曹玉玨,賀立新,李冬海,屠海霞,馬彩虹,侯玉森
(北京豐臺(tái)右安門醫(yī)院燒傷整形科北京100069)
開胸術(shù)后切口感染合并肋軟骨炎的綜合治療
曹玉玨,賀立新,李冬海,屠海霞,馬彩虹,侯玉森
(北京豐臺(tái)右安門醫(yī)院燒傷整形科北京100069)
目的:探討開胸術(shù)后切口感染合并肋軟骨炎的治療方法。方法:2011年1月至2014年1月我院收治的166例開胸術(shù)后切口感染、不愈的患者,其中35例患者合并肋軟骨炎,男26例,女9例,年齡35~79歲,平均年齡(58.9±15.0)歲,術(shù)前采用分泌物細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)+藥敏、清創(chuàng)、封閉負(fù)壓引流;術(shù)中徹底清創(chuàng)、去除受累肋軟骨、鋼絲取出、雙側(cè)胸大肌轉(zhuǎn)移修復(fù);術(shù)后引流、應(yīng)用敏感抗生素等綜合治療,封閉創(chuàng)面。結(jié)果:35例患者術(shù)后3~15d拔除引流管,27例患者創(chuàng)面術(shù)后10~15d后一期愈合;1例患者形成肌瓣下竇道,經(jīng)換藥后創(chuàng)面愈合;4例患者行二次手術(shù)清創(chuàng)后創(chuàng)面愈合,其中1例患者為出院后6個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā),再次入院手術(shù)清創(chuàng)后3周創(chuàng)面愈合;3例患者行三次手術(shù)清創(chuàng)后創(chuàng)面愈合。35例患者術(shù)后均隨訪6個(gè)月~2年,創(chuàng)面愈合良好。結(jié)論:采用術(shù)前清創(chuàng)、封閉負(fù)壓引流、術(shù)中徹底清創(chuàng)、去除受累肋軟骨、鋼絲取出、雙側(cè)胸大肌轉(zhuǎn)移、圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用敏感抗生素等綜合治療是修復(fù)開胸術(shù)后切口感染合并肋軟骨炎的一種有效方法,取得了良好的臨床療效。
開胸術(shù);感染;肋軟骨炎;抗生素;治療
經(jīng)正中切口開胸術(shù)后切口感染合并肋軟骨炎常常引起創(chuàng)面經(jīng)久不愈、患者疼痛難忍、局部換藥等治療效果差,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。筆者采用手術(shù)徹底清創(chuàng)、擴(kuò)大去除受累及鄰近的健康肋軟骨,輔以術(shù)前清創(chuàng)、封閉負(fù)壓吸引及圍手術(shù)期敏感抗生素應(yīng)用等綜合治療,取得了良好的臨床療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1臨床資料
本組患者35例,男26例,女9例,年齡35~79歲,平均年齡(58.9±15.0)歲。其中冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后患者28例,心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后5例,冠脈旁路移植術(shù)后1例,縮窄性心包炎矯正術(shù)后1例。病程<1個(gè)月28例,1~6個(gè)月5例,>1年2例。累及單根肋軟骨10例,2根肋軟骨14例,3根肋軟骨6例,4根肋軟骨4例,6根肋軟骨1例。合并高血壓者14例,合并糖尿病者12例,二者均有者5例。入院后不同創(chuàng)面細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)分布及手術(shù)次數(shù)情況見表1。35例患者均采用術(shù)前清創(chuàng)、29例行封閉負(fù)壓引流(切口部分或完全裂開者)、術(shù)中徹底清創(chuàng)、去除受累肋軟骨、鋼絲取出、雙側(cè)胸大肌轉(zhuǎn)移、圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用敏感抗生素等綜合治療封閉創(chuàng)面。
1.2治療方法
1.2.1清創(chuàng):本組35例患者入院后均予以前胸創(chuàng)面分泌物細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)+藥敏試驗(yàn),17例患者前胸切口部分裂開在局麻或全麻下行清創(chuàng)、VSD負(fù)壓引流術(shù),12例患者前胸創(chuàng)面已完全裂開患者直接行清創(chuàng)、VSD負(fù)壓引流術(shù),此27例患者根據(jù)創(chuàng)面分泌物及引流情況更換VSD負(fù)壓;6例患者前胸為點(diǎn)狀竇道,予以清創(chuàng)、紗布條引流換藥治療;35例患者待創(chuàng)面分泌物減少、創(chuàng)基新鮮后行手術(shù)治療。
1.2.2手術(shù)方法:術(shù)前定位患者胸部疼痛或壓痛明顯處,取仰臥位,在全身麻醉、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)檢測(cè)下進(jìn)行手術(shù)。取原胸正中手術(shù)切口。擴(kuò)創(chuàng)口,去除松脫的鋼絲及胸骨游離碎屑、清除止血骨蠟、生物墊片、補(bǔ)片等[1]。擴(kuò)大切除感染和壞死的肋軟骨及鄰近健康肋軟骨,利用健康的肋軟骨膜包埋封閉殘端。對(duì)于前胸創(chuàng)面缺損嚴(yán)重者,游離雙側(cè)鄰近胸大肌瓣,向中牽拉覆蓋胸骨徹底止血。用雙氧水、稀釋碘伏溶液、無菌生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗傷口。圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用敏感抗生素7~10d或適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)至14d。
表1 35例患者創(chuàng)面細(xì)菌分布及手術(shù)次數(shù)
35例患者術(shù)后3~15d拔除引流管,27例患者創(chuàng)面術(shù)后10~15d后一期愈合,1例患者形成肌瓣下竇道,經(jīng)換藥后創(chuàng)面愈合;4例患者行二次手術(shù)清創(chuàng)后創(chuàng)面愈合,其中1例患者為出院后6個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā),再次入院手術(shù)清創(chuàng)后3周創(chuàng)面愈合;3例患者行三次手術(shù)清創(chuàng)后創(chuàng)面愈合。35例患者術(shù)后均隨訪6個(gè)月~2年,創(chuàng)面愈合良好,疼痛癥狀消失或明顯減輕,無呼吸和循環(huán)異常及明顯胸廓塌陷。
肋軟骨主要由軟骨細(xì)胞和基質(zhì)組成,自身無血管,僅靠肋軟骨膜滋養(yǎng)。開胸術(shù)中牽開器過度牽拉,或術(shù)后固定胸骨鋼絲反復(fù)切割作用,破壞胸肋關(guān)節(jié)處肋軟骨膜,致使肋軟骨喪失血供,加之機(jī)體抵抗力下降,條件致病菌易導(dǎo)致肋軟骨感染,甚至壞死[2]。此外,老年體弱、糖尿病、高血壓、動(dòng)脈硬化及肥胖患者[3],由于手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、創(chuàng)傷大,前胸切口不易愈合,感染由淺及深誘發(fā)胸骨骨髓炎,遷延過久,胸骨破壞過多,可侵及鄰近的肋軟骨,導(dǎo)致化膿性肋軟骨炎。本組35例患者,多合并高血壓、糖尿病等基礎(chǔ)病,屬開胸術(shù)后化膿性肋軟骨炎高發(fā)群體?;撔岳哕浌茄资情_胸手術(shù)后一種嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,一旦發(fā)生感染單純使用抗生素或保守?fù)Q藥治療很難治愈[4]。筆者采用手術(shù)徹底清創(chuàng)、擴(kuò)大去除受累及鄰近的健康肋軟骨,輔以術(shù)前清創(chuàng)、封閉負(fù)壓吸引及圍手術(shù)期敏感抗生素應(yīng)用等綜合治療,取得了良好的臨床療效。
患者入院后行創(chuàng)面細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)+藥敏很重要。根據(jù)表1所示,創(chuàng)面培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌種類不同,預(yù)后也不同。創(chuàng)面細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)為金黃色葡萄球菌、MRSA、銅綠假單胞菌等耐藥菌的患者中,不乏肋軟骨炎遷延不愈,反復(fù)發(fā)作,需要多次手術(shù)。因此,除術(shù)中應(yīng)嚴(yán)格無菌操作,徹底反復(fù)沖洗創(chuàng)面等外,圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)全身足量應(yīng)用敏感抗生素及術(shù)后局部滴注引流沖洗,以減少手術(shù)次數(shù)促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面愈合。此外,術(shù)前前胸創(chuàng)面應(yīng)用負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù)可在一定程度上消除組織間隙內(nèi)及創(chuàng)面上分泌物和壞死組織,達(dá)到創(chuàng)面減菌效果,提高創(chuàng)面抗感染能力,刺激創(chuàng)面肉芽組織快速生長(zhǎng)[5],為后期手術(shù)打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
根據(jù)解剖學(xué)特點(diǎn),第1~4肋軟骨單獨(dú)存在,感染發(fā)生后一般不向鄰近的肋軟骨蔓延,第5~10肋軟骨由于相鄰的軟骨相互連接,并借胸骨劍突與對(duì)側(cè)相連,感染后炎癥可相互蔓延,使同側(cè)多跟肋軟骨受累[6]。因此若術(shù)中肋軟骨清除不徹底,術(shù)后極容易復(fù)發(fā)。但在徹底清創(chuàng)的程度上,目前業(yè)界還存在分歧。王欣等認(rèn)為,第5肋以上的肋軟骨炎,需將胸骨旁至肋骨之間的肋軟骨整段切除;第5肋以下各肋軟骨因相互連接,需廣泛切除整個(gè)肋弓[7]。而吳兆紅等則不主張擴(kuò)大清除,超出健康肋軟骨1~2cm處切除病變肋軟骨即可,因肋軟骨切除過多會(huì)影響胸壁穩(wěn)定性[8]。根據(jù)筆者臨床觀察,對(duì)于單根或多根不連續(xù)受累肋軟骨,切除整根肋軟骨,可以減少手術(shù)次數(shù),防止復(fù)發(fā),且對(duì)患者的呼吸及循環(huán)無明顯異常影響;對(duì)于侵及肋弓患者,筆者建議只需在超出2~3個(gè)健康肋軟骨距離處切除病灶即可。因此,在保證胸壁穩(wěn)定的前提下,根據(jù)具體傷情,充分估計(jì)病變程度,盡可能的擴(kuò)大肋軟骨切除范圍,防止姑息治療導(dǎo)致病情反復(fù)。需要注意,術(shù)中去除健康肋軟骨時(shí),需剝離保留正常的肋軟骨膜,將之用于包埋肋軟骨或肋骨殘端,防止發(fā)生殘端肋骨骨髓炎。同時(shí),去除松動(dòng)的鋼絲等異物誘因,及對(duì)于伴有胸骨骨髓炎者利用鄰近血運(yùn)豐富的胸大肌瓣填充清創(chuàng)后的組織缺損,消滅死腔,改善創(chuàng)面愈合條件,增強(qiáng)其抗感染能力[9-10],也有助于防止肋軟骨炎復(fù)發(fā)及切口愈合。
綜上所述,依據(jù)肋軟骨病變程度,手術(shù)擴(kuò)大切除感染和壞死的肋軟骨及鄰近健康肋軟骨是徹底治愈肋軟骨炎的關(guān)鍵,輔以術(shù)前清創(chuàng)、封閉負(fù)壓吸引及圍手術(shù)期敏感抗生素應(yīng)用等是其前提和保證,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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編輯/張惠娟
Comprehensive treatment of incisional wound infection and costochondritis after thoracotomy
CAO Yu-jue,HE Li-xin,LI Dong-hai,TU Hai-xia,MA Cai-hong,HOU Yu-sen
(Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery,Beijing Youanmen Hospital,Beijing 100069,China)
Objective To explore the surgical treatment of incisional wound infection combined with costochondritis after thoracotomy.Methods There were a total of 166 bedridden inpatients with incisional wound infection after thoracotomy between January 2011 to January 2014,and 35 of them were combined with costochondritis,26 males and 9 females,and the average age was 58.9±15.0(35-79).Bacterial culture from wound secretion and drug susceptibility were performed,then the wound was debrided and applied with vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)before operation.In the operation,the wound was debrided thoroughtly,and the costicartilage and wire-steel involved were cut off,then bilateral musculocutaneous flaps were transferred to repair the wound.A wound drainage tube was placed under the flaps.After the operation,sensitive antibiotics were administered.Results Drainage tube was discontinued on the third to fifteenth day after operation.27 patients'surgical wounds were healedin10-15daysaftersurgerywithgoodeffects.1patientformedsinusunderthe musculocutaneous flap and was healed after woud changing.4 patients needed a second operation,one of these relapsed after discharge 6 months and received the surgical debeidement and were healed in 3 weeks.3 patients received the third debeidement operation and the wound were healed.35 patients had been followed-up for 6 months to 2 years,all the wounds were healed well.Conclusion Using debeidement and applied with vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)before operation,debeidement thoroughtly and cut off the involved costicartilage and wire-steel,then bilateral musculocutaneous flaps were transferred to repair the wound in the operation,then using sensitive antibiotics should afterthe operation,these comprehensive treatment is an ideal method for repair the incisional wound infection combined with costochondritis after thoracotomy and had gained good clincal effect.
thoracotomy;infection;costochondritis;antibiotics;treatment
R622
A
1008-6455(2015)13-0011-03
賀立新,主任醫(yī)師,E-mail:304hlx@126.com
2015-05-11
2015-06-25