馬守葉,王巧麗,魏林珍(綜述),王海琳※(審校)
(1.蘭州大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,蘭州 730000; 2.甘肅省人民醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,蘭州 730000)
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Survivin基因在宮頸癌中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展
馬守葉1△,王巧麗1△,魏林珍2(綜述),王海琳2※(審校)
(1.蘭州大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,蘭州 730000; 2.甘肅省人民醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,蘭州 730000)
摘要:宮頸癌是女性常見(jiàn)惡性腫瘤之一,Survivin基因在宮頸癌的發(fā)生及診斷治療中的作用是研究熱點(diǎn)。Survivin基因促進(jìn)宮頸癌發(fā)生的機(jī)制主要包括抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞周期及血管形成。腫瘤細(xì)胞抑制基因p53蛋白和人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)16 E6等可影響Survivin表達(dá)。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Survivin分子探針對(duì)宮頸癌的早期診斷特異性和敏感性很高,而且多種藥物可通過(guò)下調(diào)Survivin表達(dá)水平提高宮頸癌療效。該文就Survivin基因在宮頸癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展、診療及預(yù)后評(píng)估中的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述,以期尋找更佳的診斷方法及治療方案,提高宮頸癌患者的生活質(zhì)量及存活率。
關(guān)鍵詞:宮頸癌;Survivin;診療
宮頸癌是僅次于乳腺癌導(dǎo)致女性死亡的第二大惡性腫瘤,近年來(lái)發(fā)病率逐年上升并且發(fā)病年齡趨于年輕化[1],其中大部分患者為未婚或未產(chǎn)。目前臨床治療多采用手術(shù)、化療與放療多種方式相結(jié)合的綜合模式,常導(dǎo)致患者器官缺陷或障礙,引發(fā)不良反應(yīng)。因此,尋找新的治療靶點(diǎn),保留患者的生育功能是當(dāng)前宮頸癌研究的主要出發(fā)點(diǎn)。Survivin基因是哺乳動(dòng)物凋亡蛋白超家族抑制劑之一,具有抑制細(xì)胞凋亡、促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、影響細(xì)胞周期等功能[2]?,F(xiàn)就Survivin基因在宮頸癌診療及預(yù)后中的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
1Survivin抑制凋亡機(jī)制
Survivin 是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的最強(qiáng)的凋亡抑制因子,其可對(duì)抗多種刺激所誘導(dǎo)的凋亡(如腫瘤壞死因子、凋亡相關(guān)因子、維生素K3等),其抗凋亡作用主要是通過(guò)抑制胱天蛋白酶(caspase)3 和 caspase-7的活性[3],也可通過(guò)細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴(lài)性激酶抑制基因p21依賴(lài)性和非依賴(lài)性?xún)煞N途徑發(fā)揮抗凋亡作用[4]。Survivin不僅可以抑制凋亡,而且在細(xì)胞有絲分裂過(guò)程中也起重要作用;survivin過(guò)表達(dá)可抑制 G1期,加速細(xì)胞向S期轉(zhuǎn)換,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖[5]。血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子或堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子可誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞survivin過(guò)表達(dá),從而參與腫瘤血管形成[6]。腫瘤細(xì)胞抑制基因p53可通過(guò)與survivin 啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上下調(diào)survivin表達(dá),影響細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡[7]。腫瘤組織缺氧可使低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α表達(dá)增加,而低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α使survivin 表達(dá)上調(diào)進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[8]。Survivin和凋亡相關(guān)因子配體表達(dá)的上調(diào)以及凋亡相關(guān)因子的下調(diào)均與宮頸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有關(guān),其中凋亡相關(guān)因子配體的表達(dá)可作為宮頸癌分級(jí)及預(yù)后判斷的指標(biāo)[9]。Survivin、p53的高表達(dá)和caspase-3低表達(dá)與宮頸癌密切相關(guān),可用作宮頸癌惡性程度及侵襲性標(biāo)志物;survivin還可用于宮頸癌預(yù)后和生存時(shí)間的評(píng)估[10]。
2Survivin與宮頸癌診斷
目前,宮頸癌的診斷主要靠傳統(tǒng)的方法(如宮頸涂片檢查、膜式薄層液基細(xì)胞學(xué)檢測(cè)術(shù)、宮頸醋酸檢查、宮頸陰道鏡和子宮頸造影等),其診斷準(zhǔn)確性均有一定的局限性。高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)持續(xù)感染是宮頸癌最重要的危險(xiǎn)因素,由于HPV16E6癌蛋白能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞腫瘤抑制基因p53表達(dá)下調(diào),而p53蛋白又可使survivin表達(dá)下調(diào),所以HPV16E6可使survivin表達(dá)上調(diào),從而促進(jìn)宮頸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,因此,早期檢測(cè)高危型HPV在預(yù)防宮頸癌方面也尤為重要[11]。研究顯示,survivin表達(dá)強(qiáng)度隨著宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤樣病變的逐級(jí)發(fā)展而升高[12],因此survivin可用于宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤樣病變的標(biāo)志物。另外,survivin和p16 INK4A的免疫組織化學(xué)可用于上皮內(nèi)瘤樣病變分級(jí)、上皮內(nèi)瘤樣病變Ⅲ級(jí)和鱗狀細(xì)胞癌鑒別,尤其在診斷困難的情況下[13]。近幾年,應(yīng)用survivin分子探針診斷宮頸癌成為研究的熱點(diǎn),而用分子探針檢測(cè)寡核苷酸的應(yīng)用非常廣泛(如遺傳普查、DNA突變檢測(cè)、實(shí)時(shí)定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物和蛋白DNA相互作用等)。Xue等[14]將survivin分子探針應(yīng)用于宮頸癌的早期診斷和隨訪(fǎng)中,其研究結(jié)果顯示,survivin分子探針診斷宮頸癌靈敏度達(dá)61.37%,特異度達(dá)72.72%。Han等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),survivin和 HPV16E6信使RNA分子探針可在宮頸癌細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的熒光信號(hào),survivin分子探針的臨床特異度和靈敏度分別為72.5%和77%;HPV16E6分子探針的特異度和靈敏度分別為96.1%和71.6%。此外,survivin和抑癌基因人第10號(hào)染色體缺失的磷酸酶及張力蛋白同源基因表達(dá)與宮頸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展也有關(guān),兩者的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)可作為宮頸癌的早期診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估的指標(biāo)[16]。
3Survivin與宮頸癌治療
近年來(lái),survivin在宮頸癌治療方面的應(yīng)用研究取得了重要成果。目前,通過(guò)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染技術(shù)誘導(dǎo)survivin基因表達(dá)沉默,研究其對(duì)宮頸癌細(xì)胞的影響成為熱點(diǎn)[17]。已有研究顯示,survivin基因RNA干擾不僅可以抑制人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞增殖,而且還能通過(guò)下調(diào)survivin信使RNA和survivin蛋白的表達(dá)顯著提高HeLa細(xì)胞對(duì)放療的敏感性[18]。體外RNA干擾技術(shù)和超聲靶向微波破裂技術(shù)聯(lián)合治療可通過(guò)優(yōu)化超聲靶向微波破裂技術(shù)照射治療參數(shù)獲得更高的轉(zhuǎn)染率,并且不會(huì)破壞質(zhì)粒DNA的完整性;由此得出,最佳超聲靶向微泡破裂參數(shù)能促使短發(fā)卡RNA(shRNA)靶向survivin表達(dá)下調(diào),從而顯著誘導(dǎo)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞周期停滯,并且這種聯(lián)合治療可對(duì)宮頸癌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生協(xié)同誘導(dǎo)凋亡效應(yīng)[19]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,shRNA超聲靶向微波破裂技術(shù)能誘導(dǎo)活體內(nèi)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡并抑制其增生,但不會(huì)引起任何不良反應(yīng)[20],這為基因功能分析和腫瘤基因治療和研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。隨著研究的進(jìn)展還發(fā)現(xiàn),超聲靶向微波破裂技術(shù)介導(dǎo)的靶向survivin基因shRNA質(zhì)粒表達(dá)重組,不但能有效抑制靶向survivin基因表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞自發(fā)性凋亡,還能提高傳統(tǒng)治療方法、放化療及免疫療法的療效[21]。這種方法可能適用于高效性、特異性和非侵入性基因轉(zhuǎn)染。因此,survivin基因可以作為宮頸癌理想的抗癌靶點(diǎn)。非侵襲性新型超聲靶向微波破裂技術(shù)聯(lián)合聚乙烯亞胺靜脈給藥能顯著提高移植瘤靶向基因傳遞和基因表達(dá)而不引起明顯不良反應(yīng),這種非病毒載體技術(shù)能促進(jìn)shRNA誘導(dǎo)survivin基因表達(dá)沉默,顯著誘導(dǎo)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡[22]。凋亡抑制基因Livin shRNA 表達(dá)載體能抑制HeLa細(xì)胞Livin 基因表達(dá),提高順鉑誘導(dǎo)凋亡療效;其主要機(jī)制是降低細(xì)胞凋亡基因Bax、caspase-3的活性及細(xì)胞凋亡基因Bcl-2的表達(dá),survivin在此過(guò)程中也發(fā)揮重要作用[23]。此外,5-氨基酮戊酸在宮頸癌治療中也起重要作用,其主要是通過(guò)抑制survivin 和Bcl-2表達(dá)[24],誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤增殖。茉莉酮酸甲酯也可治療宮頸癌,研究顯示,無(wú)論有無(wú)HPV感染,茉莉酮酸甲酯均可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生過(guò)氧化物,下調(diào)survivin和caspase-3凋亡抑制因子的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡[25]。結(jié)合凋亡蛋白抗菌肽ABPs1能顯著抑制HeLa細(xì)胞增殖,并可通過(guò)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜缺陷、上調(diào)凋亡相關(guān)基因蛋白Bax的表達(dá),下調(diào)survivin表達(dá),激活caspase-3通路,從而誘導(dǎo)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡[26]。嗜鹽隱桿藻胞外多糖可以未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)劑葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白為靶點(diǎn)誘導(dǎo)HeLa細(xì)胞凋亡;葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白又可促進(jìn)CCAAT增強(qiáng)子結(jié)合蛋白同源蛋白表達(dá),抑制survivin表達(dá),進(jìn)而激活線(xiàn)粒體介導(dǎo)的下游分子和p53-survivin通路,從而導(dǎo)致caspase-3激活,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[27]。牛樟菇可通過(guò)抑制Bcl-2、X連鎖凋亡抑制蛋白(X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein,XIAP)和 survivin的表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡[28]。諾麗可上調(diào)p53和促凋亡Bax蛋白的表達(dá),下調(diào)抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、Bcl-xL和survivin表達(dá)并增加caspase-9和caspase-3活性,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡[29]。姜黃色素介導(dǎo)的宮頸癌細(xì)胞對(duì)紫杉醇的敏感性是姜黃色素下調(diào)紫杉醇介導(dǎo)的survivin信號(hào)的結(jié)果,姜黃色素和紫杉醇產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用的共同環(huán)節(jié)是激活核因子κB通路[30]。槲黃素可使細(xì)胞停滯在G2/M 期及誘導(dǎo)線(xiàn)粒體凋亡,從而抑制HeLa細(xì)胞的活性,其機(jī)制與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期蛋白及核因子κB家族蛋白,下調(diào)抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2 和 survivin等有關(guān)[31]。熱療法可在細(xì)胞和分子水平上誘導(dǎo)宮頸癌CaSki細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死,并且溫度在45 ℃時(shí)誘導(dǎo)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡效果較好[32],因此45 ℃可能是理想溫度。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)為臨床聯(lián)合應(yīng)用熱療、放化療治療宮頸癌奠定了基礎(chǔ)。核survivin(包括survivin本身和survivin-外顯子3的剪接變異體)可參與放療過(guò)程中宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞動(dòng)力學(xué)改變的調(diào)節(jié)[33],從而影響宮頸癌放療療效。另外,凋亡信號(hào)基因異常甲基化可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體對(duì)治療產(chǎn)生獲得性抵抗[34],因此,凋亡信號(hào)基因的甲基化檢測(cè)可作為制訂宮頸癌治療計(jì)劃和治療結(jié)果評(píng)估的分子預(yù)測(cè)標(biāo)志物。
4小結(jié)
Survivin是抗凋亡蛋白抑制因子超家族中活力最強(qiáng)的一員,其過(guò)表達(dá)與宮頸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及不良預(yù)后有關(guān)。因此,抑制survivin基因在宮頸癌細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)對(duì)提高宮頸癌的治療有非常深遠(yuǎn)的意義。一方面,已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多種藥物可通過(guò)抑制survivin表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)宮頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡從而達(dá)到治療宮頸癌的目的,其中研究較多的是通過(guò)質(zhì)粒重構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)染宮頸癌細(xì)胞,干擾survivin基因信使RNA,誘導(dǎo)survivin基因表達(dá)沉默,從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。另一方面,survivin基因表達(dá)沉默可提高宮頸癌放化療療效,還可用于宮頸癌患者隨訪(fǎng)和判斷預(yù)后。但此方法尚處于研究階段,相信隨著研究的不斷深入,針對(duì)靶向survivin基因治療宮頸癌的方法將取得重大突破。
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The Research Progress of Survivin Gene Application in Cervical CancerMAShou-ye1,WANGQiao-li1,WEILin-zhen2,WANGHai-lin2.(1.TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofLanzhouUniversity,Lanzhou730000,China; 2.DepartmentofGynecologyandObstetrics,ThePeople′sHospitalofGansuProvince,Lanzhou730000,China)
Abstract:Cervical cancer is one of the most common female malignant tumors,and the role of Survivin gene is a hot research topic in the occurrence,diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.The mechanisms of Survivin gene promoting cervical cancer mainly include inhibiting tumor cell apoptosis,promoting tumor cell cycle and blood vessel formation.Tumor cell suppressor p53 protein and HPV-16 E6 can influence the expression of Survivin.Recent study found that the specificity and sensitivity of Survivin molecular probes to be very high in the early diagnosis of cervical cancer,and a variety of drugs can improve the therapeutic effect by reducing Survivin expression level in cervical cancer.Here is to make a review of the research progress of Survivin gene in the genesis,development,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis assessment of cervical cancer,expecting to seek better diagnosis and treatment,and improve the life quality and survival rate of patients.
Key words:Cervical cancer; Survivin; Diagnosis and treatment
收稿日期:2014-06-05修回日期:2014-08-27編輯:鄭雪
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.09.023
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R365
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)09-1597-03