高瑞玲 郭興彩
[摘要] 目的 探討兒科不同用藥管理模式對(duì)藥物不良反應(yīng)及滿意度的影響。 方法 選擇我院2013年1~12月進(jìn)行常規(guī)用藥管理的140例患兒作為對(duì)照組,2014年1~12月在我院進(jìn)行治療的160例患兒作為觀察組;對(duì)照組采取常規(guī)管理措施,觀察組采取有針對(duì)性的管理措施,比較兩組患兒的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率及用藥滿意度,觀察總結(jié)藥物不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的原因。 結(jié)果 觀察組的消化系統(tǒng)癥狀、肝功能異常、咳嗽、急性腎功能衰竭、泌尿系統(tǒng)損傷及皮疹不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組的用藥滿意度為94.28%,對(duì)照組的用藥滿意度為74.29%,觀察組的用藥滿意度明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 根據(jù)兒科用藥中存在的問題對(duì)兒科用藥進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的管理,能夠有效提高患兒及其家屬對(duì)醫(yī)療水平的滿意度,有利于護(hù)患關(guān)系的和諧發(fā)展,有利于降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,提高用藥安全性,值得臨床推廣借鑒。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 兒科用藥;不良反應(yīng);防治;滿意度
[中圖分類號(hào)] R725.9 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2015)29-0076-03
Influences of different drug use management modes on adverse drug reactions and satisfaction in pediatric department
GAO Ruiling1 GUO Xingcai2
1.Department of Pharmacy, Tengnan Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group, Zaozhuang 277606, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Tengnan Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group, Zaozhuang 277606, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the influences of different drug use management modes on the adverse drug reactions and satisfaction in the pediatric department. Methods A total of 140 children who received conventional drug use management in our hospital from January to December 2013 were selected as the control group and 160 children who received treatment in our hospital from January to December 2014 were selected as the observation group. The control group was given conventional management measures and the observation group was given specific management measures. The incidences of adverse reactions and drug use satisfaction rates of the two groups were compared. The causes of adverse drug reactions were observed and summarized. Results The incidences of digestive symptoms, abnormal liver function, cough, acute renal failure, urinary system damage and skin rash of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The drug use satisfaction rate of the observation group was 94.28% and that of the control group was 74.29%; the drug use satisfaction rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05). Conclusion The application of pediatric drug use management targeting at the problems existing in pediatric drug use can effectively improve the children and their families satisfaction to medical services, is conducive to promoting harmonious development of nurse-patient relationship, and helps to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions and promote drug use safety, which is worthy of clinical promotion and reference.
[Key words] Pediatric drug use; Adverse reaction; Prevention; Satisfaction
因兒童的生化、生理功能、腎、肝、內(nèi)分泌及神經(jīng)功能與成人相比,差異較大,器官的生理功能未發(fā)育完全,自身免疫功能低下,患病的機(jī)率就高于成年人[1,2]。兒童的腎功能未完全發(fā)育,對(duì)藥物排泄及代謝能力均較差,如果用藥不當(dāng)會(huì)引發(fā)藥源性疾病及嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)[3]。為探討兒科不同用藥管理模式對(duì)藥物不良反應(yīng)及滿意度的影響,本研究對(duì)兒科用藥監(jiān)管及臨床應(yīng)用等資料進(jìn)行分析研究,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇我院2013年1~12月進(jìn)行常規(guī)用藥管理的140例患兒作為對(duì)照組,其中男82例,女58例;年齡0.5~11歲,平均(6.9±1.4)歲;病程0.1~0.9年,平均(0.5±0.2)年;其中內(nèi)科85例,外科38例,新生兒科17例。選擇2014年1~12月在我院進(jìn)行治療的160例患兒作為觀察組,其中男95例,女65例;年齡0.4~10歲,平均(6.6±1.2)歲;病程0.4~1.1年,平均(0.5±0.1)年;其中內(nèi)科92例,外科44例,新生兒科24例。兩組患兒的性別、年齡等基本資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患兒年齡在12歲以下;②患兒家屬了解該項(xiàng)研究的目的及意義,并自愿參加。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①治療依從性較差;②合并有嚴(yán)重心、腎、肺等器官疾病者。
1.3 方法
對(duì)照組行常規(guī)管理方法,觀察組在對(duì)用藥存在問題進(jìn)行調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行針對(duì)性管理措施,具體措施如下:①合理選擇用藥:遵循“能夠使用一種藥物治療時(shí)不使用兩種”的用藥原則[4],尤其是抗生素的選擇,要嚴(yán)格掌握適應(yīng)證。對(duì)感染不嚴(yán)重患兒,應(yīng)經(jīng)細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)明確診斷之后,選擇治療方案,以毒性低、窄譜的藥物治療。②合理確定用藥劑量:在用藥之前應(yīng)先對(duì)患兒肝腎功能進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。對(duì)肝腎存在原發(fā)病及肝腎功能較差患兒應(yīng)減少經(jīng)肝腎代謝的用藥劑量。藥物劑量計(jì)算方法較復(fù)雜,主要有折算法、面積法及體重法[5],要根據(jù)患兒的病情及身體狀況合理選擇。③合理選擇劑型:多選擇口服用藥途徑替代注射途徑;選擇口感較好的藥物,提高患兒的用藥依從性;選擇半衰期較長藥物,減少用藥次數(shù)及天數(shù)。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
①對(duì)比兩組患兒的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率:惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉等消化系統(tǒng)癥狀和肝功能不全、咳嗽等呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀及皮疹、急性腎功能衰竭、泌尿系統(tǒng)癥狀。②結(jié)合衛(wèi)生部全國患者滿意度調(diào)查問卷及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),根據(jù)我院實(shí)際情況,制定問卷對(duì)患兒家屬的護(hù)理滿意度進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析,問卷滿分100分,按照得分分為十分滿意、一般滿意及不滿意,護(hù)理滿意度=(十分滿意+一般滿意)/小組人數(shù)×100%[6]。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)以SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行處理分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)、百分比的形式表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較
觀察組的消化系統(tǒng)癥狀、肝功能異常、咳嗽、急性腎功能衰竭、泌尿系統(tǒng)損傷及皮疹不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組患兒的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較[n(%)]
2.2 兩組用藥滿意度比較
觀察組的用藥滿意度為94.38%,對(duì)照組的用藥滿意度為74.29%,觀察組的用藥滿意度明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
表2 兩組用藥滿意度比較[n(%)]
3 討論
兒童是一個(gè)較為特殊的群體,其身體各組織、器官尚處于不斷生長發(fā)育的過程,身體功能尚未成熟,生理結(jié)構(gòu)和病理情況均與成年人不同[7-9]。兒科患者具有其特有的藥物動(dòng)力學(xué)特征,與成年人相比,兒科患者的用藥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大,用藥也更具有復(fù)雜性,藥物禁忌證更為廣泛,藥物的不良反應(yīng)很可能會(huì)對(duì)其生長發(fā)育造成極其嚴(yán)重的影響,甚至直接導(dǎo)致患兒發(fā)生死亡[10]。有關(guān)研究調(diào)查顯示,在北京、上海等地區(qū)的聾啞學(xué)校中,有70%的兒童是由于幼時(shí)使用藥物不當(dāng)而導(dǎo)致的語言障礙和聽力障礙[11]。兒童的用藥安全問題也得到越來越多的關(guān)注,目前,在兒科用藥中存在著一些問題,如用藥劑量不準(zhǔn)確、醫(yī)生僅憑臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定用藥劑量、藥物濫用、藥物劑型使用不當(dāng)、藥物禁忌證不明確等[12]。正是由于這些用藥不當(dāng)事件,導(dǎo)致兒童在用藥后出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng),對(duì)兒童的身體健康和生命安全構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重的威脅[13]。有關(guān)調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,有50%的用藥不當(dāng)事件是可以避免的[14]。因此,在臨床上,兒科醫(yī)師和藥師應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)兒童用藥的管理,以減少兒科患者使用藥物后不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
我院近年來對(duì)兒科用藥進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)管理,具體措施如下[15]:①嚴(yán)格掌握藥物使用禁忌證及適應(yīng)證,合理選擇藥物,對(duì)可采用單種藥物治療就能夠達(dá)到治療效果的疾病盡可能選擇單藥。②抗菌藥物的劑量與劑型應(yīng)根據(jù)患兒的病情及身體狀況合理選擇,盡可能使用單藥及窄譜抗生素。對(duì)需要予抗生素治療的患兒應(yīng)盡可能進(jìn)行細(xì)菌培養(yǎng),確定致病菌之后,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼桨?。③?yīng)考慮到藥物相互作用等因素,按照患兒病情制定合理的用藥方案。④根據(jù)患兒的情況計(jì)算用藥劑量,選擇合適劑型。對(duì)不良反應(yīng)較大的藥物,應(yīng)每日或隔日檢測(cè)血藥濃度。⑤根據(jù)藥物半衰期特征,將時(shí)間依賴性或濃度依賴性藥物結(jié)合使用,合理選擇用法及劑型。
本次研究中,對(duì)照組患兒進(jìn)行常規(guī)用藥管理,觀察組患兒在對(duì)用藥存在的問題進(jìn)行調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行針對(duì)性管理。研究結(jié)果表明,觀察組患兒的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),表明采取相應(yīng)的處理措施可有效降低用藥過程中不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率,提高用藥安全性。除此之外,觀察組患兒及家長的用藥滿意度為94.38%,明顯高于對(duì)照組的74.29%(P<0.05),表明采取針對(duì)性管理因其提高了用藥安全性,更容易被患兒及家屬接受。
總而言之,根據(jù)兒科用藥中存在的問題對(duì)兒科用藥進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的管理,能夠有效提高患兒及其家屬對(duì)醫(yī)療水平的滿意度,有利于護(hù)患關(guān)系的和諧發(fā)展,降低不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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(收稿日期:2015-05-13)