胡亞卓,高 雅,韓志濤,夏 征,耿 艷,李瑞生,陳紅艷,王建華,張紅紅,王魯寧
1解放軍總醫(yī)院 老年醫(yī)學(xué)研究所衰老與相關(guān)疾病北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100853;2解放軍第302醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,北京 100039
腦苷肌肽對(duì)APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠腦內(nèi)β-淀粉樣蛋白42和鈣結(jié)合蛋白-D28K表達(dá)的影響
胡亞卓1,高 雅1,韓志濤1,夏 征1,耿 艷1,李瑞生2,陳紅艷1,王建華1,張紅紅1,王魯寧1
1解放軍總醫(yī)院 老年醫(yī)學(xué)研究所衰老與相關(guān)疾病北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100853;2解放軍第302醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,北京 100039
目的 觀察腦苷肌肽(cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection,CEGI)對(duì)APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因癡呆模型小鼠腦內(nèi)β-淀粉樣蛋白42(amyloid β-peptide,Aβ42)和鈣結(jié)合蛋白-D28K(calbindin-D28K,CB)表達(dá)的影響,探討CEGI對(duì)阿茨海默?。ˋlzheimer's disease,AD)的防治作用。方法 APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因AD模型小鼠共48只,隨機(jī)分為腦苷肌肽低劑量組[Tg + CEGI-L組,腹腔注射CEGI 6.6 ml/(kg·d)]、高劑量組[Tg + CEGI-H組,腹腔注射CEGI 13.2 ml/(kg·d)]、陽(yáng)性藥鹽酸多奈哌齊組[Tg + Donepezil組,Donepezil灌胃2 mg/(kg·d)],模型組(Tg組,腹腔注射等體積0.9%氯化鈉注射液),每組12只;同月齡同背景非轉(zhuǎn)基因野生型C57BL/6J小鼠12只作為正常對(duì)照組(nTg組,腹腔注射等體積0.9%氯化鈉注射液)。小鼠自5月齡開(kāi)始腹腔注射給藥1個(gè)月,然后進(jìn)行Morris水迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,硫黃素S熒光染色和免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測(cè)皮質(zhì)區(qū)Aβ42表達(dá),免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測(cè)海馬CA1區(qū)及CA3區(qū)CB表達(dá)的變化。結(jié)果 行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),與Tg組比較,Tg + CEGI-L組小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力有明顯改善(P<0.05);小鼠大腦皮質(zhì)Aβ42的表達(dá)數(shù)目在Tg組顯著高于Tg + CEGI-L組和Tg + CEGI-H組(43.00±10.03 vs 24.63±10.61/24.89±6.81,P<0.05);小鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元保護(hù)性蛋白CB在Tg + CEGI-L組顯著高于Tg組(0.056±0.023 vs 0.031±0.001,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 CEGI能抑制Aβ42在大腦中的聚集沉積、CB過(guò)表達(dá)來(lái)降低神經(jīng)元損傷,進(jìn)而改善APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因癡呆模型小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力。
腦苷肌肽;阿爾茨海默??;APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠;β-淀粉樣蛋白42;鈣結(jié)合蛋白-D28K
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2015-04-20 10:24 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150420.1024.001.html
阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer's disease,AD)是神經(jīng)退行性疾病,主要病理改變?yōu)棣?淀粉樣蛋白(amyloid β-peptide,Aβ)沉積和老年斑(senile plaque,SP)形成、神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié)(neurofibrillary tangle,NFT)、腦淀粉樣血管?。╟erebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)及顆粒狀空泡小體(granular vacuolar bodies)等[1-2],其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,目前公認(rèn)的主要機(jī)制是Aβ沉積、膽堿能系統(tǒng)受損、自由基代謝紊亂等[3]。其中Aβ產(chǎn)生在AD中起著非常重要的作用,主要認(rèn)為Aβ在患者腦內(nèi)過(guò)量產(chǎn)生和聚集引發(fā)了病理級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),最終導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元功能紊亂并死亡,從而引起病理性癡呆[4-5]。鈣結(jié)合蛋白-D28K(Calbindin D28K,CB)是主要存在于腦內(nèi)的鈣結(jié)合蛋白之一,主要存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)、軸突及某些腦區(qū)神經(jīng)元的樹(shù)突中。有研究顯示,神經(jīng)元生物標(biāo)記物CB可結(jié)合神經(jīng)元內(nèi)的鈣,維持鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)而使神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞免受鈣濃度過(guò)高的毒性作用,減少SP形成,從而起到保護(hù)神經(jīng)元的作用,神經(jīng)元CB表達(dá)的降低與AD及神經(jīng)退行性變具有相關(guān)性[6-9]。APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠模型,能模擬AD腦內(nèi)Aβ的沉積和老年斑形成,對(duì)AD的早期研究有重要應(yīng)用價(jià)值,是國(guó)際公認(rèn)的AD動(dòng)物模型[10]。腦苷肌肽(cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection,CEGI)為小分子多肽氨基酸和多種神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂成分,對(duì)促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生和恢復(fù)神經(jīng)功能有重要作用,已在臨床上廣泛應(yīng)用于腦卒中、老年癡呆和腦損傷等心腦血管疾病的治療,且療效確定[11]。我們假設(shè)CEGI的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用可能與CB有關(guān)。本研究以APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因AD小鼠為模型,觀察CEGI對(duì)小鼠腦內(nèi)Aβ形成和與神經(jīng)元變性密切相關(guān)的CB表達(dá)的影響。
1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠48只,同月齡同背景非轉(zhuǎn)基因野生型C57BL/6J小鼠12只,均為雄性5月齡,體質(zhì)量平均32.5g,相關(guān)基因APP、PS1,均購(gòu)自北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào)SCXK(京)2009-0004。在解放軍第302醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心SPF級(jí)動(dòng)物房單籠飼養(yǎng),自由飲食。
2 實(shí)驗(yàn)藥物與試劑 CEGI由吉林四環(huán)制藥有限公司提供[批號(hào):20121223,2 ml/支],鹽酸多奈哌齊片[衛(wèi)材(中國(guó))藥業(yè)有限公司,批號(hào):120649A,5 mg/片]作為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照藥。小鼠抗Aβ1-42抗體(DaKo公司);小鼠抗CB抗體(Sigma公司);硫黃素S(Thioflavin-S,Sigma公司);免疫組織化學(xué)試劑盒購(gòu)自武漢博士德生物工程有限公司。
3 主要儀器 全自動(dòng)脫水機(jī)(ASP 200)、組織包埋機(jī)(EG1140H)、石蠟切片機(jī)(RM 2135)及冷凍切片機(jī)(CM1900)均為德國(guó)Leica公司產(chǎn)品;BX60熒光顯微鏡、顯微成像系統(tǒng)及圖像分析系統(tǒng)IPP 5.1均為日本OLYMPUS公司產(chǎn)品。
4 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組與給藥 APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠隨機(jī)分為4組:轉(zhuǎn)基因模型對(duì)照組(Tg組)、腦苷肌肽低劑量組(Tg + CEGI-L組)[6.6 ml/(kg·d),腹腔注射]、腦苷肌肽高劑量組(Tg + CEGI-H組)[13.2 ml/(kg·d),腹腔注射]及陽(yáng)性藥物多奈哌齊組(Tg + Donepezil組)[鹽酸多奈哌齊2 ml/(kg·d),灌胃]。C57BL/6J小鼠12只作為正常對(duì)照組(nTg組)和Tg組均給予腹腔注射等體積0.9%氯化鈉注射液,1次/d。連續(xù)給藥1個(gè)月后,進(jìn)行相關(guān)指標(biāo)測(cè)試。
5 Morris水迷宮測(cè)試 給藥4周后,對(duì)各組進(jìn)行Morris水迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn),檢測(cè)小鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力:1)定位航行實(shí)驗(yàn):每只小鼠每天訓(xùn)練4次,連續(xù)進(jìn)行5 d。每次實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠游泳尋找隱藏平臺(tái)的時(shí)間最多為60 s。如果超出60 s小鼠仍然沒(méi)有找到平臺(tái),則將小鼠引導(dǎo)到平臺(tái)上。動(dòng)物找尋并爬上平臺(tái)的時(shí)間被定為潛伏期。2)空間探索實(shí)驗(yàn):最后一次學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后24 h,移除平臺(tái)進(jìn)行探索實(shí)驗(yàn),用以檢測(cè)記憶能力。探索實(shí)驗(yàn)中,采用新的起始位置,每次實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間為60 s。在探索試驗(yàn)中,以動(dòng)物在目標(biāo)象限停留時(shí)間評(píng)估學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的優(yōu)劣。
6 腦組織樣品制備 小鼠于Morris水迷宮全部測(cè)試后,禁食12 h,不禁水,進(jìn)行腦組織取材。用10%水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉后,從左心室快速輸注0.9%氯化鈉注射液,并迅速剪開(kāi)充盈的右心耳,此時(shí)會(huì)有大量血液涌出,灌注時(shí)間為3 ~ 5 min,直至流出清亮液體為止。于低溫下快速斷頭取全腦,腦組織稱重,右側(cè)腦組織放入4%多聚甲醛溶液固定24 h以上(4℃),常規(guī)石蠟包埋切片;分離左側(cè)海馬和皮質(zhì),置液氮中速凍后保存于-70℃冰箱,待作生化和基因表達(dá)檢測(cè)。
7 免疫組織化學(xué)測(cè)定大腦皮質(zhì)Aβ42及海馬CB免疫組織化學(xué)(immunohistochmeistry,IHC)分析Aβ在大腦皮質(zhì)及CB在海馬CA1區(qū)、CA3區(qū)的表達(dá)。經(jīng)二甲苯和不同濃度乙醇脫蠟至水,0.01 mol/ L枸櫞酸緩沖液(pH 6.0)中微波抗原修復(fù),3%過(guò)氧化氫溶液滅活內(nèi)源性酶,滴加5% BAS封閉,一抗1∶100(Aβ42)及1∶1 000(CB) 4℃過(guò)夜,滴加生物素羊抗鼠IgG、ABC復(fù)合物,DAB顯色。陰性對(duì)照切片不加一抗。硫黃素-S(Thioflavin-S)能與纖維性Aβ表面的Aβ折疊結(jié)合,從而可以檢測(cè)出老年斑的沉積:1% Thioflavin-S室溫孵育10 min,50%乙醇脫色后封片。光鏡下,每組選取8只小鼠腦的各3張切片,每張切片選取3個(gè)不重疊視野,進(jìn)行Aβ陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù);對(duì)CB在海馬CA1和CA3區(qū)的表達(dá)采用Image-Pro Plus 5.1圖像分析系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析,所得數(shù)據(jù)以平均光密度代表陽(yáng)性顆粒的強(qiáng)度。
8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS13.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,所得數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)正態(tài)分布和方差齊性檢驗(yàn),采用單因素方差分析,統(tǒng)計(jì)顯著性分析使用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn) 各組小鼠Morris水迷宮結(jié)果顯示,與nTg組比較,Tg組平均逃避潛伏期顯著延長(zhǎng)(P<0.05),目標(biāo)象限停留時(shí)間顯著縮短(P<0.01);與Tg組比較,Tg + CEGI-L組平均逃避潛伏期顯著縮短(P<0.05),目標(biāo)象限停留時(shí)間顯著延長(zhǎng)(P<0.05);Tg + CEGI-H組目標(biāo)象限停留時(shí)間顯著延長(zhǎng)(P<0.01);Tg + Donepezil組目標(biāo)象限停留時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),但無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。見(jiàn)圖1。
2 海馬CA1 HE染色 nTg組海馬CA1細(xì)胞排列整齊緊密、分布均勻,結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,Tg組海馬結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)胞層次變少,數(shù)量減少,排列紊亂,稀疏,細(xì)胞周圍間隙增大。見(jiàn)圖2。
3 硫黃素S熒光檢測(cè)大腦皮質(zhì)老年斑 nTg組小鼠大腦皮質(zhì)區(qū)域未見(jiàn)綠色熒光老年斑塊;Tg組大腦皮質(zhì)出現(xiàn)較多綠色熒光老年斑塊;而Tg + CEGI-L組、Tg + CEGI-H組和Tg + Donepezil組老年斑塊明顯減少,與Aβ42免疫組織化學(xué)的結(jié)果一致。見(jiàn)圖3。
4 免疫組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)大腦皮質(zhì)Aβ42表達(dá) Aβ42在各組小鼠大腦皮質(zhì)表達(dá)及計(jì)數(shù)分析免疫組織化學(xué)結(jié)果顯示,Tg 組大腦皮質(zhì)出現(xiàn)較多Aβ42沉積;與Tg組比較,CEGI-L組、Tg + CEGI-H組和Tg + Donepezil組Aβ42明顯減少(P<0.05),免疫組織化學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)和定量分析結(jié)果。見(jiàn)圖4、圖5。
5 CB在各組小鼠海馬CA1和CA3的表達(dá)及定量分析 免疫組化結(jié)果顯示,與Tg組比較,CB在nTg組和Tg+CEGI-L組小鼠的海馬CA1區(qū)表達(dá)較強(qiáng)(P<0.05);免疫組織化學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)和定量分析結(jié)果。見(jiàn)圖6、圖7。
6 CB在各組小鼠海馬CA3的表達(dá) 免疫組化結(jié)果顯示,與Tg組、Tg + CEGI-H組、Donepezil組比較,CB在nTg組小鼠的海馬CA3區(qū)表達(dá)較強(qiáng)(P<0.05);與Tg組、Tg + CEGI-H組、Donepezil組比較,CB在Tg + CEGI-L組含量高(P<0.05)。免疫組織化學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)和定量分析結(jié)果。見(jiàn)圖8、圖9。
圖 1 腦苷肌肽對(duì)APP/PS1小鼠學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力的改善作用(與Tg組比較,aP<0.05,bP<0.01)A: 逃避潛伏期; B: 目標(biāo)象限停留時(shí)間Fig. 1 Effects of CEGI on spatial learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice (compared with Tg group,aP<0.05,bP<0.01)A: Escape latency; B: Taget quadrant time
圖 2 各組小鼠海馬CA1 (HE ×400)A:正常對(duì)照組; B:轉(zhuǎn)基因模型對(duì)照組; C:腦苷肌肽低劑量組;D:腦苷肌肽高劑量組; E:陽(yáng)性藥物多奈哌齊組Fig. 2 HE stains for hippocampus CA1 region in each group (HE ×400)A: nTg; B: Tg; C: Tg + CEGI-L;D: Tg + CEGI-H;E: Tg + Donepezil
圖 3 各組小鼠大腦皮質(zhì)老年斑硫黃素-S熒光染色(×100) A:正常對(duì)照組; B:轉(zhuǎn)基因模型對(duì)照組; C:腦苷肌肽低劑量組; D:腦苷肌肽高劑量組; E:陽(yáng)性藥物多奈哌齊組Fig. 3 Thioflavin S stains of Aβ plaque in the cortex area in each group (×100)A: nTg; B: Tg; C: Tg + CEGI-L; D:Tg + CEGI-H; E: Tg + Donepezil
圖 4 各組小鼠大腦皮質(zhì)Aβ42老年斑免疫組化染色 (×100) A:正常對(duì)照組; B:轉(zhuǎn)基因模型對(duì)照組; C:腦苷肌肽低劑量組;D:腦苷肌肽高劑量組; E:陽(yáng)性藥物多奈哌齊組圖 5 各組小鼠大腦皮質(zhì)Aβ42定量分析(與Tg組比較,aP<0.05)Fig. 4 IHC stains of Aβ plaque expression in the cortex area in each group (×100) A: nTg; B: Tg; C: Tg + CEGI-L ; D: Tg + CEGI-H; E: Tg + DonepezilFig. 5 Quantitative analysis of IHC stains for Aβ42 expression in the cortex area in each group (compared with Tg group,aP<0.05)
圖 6 各組小鼠海馬CA1區(qū)CB免疫組化染色 (IHC×200) A:正常對(duì)照組; B:轉(zhuǎn)基因模型對(duì)照組; C:腦苷肌肽低劑量組;D:腦苷肌肽高劑量組; E:陽(yáng)性藥物多奈哌齊組圖 7 各組小鼠海馬CA1區(qū)CB光密度 (與Tg組比較,aP<0.05)Fig. 6 IHC stains for CB expression in the hippocampus CA1 region in each group (IHC×200) A: nTg; B: Tg; C: Tg + CEGI-L; D: Tg + CEGI-H; E: Tg+DonepezilFig. 7 Optical density for CB expression in CA1 hippocampal region in each group (compared with Tg group,aP<0.01)
圖 8 各組小鼠海馬CA3區(qū)CB免疫組化染色(IHC×200) A:正常對(duì)照組; B:轉(zhuǎn)基因模型對(duì)照組; C:腦苷肌肽低劑量組;D:腦苷肌肽高劑量組; D:陽(yáng)性藥物多奈哌齊組圖 9 各組小鼠海馬CA3區(qū)CB光密度 (與Tg組比較,aP<0.05)Fig. 8 IHC stains for CB expression in CA3 hippocampal region in each group (IHC×200) A: nTg; B: Tg; C: Tg + CEGI-L;D: Tg + CEGI-H; E: Tg + DonepezilFig. 9 IHC stains for CB expression in CA3 hippocampal region in each group (compared with Tg group,aP<0.05)
正常情況下,腦組織Aβ的生成以Aβ40為主,而在AD患者腦內(nèi)Aβ42的生成明顯增多。雖然腦內(nèi)Aβ42的含量很少,但是其片段最長(zhǎng)、毒性最強(qiáng),比Aβ40更容易聚集沉積,是形成老年斑的主要成分[12-13]。Aβ在腦內(nèi)異常聚集并纖維化形成SPs,其神經(jīng)毒性作用可誘發(fā)氧化應(yīng)激、激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、破壞鈣離子穩(wěn)態(tài)、激活凋亡相關(guān)蛋白并導(dǎo)致廣泛的神經(jīng)元丟失[14-15]。近來(lái)研究認(rèn)為,鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)異常是AD中Aβ形成的關(guān)鍵因素,并為AD導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡的“最后共同通路”[16]。CB介導(dǎo)的鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)異常與AD密切相關(guān)。CB是神經(jīng)元的標(biāo)志性、保護(hù)性蛋白,廣泛分布于大腦皮質(zhì)、海馬、小腦、紋狀體、黑質(zhì)及周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等[17-18]。其特點(diǎn)是它的一級(jí)蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)具有4個(gè)EF臂能結(jié)合鈣離子,CB蛋白質(zhì)分子在結(jié)合鈣離子前后,其構(gòu)象由無(wú)活性狀態(tài)變?yōu)榛钚誀顟B(tài),對(duì)鈣離子具有高親和性,進(jìn)而參與一系列細(xì)胞內(nèi)生理、生化過(guò)程。有研究表明,在特定腦區(qū),衰老和AD患者中CB水平降低,對(duì)神經(jīng)元內(nèi)鈣的緩沖能力降低,導(dǎo)致AD中鈣介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性效應(yīng)[19-20]。
CEGI注射液是由多種神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂、多肽、氨基酸、核酸組成的復(fù)方制劑,含有豐富的神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂(GM1、GD1a、GD1b、GT1b等)和天然生物活性多肽,具有神經(jīng)修與再生、神經(jīng)保護(hù)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)與供能等作用,與神經(jīng)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育、可塑性及學(xué)習(xí)記憶等高級(jí)神經(jīng)功能密切相關(guān),能促進(jìn)受損中樞及周圍神經(jīng)組織的功能恢復(fù)。CEGI已在臨床上用于AD的治療,但其機(jī)制尚不清楚,特別是利用國(guó)際公認(rèn)的APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠模型研究CEGI的作用機(jī)制未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察到,APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠在每日給予Tg + CEGI-L、Tg + CEGI-H 1個(gè)月后,其空間學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力均較Tg組明顯改善。在Tg + CEGI-L組,小鼠海馬CA1區(qū)的神經(jīng)元標(biāo)志性蛋白、具有緩沖細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子的CB表達(dá)顯著增加,說(shuō)明CEGI注射液對(duì)APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的大腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元有保護(hù)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)作用,其機(jī)制可能通過(guò)與NMDA受體相互作用,有效拮抗興奮性氨基酸對(duì)腦組織的毒性作用,如抑制細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子超載,從而減少Aβ42在大腦中的聚集沉積,并且通過(guò)過(guò)表達(dá)CB以調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子的濃度,減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載,降低鈣依賴性蛋白激酶的激活,減少氧自由基的生成,降低神經(jīng)元損傷,進(jìn)而改善AD認(rèn)知功能。在Tg + Donepezil組,大腦皮質(zhì)Aβ42老年斑的數(shù)目也顯著減少,Donepezil雖屬于膽堿酯酶抑制劑[21],不直接降解Aβ42,但也可能通過(guò)拮抗NMDA受體,減少由其引起的細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載,進(jìn)而減輕由NMDA誘發(fā)的神經(jīng)元損傷,減少神經(jīng)元的死亡,發(fā)揮其對(duì)神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)作用。綜上,我們利用APPswe/PS1dE9雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠AD小鼠模型,觀察了CEGI對(duì)AD的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,然而深入機(jī)制還不十分清楚,CEGI對(duì)Aβ42抑制作用,對(duì)過(guò)表達(dá)CB的具體作用靶點(diǎn)和途徑還有待于進(jìn)一步探討。
1 Serrano-Pozo A, Frosch MP, Masliah EA. Neuropathological alterations in alzheimer disease[J]. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2011, 1(1): a006189.
2 郭喆,姚樹(shù)林,張錦明,等.阿爾茨海默病11C-PIB PET連續(xù)動(dòng)態(tài)顯像結(jié)果分析[J].軍醫(yī)進(jìn)修學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2010,31(7):637-639.
3 Thomas P, Fenech M. A review of genome mutation and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Mutagenesis, 2007, 22(1): 15-33.
4 Kumar A, Singh A, Ekavali. A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: an update[J]. Pharmacol Rep, 2015, 67(2):195-203.
5 Lomoio S, López-González I, Aso E, et al. Cerebellar amyloid-β plaques: disturbed cortical circuitry in AβPP/PS1 transgenic mice as a model of familial Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis,2012, 31(2): 285-300.
6 Rosenberg SS, Spitzer NC. Calcium signaling in neuronal development[J]. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2011, 3(10): a004259.
7 Higuchi M, Iwata N, Matsuba Y, et al. Mechanistic involvement of the calpain-calpastatin system in Alzheimer neuropathology[J]. FASEB J, 2012, 26(3): 1204-1217.
8 Kook SY, Jeong H, Kang MJ, et al. Crucial role of calbindin-D28k in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease mouse model[J]. Cell Death Differ, 2014, 21(10): 1575-1587.
9 Odero GL, Oikawa K, Glazner K, et al. Evidence for the involvement of calbindin D28k in the presenilin 1 model of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Neuroscience, 2010, 169(1): 532-543.
10 Zhang W, Bai M, Xi Y, et al. Multiple inflammatory pathways are involved in the development and progression of cognitive deficits in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice[J]. Neurobiol Aging, 2012, 33(11):2661-2677.
11 Yang DX, Yang J, Li LH. Effects of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection on serum level of S100B protein and neuron specific enolase in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass[J]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2007, 87(25):1746-1748.
12 Mangialasche F, Solomon A, Winblad BA, et al. Alzheimer's disease: clinical trials and drug development[J]. Lancet Neurol,2010, 9(7): 702-716.
13 Fiala JC. Mechanisms of amyloid plaque pathogenesis[J]. Acta Neuropathol, 2007, 114(6): 551-571.
14 Radde R, Bolmont T, Kaeser SA, et al. Abeta42-driven cerebral amyloidosis in transgenic mice reveals early and robust pathology[J]. EMBO Rep, 2006, 7(9):940-946.
15 陳娟,王蓉.缺氧與AD發(fā)病機(jī)制的關(guān)系[J].軍醫(yī)進(jìn)修學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2012(5):547-549.
16 Berridge MJ. Calcium signalling and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Neurochem Res, 2011, 36(7):1149-1156.
17 Demuro A, Parker I, Stutzmann GE. Calcium signaling and amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer disease[J]. J Biol Chem, 2010, 285(17):12463-12468.
18 Garwood C, Faizullabhoy A, Wharton SB, et al. Calcium dysregulation in relation to Alzheimer-type pathology in the ageing brain[J]. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 2013, 39(7): 788-799.
19 Mezler M, Barghorn S, Schoemaker H, et al. A beta-amyloid oligomer directly modulates P/Q-type Calcium currents in Xenopus oocytes[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2012, 165(5): 1572-1583.
20 Riascos D, De Leon D, Baker-Nigh A, et al. Age-related loss of Calcium buffering and selective neuronal vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Acta Neuropathol, 2011, 122(5):565-576.
21 Akasofu S, Kimura M, Kosasa T, et al. Protective effect of donepezil in primary-cultured rat cortical neurons exposed to N-methyl-daspartate (NMDA) toxicity[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2006, 530(3):215-222.
Effect of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection on expression of amyloid β-peptide 42 and calbindin-D28k in APPswe /PS1dE9 transgenic mice
HU Yazhuo1, GAO Ya1, HAN Zhitao1, XIA Zheng1, GENG Yan1, LI Ruisheng2, CHEN Hongyan1, WANG Jianhua1, ZHANG Honghong1, WANG Luning1
1Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laborarory of Normal Aging and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853,China;2Experimental Animal Center, Chinese PLA 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
Corresponding author: ZHANG Honghong. Email: zhanghh301@sina.com; WANG Luning. Email: lnw_301@163.com
Objective To observe the effect of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection (CEGI) on expression of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ42) and calbindin-D28k (CB) in brain of APPswe /PS1dE9 double transgenic mice, and investigate its prevention and treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Methods A total of 48 male homozygous APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice were randomly divided into four groups, 12 in each group: low-dose CEGI group (Tg+CEGI-L; intraperitoneal injection of 6.6 ml/ (kg·d)CEGI), high-dose CEGI group (Tg+CEGI-H; intraperitoneal injection of 13.2 ml/ (kg·d) CEGI), positive control Donepezil group(Tg+Donepezil; intragastric administration of 2 mg/ (kg·d) Donepezil), Tg group (intraperitoneal injection of equal volume of 0.9% saline). Another 12 non-transgenic (nTg) wild-type littermates were served as normal control group (nTg, intraperitoneal injection of equal volume of 0.9% saline). After one month of drug administration, Morris water maze test was used to assess the ability of learning and memory of the mice, and the changes of expression of Aβ42 in cortex were detected by Thioflavin-S and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and the changes of expression of CB in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal region were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with Tg group, the ability of learning and memory of mice in Tg+CEGI-L group improved significantly (P<0. 05). The expression of Aβ42 in the cortex in Tg+CEGI-L group and Tg+CEGI-H group was significantly lower than that of Tg group (43.00±10.03 vs 24.63±10.61, 24.89± 6.81, all P<0.05). The expression of CB in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal region was higher in Tg+CEGI-L group than in Tg group (0.056±0.023 vs 0.031±0.001, P<0.05). Conclusion CEGI can reduce the expression of Aβ42 in the cortex and increase the expression of CB in CA1 hippocampal regionin APPswe /PS1dE9 double transgenic mice and improve their ability of learning and memory.
cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection; Alzheimer's disease; APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice; amyloid β-peptide 42; calbindin-D28k
R 977.6
A
2095-5227(2015)07-0738-06
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.07.026
2015-03-17
胡亞卓,女,學(xué)士,主管技師。研究方向:老年退行性疾病分子病理研究。Email: huyazhuo301@aliyun.com;共同第一作者:高雅,女,碩士。研究方向:老年期癡呆。Email: elegance86@163.com
張紅紅,女,碩士,研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,副所長(zhǎng)。Email: zhanghh301@sina.com;王魯寧,女,碩士,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email: lnw_301@163.com
解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2015年7期