig 6 Outer shoulder height (SHo) was measured on posterior shoulder aesthetic photographs
3 美學(xué)外觀肩高測(cè)量 采用Qiu等[10]定義的外肩高(outer shoulder height,SHo),在背部外觀照中,自左右腋窩中最高腋窩的頂點(diǎn)做水平線,交左右大臂于C、D兩點(diǎn),做頸部中垂線交CD連線于O點(diǎn),自CO、DO的外三等分點(diǎn)E、F做垂線,交肩部上緣于A、B兩點(diǎn),A、B兩點(diǎn)的垂直高度差值即為外肩高(圖6)。
4 參數(shù)可信度評(píng)估 以上參數(shù)左肩較右肩抬高時(shí)為正值,反之為負(fù)值。利用組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)對(duì)以上測(cè)量參數(shù)的可信度和重復(fù)性進(jìn)行評(píng)估:3名脊柱矯形外科醫(yī)師使用同一測(cè)量軟件(Image-Pro Plus 6.0影像分析軟件),對(duì)以上參數(shù)分別測(cè)量1次,進(jìn)行可信度分析;1名脊柱矯形外科醫(yī)師對(duì)以上參數(shù)重復(fù)測(cè)量3次,每次測(cè)量間隔時(shí)間為2周,進(jìn)行可重復(fù)性分析。
5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,按照Lenke 1型和2型分層研究。將肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)(喙突外鎖骨差、喙突高、肩高差、放射學(xué)肩高、鎖骨差)分別與肩部外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)—外肩高進(jìn)行Pearson's相關(guān)分析。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 一般資料 70例AIS患者中,Lenke 1型39例,平均年齡14.8歲,其中女性34例、男性5例;Lenke 2型31例,平均年齡14.2歲,其中女性28例,男性3例。Lenke 1型患者主胸彎Cobb角平均49.5°±7.2°,上胸彎Cobb角平均23.3°±6.4°;Lenke 2型患者主胸彎Cobb角平均52.6°±7.8°,上胸彎Cobb角平均33.7°±8.1°。
2 參數(shù)范圍 70例AIS患者喙突外鎖骨差 -3.35 ~4.52 cm,喙突高 -3.81 ~ 3.20 cm,肩高差 -4.45 ~4.33 cm,放射學(xué)肩高 -4.48 ~ 4.39 cm,鎖骨差-3.92 ~ 2.86 cm,外肩高 -2.66 ~ 4.63 cm。肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)(喙突外鎖骨差、喙突高、肩高差、放射學(xué)肩高、鎖骨差)及肩部外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)外肩高ICC均> 0.8,表示測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)可靠。Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)和外肩高測(cè)量結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。
3 肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)與外肩高相關(guān)分析 分別對(duì)Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)與外肩高行相關(guān)分析,均提示喙突外鎖骨差與外肩高相關(guān)性最高。Lenke 1型AIS患者各肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)與外肩高的相關(guān)系數(shù)均較Lenke 2型AIS患者對(duì)應(yīng)的相關(guān)系數(shù)大。見(jiàn)表2。
表1 Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)及外肩高測(cè)量Tab 1 Descriptive statistics of clinical and radiographic measures for Lenke 1 and 2 curves iadolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients ±s)
表1 Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)及外肩高測(cè)量Tab 1 Descriptive statistics of clinical and radiographic measures for Lenke 1 and 2 curves iadolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients ±s)
CPCD: coracoid process outer clavicle difference; CPH: coracoid process height; SHD: shoulder height difference; RSH: radiographic shoulder height;CD: clavicle difference; SHo: outer shoulder height
Lenke 1Lenke 2 CPCD (cm)-0.32±1.76-0.29±1.63 CPH (cm)-0.12±1.51-0.20±1.44 SHD (cm)-0.36±1.69-0.33±1.62 RSH (cm)-0.34±1.74-0.33±1.72 CD (cm)0.02±1.350.01±1.41 SHo (cm)-0.27±1.58-0.24±1.61
表2 AIS患者肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)與外肩高相關(guān)分析Tab 2 Correlation analysis between radiographic shoulder parameters and outer shoulder height in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients
AIS患者肩部的平衡包括外觀的平衡和影像學(xué)平衡。對(duì)于患者來(lái)說(shuō),其關(guān)注更多的是治療前雙肩平衡情況及矯形術(shù)后外觀美學(xué)是否得到改善。如果術(shù)前不能采用良好的指標(biāo)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)AIS患者雙肩平衡情況,可能會(huì)影響手術(shù)矯形方案的選擇,甚至導(dǎo)致手術(shù)的失敗,自然也得不到滿意的療效。國(guó)內(nèi)外有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道AIS患者矯形術(shù)后雙肩不平衡、甚至加重的情況發(fā)生率為16% ~ 38%[13-15]。因此,使用穩(wěn)定、合理且與肩部外觀能保持一致的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù),對(duì)脊柱矯形外科醫(yī)生至關(guān)重要。
Lenke 3 ~ 6型AIS患者由于冠狀面代償較好而很少出現(xiàn)肩部失平衡,而Lenke 1、2型AIS患者同為胸彎為主的脊柱側(cè)凸類型,其對(duì)肩部平衡影響很大。許多雙胸彎AIS患者由于受到僵硬的上胸彎的影響會(huì)使左肩抬高,因此在制訂手術(shù)矯形策略時(shí),如何選擇合適的融合節(jié)段以達(dá)到術(shù)后良好的肩部平衡會(huì)更加困難。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為,術(shù)前肩部平衡情況可以作為是否融合上胸彎的重要指標(biāo)[9,16-18]。
既往學(xué)者報(bào)道利用不同定義的影像學(xué)參數(shù)衡量AIS患者肩部平衡情況[8-12,19],而目前對(duì)于肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)是否可以真實(shí)地反映肩部外觀仍然存在爭(zhēng)議。Bag ó等[12]定義真實(shí)的肩高為雙側(cè)肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)上緣的垂直高度差值,但其定義的肩高忽略了皮膚、肌肉等軟組織對(duì)外觀的影響。因此,其研究顯示的“間接的”影像學(xué)參數(shù)與其定義的真實(shí)肩高的相關(guān)性并不能真實(shí)反映實(shí)際情況。Qiu等[10]為AIS患者設(shè)計(jì)了5個(gè)肩部外觀美學(xué)參數(shù),并同胸1椎體傾斜角、第1肋骨傾斜角等7個(gè)肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,結(jié)果顯示,影像學(xué)參數(shù)與外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)均無(wú)顯著的相關(guān)性,因此他們認(rèn)為,想要提高患者的滿意度,脊柱矯形外科醫(yī)生應(yīng)更注重外觀美學(xué)。但他們?cè)谘芯恐胁捎玫募绮坑跋駥W(xué)參數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)到人體的解剖位置上,比較靠近內(nèi)肩或者遠(yuǎn)離體表,同外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)比較時(shí),容易受到周?chē)浗M織影響。他們并未分析外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)同常被用來(lái)代替外觀肩高、評(píng)估脊柱側(cè)凸術(shù)后肩部平衡情況的放射學(xué)肩高和肩高差[8-9,18]的相關(guān)性,因此結(jié)果有一定的片面性。
Ono等[11]對(duì)Lenke 1、2型AIS患者研究后,認(rèn)為雙肩高度不對(duì)稱要分為內(nèi)肩和外肩兩個(gè)截然不同的區(qū)域來(lái)看待,內(nèi)肩的高低是由于胸1椎體的傾斜和突起的肋骨導(dǎo)致的斜方肌等不對(duì)稱造成的。但他們?cè)谘芯恐兄徊捎昧诵?椎體傾斜角、第1肋骨傾斜角2個(gè)解剖位置靠近內(nèi)側(cè)的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù),因此與外肩外觀的相關(guān)性很低。目前在臨床工作中,脊柱矯形外科醫(yī)生更需要借助影像學(xué)參數(shù)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)矯形方案。因此我們認(rèn)為,在評(píng)價(jià)外肩平衡情況時(shí)可以應(yīng)用與外觀美學(xué)完美匹配的影像學(xué)參數(shù),而評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)肩平衡情況時(shí)由于受肌肉等軟組織影響較大,需要同時(shí)衡量影像學(xué)參數(shù)和外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)。
本研究定義的喙突外鎖骨差在影像片上解剖定位清晰,臨床工作中應(yīng)用方便。與之前學(xué)者定義的影像學(xué)參數(shù)相比,喙突外鎖骨差的解剖定位點(diǎn)的表面軟組織少,對(duì)應(yīng)到人體解剖位置上更接近外觀美學(xué)參數(shù)—外肩高的定位點(diǎn),因此在Lenke 1、2型AIS患者的分層研究中和外肩高都有顯著的相關(guān)性。雖然在Lenke 2型AIS患者中相關(guān)性較Lenke 1型低,但是結(jié)果顯示仍優(yōu)于之前學(xué)者定義的影像學(xué)參數(shù)。綜上所述,本研究新定義的肩部影像學(xué)參數(shù)—喙突外鎖骨差對(duì)脊柱矯形外科醫(yī)師評(píng)估肩部平衡情況時(shí)較其他參數(shù)更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。本研究尚存在不足,由于內(nèi)肩的高低更多受斜方肌等軟組織的影響,因此內(nèi)肩的外觀美學(xué)及影像學(xué)平衡情況未納入到本研究中;患者對(duì)自身肩部平衡的主觀判斷及其與影像學(xué)參數(shù)的關(guān)系尚需進(jìn)一步研究探討。
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Clinical value of a new radiographic shoulder parameter for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients
LI Jiejing, SU Xiaojing, TANG Xiangyu, ZHANG Yonggang, SONG Kai, ZHAO Lu
Department of Spinal Surgery, Special Hospital of Orthopedic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Corresponding author: ZHANG Yonggang. Email: zhangyg301@hotmail.com
Objective To assess the clinical value of a new radiographic shoulder parameter (coracoid process outer clavicle difference, CPCD) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Methods Seventy AIS patients with Lenke 1 (n=39) and 2(n=31) curves admitted to our hospital from February 2012 to March 2013 were included in this study. All patients underwent total spinal posterior-anterior radiographs and posterior shoulder aesthetic photographs at a natural standing position. The radiographic shoulder parameters, including coracoid process outer clavicle difference (CPCD) which was defined by us, and coracoid process height (CPH), shoulder height difference (SHD), radiographic shoulder height (RSH), clavicle difference (CD), which were defined by previous authors, were measured on the X-ray films. The outer shoulder height (SHo) was measured on the posterior shoulder aesthetic photographs. Correlation analysis was made between radiographic shoulder parameters and SHo. Results CPCD showed the highest correlation coefficient with SHo, while the correlation coefficient between RSH, SHD, CD, CPH and SHo was smaller than that between CPCD and SHo. Conclusion The new parameter (CPCD) has higher correlation coefficient with SHo than all the previous parameters. It can more accurately reflect the shoulder appearance and it is more valuable than previous parameters to evaluate the shoulder balance.
scoliosis; shoulder balance; X-ray
R 726.8
A
2095-5227(2015)07-0716-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.07.021
2015-01-30
李杰靜,男,在讀碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:脊柱畸形的診治。Email: 89721610@qq.com
張永剛,男,博士,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師,解放軍總醫(yī)院骨科醫(yī)院副院長(zhǎng)兼脊柱外科主任。Email: zhangyg301@hotmail. com
解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2015年7期