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TGA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物氧化脅迫應(yīng)答中的調(diào)控作用

2015-12-28 05:42:04羅秀云李園園盧向陽(yáng)
化學(xué)與生物工程 2015年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)擬南芥結(jié)構(gòu)域

羅秀云,李園園,周 賡,田 云,盧向陽(yáng)

(1.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)生物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,湖南長(zhǎng)沙410128;2.湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)生物工程研究所,湖南長(zhǎng)沙410128)

植物體內(nèi)各組織器官(如根、莖、葉、花、果)時(shí)刻都在發(fā)生生理代謝,在代謝過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生活性氧(ROS)。環(huán)境脅迫(如干旱、低溫、高溫、鹽害、外源H2O2等)會(huì)導(dǎo)致植物體內(nèi)積累大量的ROS,破壞機(jī)體內(nèi)ROS氧化還原的平衡,從而產(chǎn)生氧化脅迫。氧化脅迫會(huì)使植物體內(nèi)ROS的清除能力減弱,造成植物傷害甚至死亡[1-2],在很大程度上影響植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、作物品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量[3]。

目前,氧化脅迫的研究主要集中在兩方面:一是病毒、微生物引起的植物機(jī)體抗氧化應(yīng)答機(jī)理;二是外源H2O2和光照等條件誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的植物抗氧化調(diào)控[4]。ROS是氧化脅迫研究的關(guān)鍵信號(hào)分子,主要存在于線粒體、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)等膜系統(tǒng)中,植物體內(nèi)清除過(guò)量的ROS途徑主要有兩類(lèi):抗氧化酶系統(tǒng)(NADPH 酶、脂氧合酶等)和抗氧化劑(GSH、Vc等)[5]。此外,植物機(jī)體內(nèi)ROS的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑易受機(jī)體自身激素的影響[6]。在植物ROS信號(hào)途徑中,硫基類(lèi)蛋白,尤其是半胱氨酸蛋白對(duì)ROS的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑起關(guān)鍵作用。目前,在ROS信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的研究中,主要有NPR1/TGA 和Rap2.4兩類(lèi)關(guān)鍵蛋白[7]。作者主要綜述了植物TGA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的分類(lèi)、結(jié)構(gòu)和作用,重點(diǎn)介紹了TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物ROS應(yīng)答途徑中的調(diào)控作用。

1 植物TGA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子

轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是由DNA 結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活結(jié)構(gòu)域構(gòu)成的能與DNA 分子相互作用的蛋白質(zhì),根據(jù)DNA 結(jié)合位點(diǎn)的不同可分為多類(lèi),如bZIP 類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、MYC類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子等[8]。植物TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是能夠識(shí)別TGACGT 特異性結(jié)合序列且含有一個(gè)典型的鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域和2個(gè)谷氨酰胺轉(zhuǎn)錄激活位點(diǎn)的一類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,屬于bZIP 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族中的一個(gè)亞家族。TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子中鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域是螺旋-旋轉(zhuǎn)-螺旋類(lèi)的DNA 結(jié)構(gòu)域,且在DNA 結(jié)構(gòu)域的C 端含有一個(gè)亮氨酸拉鏈和堿性結(jié)構(gòu)的二聚體,此外,其谷氨酰胺激活結(jié)構(gòu)域是一類(lèi)酸性轉(zhuǎn)錄激活域。

1.1 植物TGA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的分類(lèi)與結(jié)構(gòu)

1989年,利用花椰菜花葉病毒(CaMV)35S 啟動(dòng)子,首次在煙草中發(fā)現(xiàn)了TGA1a轉(zhuǎn)錄因子并確定其能識(shí)別TGACGT 特異性結(jié)合序列[9]。之后在水稻、擬南芥中陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。

根據(jù)TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)構(gòu)差異,植物TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可分為6 類(lèi):TGA1a、TGAⅠ、TGAⅡ、TGAⅢ、TGAⅣ、TGAⅤ,見(jiàn)表1。

根據(jù)植物TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的DNA 結(jié)構(gòu)域和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活域的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,可明顯地比較這6類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)構(gòu)異同[10],見(jiàn)圖1。

表1 植物TGA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的分類(lèi)Tab.1 Classification of TGA transcription factors in plant

圖1 植物TGA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Structures of TGA transcription factors in plant

有研究表明,在擬南芥中發(fā)現(xiàn)了10個(gè)TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)的不同可以分為5類(lèi):TGAⅠ、TGAⅡ、TGAⅢ、TGAⅣ、TGAⅤ。其中TGAⅠ包括TGA1(At5g65210)和TGA4(At5g10030),其調(diào)控作用類(lèi)似于煙 草 中 的 TGA1a;TGA Ⅱ 包 括 TGA2(At5g06950)、TGA5(At5g06960) 和 TGA6(At3g12250),相對(duì)其它類(lèi)別而言,其DNA 結(jié)構(gòu)域含有較短的N 端序列,是TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子中研究最多的一類(lèi);TGA Ⅲ包括TGA3(At1g22070)和TGA7(At1g77920);TGAⅣ主要包括TGA9(At1g08320)和TGA10(At5g06830)[17];TGA Ⅴ 包 括 PAN(At1g68650)。

1.2 植物TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的作用

TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與調(diào)節(jié)植物根系的生長(zhǎng)、脅迫應(yīng)答、開(kāi)花調(diào)節(jié)等多種生理代謝過(guò)程。目前,主要通過(guò)擬南芥研究TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的功能,對(duì)水稻、煙草中TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的研究較少。

TGAⅠ類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與植物根系的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)。Alvarez等[18]利用免疫共沉淀及生物信息學(xué)分析法研究了擬南芥中TGA1和TGA4轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,結(jié)果表明,TGAⅠ作為關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子參與擬南芥根系中硝酸鹽的調(diào)節(jié)。

TGAⅡ類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與植物脅迫的應(yīng)答。Stotz等[19]研究表明,擬南芥TGA2轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與環(huán)境脅迫誘導(dǎo)的氧化脅迫途徑及ROS的氧化還原調(diào)控途徑,恢復(fù)植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,避免外界不利條件對(duì)植物產(chǎn)生影響。此外,丁香假單胞菌會(huì)侵染擬南芥,產(chǎn)生生物脅迫,激活機(jī)體內(nèi)細(xì)胞分裂素途徑,促使TGA3 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與ARR2互作形成復(fù)合物啟動(dòng)pr1基因表達(dá),從而調(diào)節(jié)擬南芥的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[14]。

2 植物ROS應(yīng)答途徑

氧化脅迫信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的關(guān)鍵是植物機(jī)體內(nèi)ROS的氧化還原途徑,植物TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子因其螺旋-折疊-螺旋的DNA 結(jié)構(gòu)域,通過(guò)特異性識(shí)別并結(jié)合TGACGT序列而參與氧化脅迫[20]。Chen等[21]報(bào)道了as-1 順式元件能結(jié)合bZIP 類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PIF1/PIF3與HY5/HYH 互作的復(fù)合物,激活ROS 相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),調(diào)控ROS應(yīng)答途徑。作為ROS應(yīng)答途徑的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)蛋白as-1順式元件與TGAⅠ、TGAⅡ轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相互作用,激活ROS 相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體內(nèi)ROS 水平,使ROS達(dá)到氧化還原平衡狀態(tài),從而恢復(fù)植物的正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[12]。ROS的氧化還原途徑主要有兩條:一條是活性電子物質(zhì)(RES)途徑,另一條是茉莉酸(JA)途徑,見(jiàn)圖2。

圖2 植物ROS的調(diào)控過(guò)程Fig.2 Regulation process of ROS in plant

2.1 TGA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過(guò)介導(dǎo)RES途徑調(diào)控植物體內(nèi)ROS水平

植物抗氧化實(shí)質(zhì)是植物機(jī)體中光系統(tǒng)控制植物ROS的去氧化過(guò)程,且ROS主要通過(guò)植物光合作用產(chǎn)生[22]。當(dāng)植物體內(nèi)積累過(guò)量的ROS,就會(huì)打破機(jī)體內(nèi)ROS的氧化還原平衡態(tài),導(dǎo)致ROS 轉(zhuǎn)變成RES,RES在SCL14蛋白的作用下,激活TGAⅡ類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,啟動(dòng)RES相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),調(diào)控ROS途徑中產(chǎn)生的脂質(zhì)脅迫,達(dá)到ROS 的氧化還原平衡態(tài)[12,23]。此外,在外源物質(zhì)誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的植物ROS 信號(hào)途徑中,SCL14蛋白結(jié)合TGAⅡ類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子形成復(fù)合物TGA/SCL14后,與MYC2 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相互作用,誘導(dǎo)Cyp81D11基因的表達(dá),響應(yīng)機(jī)體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)脅迫,達(dá)到ROS去氧化的目的[24]。

Rojas等[25]報(bào)道了光合作用中光反應(yīng)會(huì)干擾植物光系統(tǒng)中氧化激發(fā)態(tài),作為光反應(yīng)中的關(guān)鍵酶乙二醛酶(GLO)催化乙醇酸產(chǎn)生ATP和H2O2[26-27]。H2O2是ROS的一種形態(tài),當(dāng)其濃度超過(guò)機(jī)體適宜濃度時(shí),GLO 會(huì)抑制H2O2以達(dá)到植物正常生長(zhǎng)的濃度。在煙草中,GLO 參與Pro/AurPto防御反應(yīng),使NADPH氧化成NADP+,促使TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和NPR1蛋白相互作用并識(shí)別TGACGT 特異性序列,激活pr1 基因表達(dá),響應(yīng)植物ROS途徑[28]。在水稻信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑中,谷氧還蛋白(GST)與GLO 互作形成復(fù)合物后,與TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相互作用,介導(dǎo)NPR-1的調(diào)節(jié),此外,NH1/NH3蛋白通過(guò)與TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子互作形成復(fù)合物后與阻遏調(diào)控蛋白NRR 結(jié)合,使植物獲得氧化脅迫抗性[29]。

2.2 TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過(guò)介導(dǎo)JA 途徑調(diào)控植物體內(nèi)ROS水平

植物響應(yīng)氧化脅迫途徑需依賴JA[30],其JA 信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑與外源物質(zhì)誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體內(nèi)JA 信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑類(lèi)似[31]。目前,對(duì)植物體內(nèi)JA 信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的機(jī)制尚不清楚,還需深入研究[32-33]。

在植物ROS途徑中,茉莉酸-亮氨酸途徑(JA-Ile)與RES途徑具有協(xié)同作用,都能恢復(fù)機(jī)體內(nèi)ROS的氧化還原平衡。脂氧合酶(LOX)能催化植物機(jī)體ROS去氧化,在LOX 的催化下,COI1與JAZ蛋白的復(fù)合物與MYC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相互作用,激活JA 相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),調(diào)控ROS 的氧化還原,恢復(fù)機(jī)體正常生長(zhǎng)[34]。有研究表明,TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控的JA/ET 途徑與ROS 的去氧化過(guò)程息息相關(guān),EINs 蛋白如EIN2、EIN3 在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中磷酸化后進(jìn)入核內(nèi),激活GRX 與TGA2 相互作用,誘導(dǎo)ORA59、ERF1 的表達(dá)[13,35-36]。ORA59 會(huì)下調(diào)JA 的靶基因PDF1.2 和MYC2、MYC3、MYC4的表達(dá)[37-38],參與ROS的氧化還原過(guò)程。此外,NPR1 蛋白與TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(如TGA2、TGA3、TGA5、TGA6)相互作用,激活JA 相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),參與ROS水平調(diào)控[39-40]。

2.3 TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過(guò)SA 的參與調(diào)控植物體內(nèi)ROS的水平

SA 作為阻遏因子不僅在植物機(jī)體內(nèi)RES的去氧化途徑中起拮抗作用,在JA 途徑中亦然。有研究表明,機(jī)體內(nèi)SA 阻遏TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與NPR1蛋白相互作用,弱化ROS去氧化相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),抑制植物機(jī)體內(nèi)ROS 氧化還原態(tài)的恢復(fù),影響植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[17]。

擬南芥中,用SA 處理野生植物和AtTTM 突變株,部分突變株獲得SA 抗性,獲得抗性的植物在脅迫應(yīng)答中依賴SA、PAD4、NPR1 激活相關(guān)蛋白的合成[41-43]。無(wú)SA 誘導(dǎo)時(shí),TGAⅢ類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子TGA3參與HopMⅠ的脅迫應(yīng)答激活pr1基因的表達(dá),參與調(diào)控植物ROS水平,減少脅迫對(duì)植物傷害[44-47]。

3 展望

植物轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控作用的研究一直是生物學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)。目前,主要從生物脅迫信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)調(diào)控方面來(lái)研究植物TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,而對(duì)TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子介導(dǎo)氧化脅迫調(diào)控的研究非常有限。TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子中,研究較多的是TGAⅡ類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,對(duì)其它TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子研究較少。此外,相對(duì)其它轉(zhuǎn)錄因子而言,植物TGA轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的功能研究有限,除了在擬南芥中研究較多,在其它植物中研究甚少。

針對(duì)目前植物TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的研究現(xiàn)狀,今后主要從以下幾方面對(duì)TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子展開(kāi)研究:(1)研究TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在氧化脅迫中的復(fù)雜的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò);(2)從不同植物材料、不同生理途徑中研究TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控作用;(3)在植物非宿主防御反應(yīng)方面對(duì)TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控研究較多,在氧化脅迫應(yīng)答機(jī)制方面研究較少,尤其在ROS應(yīng)答機(jī)制方面的研究還有待進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。

可以預(yù)見(jiàn),隨著分子生物學(xué)和細(xì)胞生物學(xué)的發(fā)展,對(duì)TGA 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在氧化脅迫應(yīng)答中的作用將會(huì)剖析得更加詳細(xì)。

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