唐宇翀 (廣安職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,四川廣安638000)
蝴蝶色彩艷麗、飛行姿態(tài)優(yōu)雅,因而被譽(yù)為“會(huì)飛的花朵”,是觀賞昆蟲中最重要、種類最多、最普及的一個(gè)大類群,具有極高的觀賞價(jià)值[1]。但是,由于工農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展和自然資源的開發(fā),破壞了蝴蝶的棲息地,使自然界中野生蝴蝶的種類和數(shù)量急劇下降。開展珍稀蝶種的保護(hù)及蝴蝶的規(guī)?;斯し庇兊檬制惹?。研究表明,蝶類產(chǎn)卵所需要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)主要直接來(lái)自雌成蟲的取食[2-3],成蟲的補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)物不僅可以參加卵母細(xì)胞合成、提供日常生命活動(dòng)的體能,而且能延長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)卵期,對(duì)蝴蝶生殖繁衍具有重要意義[2,4-14]。蝶類成蟲補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)物的獲得則依靠覓食行為來(lái)完成。因此,掌握不同食性蝴蝶成蟲的取食習(xí)性和食物信息利用機(jī)制可為制定蝴蝶的生境保護(hù)措施和開展蝴蝶的規(guī)?;斯し庇秃w舞景觀營(yíng)造提供理論和試驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
根據(jù)補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)物的類型可將蝶類成蟲劃分為訪花類、食腐類和既訪花又食腐類[15-20]。訪花種類占蝶類中的大部分,尤其是在溫帶地區(qū)主要以花蜜為補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)物,個(gè)別種類取食花粉[15],就目前所知,鳳蝶科、粉蝶科和弄蝶科以及蛺蝶科斑蝶亞科的所有種類均屬此類。與訪花種類相比,食腐種類多見(jiàn)于熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū),主要取食腐爛水果、樹干蟲蛀傷口流出的樹液、動(dòng)物尸體和糞便中的液體[18,21-23],許多蛺蝶科種類為食腐蝶類。此外,還有一些成蟲兼性訪花或兼性食腐的過(guò)渡類型[19-20]。
昆蟲必須通過(guò)覓食尋找適宜的補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)物。在覓食過(guò)程中,蝴蝶主要利用視覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)信號(hào)搜尋、發(fā)現(xiàn)、定向食物[24-27]。通常情況下,視覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)信號(hào)對(duì)訪花蝶類的覓食都有影響,只是對(duì)這2種信號(hào)的利用程度因蝶種不同而有所差異;而食腐蝶類由于所取食的腐爛食物通常缺乏可靠的視覺(jué)信號(hào),所以在覓食過(guò)程中嗅覺(jué)發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用。
2.1 視覺(jué)搜尋 花冠的顏色、形狀和樣式被認(rèn)為是吸引訪花者的重要視覺(jué)信號(hào)[28],尤其是花色對(duì)蝴蝶的蜜源搜尋相當(dāng)重要[29-32]。Ilse[29]證實(shí)蝴蝶對(duì)某些顏色有天性偏好,而且這種偏好在蝶種間存在差異。與藍(lán)色和綠色相比,Heliconius charitonius和 H.erato 更喜歡黃色和橙色[33-36];柑橘鳳蝶天性偏好紅色和黃色[37];達(dá)摩鳳蝶(Papilio demoleus)天性偏好紫色和藍(lán)色[38];暗脈粉蝶(Pieris napi)利用花色覓食[31];洋玉葉金花(Mussaenda frondosa)的白色苞片是吸引印度裳鳳蝶(Troides minos)訪花的重要視覺(jué)信號(hào)[39]。詩(shī)神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)通常利用花的視覺(jué)特征決定訪問(wèn)哪一朵花[25]。在含有菜粉蝶偏好氣味的人工化模型中,黃色是引導(dǎo)新羽化菜粉蝶取食的必要視覺(jué)信號(hào)之一[40]。Tiple等[41]研究了印度中北的阿姆勞蒂大學(xué)校園內(nèi)的12科19種寄主植物的花部特征與5科48種訪花蝴蝶的相互關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)蝴蝶對(duì)紅、黃、藍(lán)和紫色花的訪花次數(shù)高于白色和粉色花。此外,已有研究表明蝴蝶具有對(duì)顏色本身的辨識(shí)能力,這種識(shí)別能力與光線無(wú)關(guān)[37,42-44]。
2.2 嗅覺(jué)搜尋 氣味通常在近距離的識(shí)別、刺激取食及持續(xù)取食中發(fā)揮作用[25,45]。
2.2.1 訪花蝴蝶對(duì)氣味的反應(yīng)。花的氣味對(duì)吸引蟲媒昆蟲至關(guān)重要,特定的香味揮發(fā)物可激發(fā)昆蟲的感覺(jué)反應(yīng)、定向和覓食行為[46-48]。例如,2-苯乙醇(2-phenylethanol)和苯乙醛(Phenylacetaldehyde)對(duì)菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)取食起關(guān)鍵作用[27,40,45,49]。新羽化孔雀蛺蝶(Inachis io)、蕁麻蛺蝶(Aglais urticae)和鉤粉蝶(Gonepteryx rhamni)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)喜好的蜜源植物絲路薊(Cirsium arvense)和歐洲山蘿卜(Knautia arvensis)花香的偏好,并將花香作為最初鑒定花朵和隨后識(shí)別花朵以及區(qū)分蜜源回報(bào)的一個(gè)重要信號(hào)之一[50]。
Honda[51]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)蝴蝶成蟲遇到特定的氣味化合物時(shí),會(huì)表現(xiàn)出喙伸張反應(yīng)(Probosics extension reflexes,PER)。激發(fā)較大喙伸張反應(yīng)的的化合物能顯著增加蝴蝶對(duì)氣味模型的訪問(wèn)次數(shù)[40]。因此,喙伸張反應(yīng)可以被視為判斷蝴蝶覓食時(shí)對(duì)氣味偏好的準(zhǔn)則[20],而觸角電位(Electroantennogram,EAG)反應(yīng)則是評(píng)價(jià)觸角感知能力的感覺(jué)判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[20]。研究表明,既食腐又訪花的朱蛺蝶(Nymphalis xanthomelas)、琉璃蛺蝶和大紅蛺蝶(Vanessa indica)和僅訪花的姬紅蛺蝶(Cynthia cardui)、琉球紫蛺蝶(Hypolimnas bolina)和黑端豹蛺蝶(Argyreus hyperbius)都對(duì)花種廣泛存在的幾種芳香族化合物(如苯甲醛和苯乙醛)表現(xiàn)出較高的PER,大部分的芳香族化合物都激發(fā)中度的 EAG[20]。Andersson[50]利用氣相色譜觸角電位技術(shù)(GC-EAD)檢測(cè)了孔雀蛺蝶(Inachis io)、龜甲蝶(Aglais urticae)和鉤粉蝶(Gonepteryx rhamni)的電生理反應(yīng),發(fā)現(xiàn)蜜源植物揮發(fā)物中的苯乙醛、芳樟醇和含氧異佛樂(lè)酮,所激發(fā)的觸角反應(yīng)最強(qiáng)。當(dāng)人工合成的氣味混合物中的存在這些化合物時(shí),也能引起強(qiáng)烈的觸角反應(yīng)。在對(duì)熱帶蝴蝶詩(shī)神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)成蟲的GC-EAD檢測(cè)中發(fā)現(xiàn),幾種花香揮發(fā)物尤其是來(lái)自花部的特有揮發(fā)物,對(duì)詩(shī)神袖蝶成蟲有極大的生物學(xué)意義[52]。
2.2.2 食腐蝴蝶對(duì)氣味的反應(yīng)。許多生活在熱帶森林里的蝴蝶都取食落在地上的水果或闊葉樹干蟲蛀傷口滲出的樹液。與花朵相比,腐爛食物為食腐蝶類提供的視覺(jué)信息十分有限,因此氣味對(duì)這些蝴蝶的覓食就顯得格外重要。
?mura等[22]分析了樹液的揮發(fā)物組分,發(fā)現(xiàn)乙醇和乙酸是其主要成分。既食腐又訪花的朱蛺蝶和琉璃蛺蝶對(duì)樹液揮發(fā)物中的乙醇和乙酸有極高的喙伸張反應(yīng),當(dāng)乙醇和乙酸與一定濃度的糖類混合后,可激發(fā)和提高2種蝴蝶的取食和喙反應(yīng)[20,22]。同時(shí),乙醇和乙酸與低濃度糖類混合后,對(duì)刺激大紅蛺蝶取食也有增效作用[53-54]。覓食的枯葉蛺蝶對(duì)乙醇有強(qiáng)烈的偏好[55-56]。僅醇類和糖類是叢林斜眼褐蝶(Bicyclus anynana)的取食信號(hào)。通常食腐蝶類可將醇類則作為遠(yuǎn)程信號(hào),引導(dǎo)蝴蝶定向食物[13]。
2.3 覓食過(guò)程中視覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)的利用權(quán)重 在覓食選擇中,鱗翅目成蟲可利用多種信號(hào)通道,并對(duì)這些信號(hào)通道的偏好層次因種類而異[57]。?mura 和 Honda[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)大紅蛺蝶訪花過(guò)程中主要依靠顏色,其次依靠氣味;而新羽化大紅蛺蝶主要依靠視覺(jué),其次依靠嗅覺(jué)訪花。新羽化的詩(shī)神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)綜合利用視覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)定向食物,花的視覺(jué)特征決定訪問(wèn)哪一朵花,花的香味則激發(fā)最初的取食及持續(xù)覓食行為[25]。視覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)對(duì)覓食的遷粉蝶同等重要[58]。
總而言之,在蝶類覓食過(guò)程中某些種類以視覺(jué)信號(hào)為主導(dǎo)定位蜜源,另一些種類中則可能主要依靠嗅覺(jué)信息,另外還有一些種類則是綜合利用了這 2 種感知通道[40,45,48,50,58]。不同訪花昆蟲在利用蜜源的視覺(jué)信息和嗅覺(jué)信息時(shí)可賦予不同的權(quán)重[59]。多通道的信號(hào)利用有利于蝴蝶在不斷變化的食物資源分布中分辨無(wú)回報(bào)的花朵,提高訪花效率[25,27,40,60-62]。
3.1 蜜源和蝴蝶的兼容性 在蜜源植物-訪花蝶種的相互關(guān)聯(lián)中,最根本的動(dòng)力是植物和蝴蝶在形態(tài)上的兼容性[63-64]。Corbet[65]將其劃分為 2 個(gè)因素:從植物角度來(lái)看,蜜源的吸引力由花蜜的質(zhì)量、數(shù)量(花蜜供應(yīng)量和花朵聚集度)和傳粉者的可利用性(如花冠深度)決定;從蝴蝶角度來(lái)看,能否吸食到花蜜由喙長(zhǎng)決定,是否適合開發(fā)利用則由蝴蝶的翅翼載決定。潛在蜜源的最大花冠深度決定了訪問(wèn)該花的蝴蝶必須具備足夠長(zhǎng)的喙,喙較短的蝴蝶物種無(wú)法取食花冠深度大的花朵,因此花冠深度被認(rèn)為是對(duì)訪花蝴蝶開采設(shè)置的一個(gè)限制[63,65]。此外,取食花蜜還依賴于蜜源植物花期與蝴蝶成蟲羽化在時(shí)間上的同步性[66]。
3.2 學(xué)習(xí)行為 在野外,為了適應(yīng)分散的、不穩(wěn)定的食物資源,對(duì)單個(gè)蜜源信號(hào)的偏好有可能隨蝴蝶成蟲覓食經(jīng)驗(yàn)的改變而變化[27]。一旦與食物回報(bào)結(jié)合后,顏色偏好則很容易轉(zhuǎn)變[31-32]。Andersson[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)孔雀蛺蝶、蕁麻蛺蝶和鉤粉蝶,很容易將它們的花香偏好轉(zhuǎn)移到其最近訪問(wèn)到的與回報(bào)相關(guān)聯(lián)的氣味中。Heliconius charitionius經(jīng)過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)行為訓(xùn)練后,其對(duì)黃色和綠色假花的取食百分比分別由訓(xùn)練前的9.1%和2.0% 分別提高到 49.6% 和 55.3%[34]。君主斑蝶(Danaus plexippus)在覓食中表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的天性偏好,但在有回報(bào)的情況下君主斑蝶很容易學(xué)會(huì)將第2個(gè)顏色與回報(bào)關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)[44]。暗脈菜粉蝶(Pieris napi)、美洲藍(lán)鳳蝶(Battus philenor)和柑橘鳳蝶都具有能通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)改變其對(duì)花色的偏好,而且對(duì)天性偏好顏色的學(xué)習(xí)比非天性偏好顏色的學(xué)習(xí)更快[31,37,67]。
這種學(xué)習(xí)能力使得它們能夠及時(shí)調(diào)整覓食策略,更好更快地適應(yīng)蜜源在時(shí)間或空間上的變化[31,44,67]。
總而言之,蝴蝶的覓食行為除了受成蟲視覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)影響外,還受蝴蝶自身體型與花朵的兼容性以及蝴蝶學(xué)習(xí)能力的影響。通過(guò)這些多重信號(hào)的整合,有利于蝴蝶制定最有利的覓食策略,快速適應(yīng)野外復(fù)雜多變的蜜源景觀[57,61-62],為成蟲的日?;顒?dòng)和繁衍后代提供有力保障。掌握蝶種覓食行為是制定不同蝶種棲息地的保護(hù)措施的理論基礎(chǔ),也可為蝴蝶規(guī)?;斯し庇峁┘夹g(shù)指導(dǎo),對(duì)蝶種的保護(hù)具有重大意義。
今后對(duì)蝶類成蟲覓食行為的研究還可以進(jìn)一步結(jié)合分子生物學(xué)中對(duì)視覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)等感覺(jué)機(jī)制的研究結(jié)果,從視覺(jué)色素、嗅覺(jué)感受器、氣味結(jié)合蛋白和神經(jīng)元分子圖像等生理角度尋找行為反應(yīng)的調(diào)控機(jī)制和關(guān)鍵物質(zhì)[68],從蝴蝶覓食行為調(diào)控的角度實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)昆蟲取食行為的有效調(diào)控[64],并在蝴蝶生態(tài)觀賞園中通過(guò)調(diào)控劑的應(yīng)用,結(jié)合覓食的飛行行為,營(yíng)造蝴蝶飛舞景觀,更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)蝴蝶在觀賞上的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。
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