齊京鵬,史阿娉,豐帆,任貴,張洪偉( 西安醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院,西安70077;西電集團(tuán)醫(yī)院; 第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京消化病醫(yī)院)
胃動(dòng)蛋白1在胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用及其機(jī)制探討
齊京鵬1,史阿娉2,豐帆3,任貴3,張洪偉3
( 1西安醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院,西安710077;2西電集團(tuán)醫(yī)院; 3第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京消化病醫(yī)院)
摘要:目的探討胃動(dòng)蛋白1( GKN1)在胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用,及其是否與基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶( MMP)家族及NF-κB信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。方法取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的人胃癌細(xì)胞MGC803、MKN-45和非腫瘤性上皮細(xì)胞HFE-145,采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞GKN1 mRNA表達(dá)。將對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的MKN-45細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為轉(zhuǎn)染組、空載體組、對(duì)照組,轉(zhuǎn)染組轉(zhuǎn)染GKN1表達(dá)載體,空載體組轉(zhuǎn)染空載體,對(duì)照組不予處理。采用MTT法檢測(cè)各組轉(zhuǎn)染后連續(xù)5 d的細(xì)胞增殖活性,細(xì)胞劃痕試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)劃痕寬度,Western blotting法檢測(cè)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2( MMP-2)、MMP-9、NF-κB p65蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果人胃癌細(xì)胞MGC803、MKN-45中GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量分別為0.172±0.024、0.231±0.031,非腫瘤性上皮細(xì)胞HFE-145中GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量為1.024±0.264;兩種人胃癌細(xì)胞GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量均低于HFE-145細(xì)胞,P均<0.05。培養(yǎng)第1、2天,轉(zhuǎn)染組、空載體組、對(duì)照組細(xì)胞增殖活性比較,P均>0.05;培養(yǎng)第3、4、5天,轉(zhuǎn)染組增殖活性均低于空載體組、對(duì)照組,P均<0.05。轉(zhuǎn)染組劃痕試驗(yàn)后48、72 h的劃痕寬度均高于空載體組、對(duì)照組,P均<0.05。轉(zhuǎn)染組MMP-2、MMP-9、NF-κB p65蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量均低于空載體組、對(duì)照組,P均<0.05??蛰d體組、對(duì)照組上述指標(biāo)比較,P均>0.05。結(jié)論GKN1在胃癌細(xì)胞中呈低表達(dá),激活其表達(dá)可顯著抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移,可能與其抑制MMP家族蛋白表達(dá)及NF-κB信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞:胃腫瘤;胃癌;胃動(dòng)蛋白1;核因子-κB;基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶
Role and mechanism of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer metastasis
QI Jing-peng1,SHI A-ping,F(xiàn)ENG Fan,REN Gui,ZHANG Hong-wei
( 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College,Xi'an 710077,China)
Abstract:Objective To investigate the role of gastrokine 1 ( GKN1) in the metastasis of gastric cancer and to observe whether it is related with the matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP) family and NF-κB pathway.Methods Quantitative PCR was carried out to detect the GKN1 mRNA expression in the gastric cancer cell lines MGC803,MKN-45 and non-neoplastic epithelial cell line HFE-145 of the logarithmic phase.MKN-45 cells in the logarithmic phase were randomly divided into three groups: the transfection group ( group A),non-load group ( group B) and the control group ( group C).Group A was transfected by GKN1 expression vector,group B was transfected by empty vector and the group C was not treated.MTT assay was used to detect the cell proliferation activities of the three groups for 5 days,cell scratch method was used to detect the scratch width,and Western blotting was employed to detect the protein expression of MMP-2,MMP-9 and NF-κB p65.Results The GKN1 mRNA relative expression levels of human gastric cancer cell lines MGC803 and MKN-45 were 0.172 ±0.024 and 0.231±0.031,and the GKN1 relative mRNA expression of the epithelial cells HFE-145 was 1.024± 0.264.The GKN1 mRNA expression of the two kinds of human gastric cancer cells was lower than that of HFE-145 cells ( all P<0.05).No significant difference was found in the cell proliferation activity among the three groups of MKN-45 cells after being cultured for one or two days ( all P>0.05).After being cultured for day 3,4 and 5,the cell proliferation activity of group A was lower than that of groups B and C ( all P<0.05).The scratch width of group A after scratch test for 48
h and 72 h was higher than that of groups B and C ( all P<0.05).The expression of MMP-2,MMP-9 and NF-κB p65 of group A was lower than that of groups B and C ( all P<0.05),and no significant difference was found between groups B and C ( all P>0.05).Conclusions GKN1 in the gastric cancer cell lines shows lower expression and the activation of its expression can inhibit the metastasis of tumor cells,which may be related with its inhibition of MMP protein expression and NF-κB pathway.
Key words:stomach neoplasms; gastric carcinoma; gastrokine 1; nuclear factor-κb; matrix metalloproteinase
胃癌是一種消化道高發(fā)惡性腫瘤,具有高隱匿性及高轉(zhuǎn)移性,多數(shù)患者發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)已經(jīng)處于晚期進(jìn)展階段[1,2]。胃動(dòng)蛋白1( GKN1)編碼一種分子量為18 kD的胃竇黏膜蛋白,高表達(dá)于胃竇組織,在其他類(lèi)型的胃腸黏膜組織中不表達(dá)[3]。GKN1可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分裂和增殖,具有促進(jìn)胃黏膜損傷后愈合的作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GKN1可能具有胃癌特異性抑制基因的作用[4]; GKN1表達(dá)缺失時(shí),胃黏膜上皮細(xì)胞不斷增殖而不凋亡[5]。2014年1月~2015年3月,我們觀察了GKN1在胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用,并探討其是否與細(xì)胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶( MMP)家族蛋白表達(dá)及NF-κB信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。
1.1材料人胃癌細(xì)胞MGC803、MKN-45和非腫瘤性上皮細(xì)胞HFE-145,均由ATCC( American Type Culture Collection)提供。pcDNA3.1表達(dá)載體、脂質(zhì)體2000均購(gòu)于美國(guó)Invitrogen公司,遺傳霉素G418購(gòu)于日本W(wǎng)ako公司,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒購(gòu)于日本Takara公司。紫外分光光度儀購(gòu)于美國(guó)NanoDrop公司,PRISM 7500熒光定量PCR儀購(gòu)于美國(guó)ABI公司。
1.2 MGC803、MKN-45、HFE-145細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及GKN1 mRNA檢測(cè)將MGC803、MKN-45及HFE-145細(xì)胞在加入10%熱滅活FBS的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基中進(jìn)行傳代培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)環(huán)境37℃、5% CO2。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,采用TRIzol試劑盒提取細(xì)胞總RNA,紫外分光光度儀檢測(cè)樣本濃度和純度。按照逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)操作,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄生成cDNA,采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量。引物序列: GKN1上游引物: 5'-CAAAGTCGATGACCTGAGCA-3',下游引物: 5'-CTTGCCTCTTGCATCTCCTC-3';以GAPDH為內(nèi)參,上游引物: 5'-AAATCAAGTGGGGCGATGCTG-3',下游引物: 5'-GCAGAGATGATGACCCTTTTG-3'。循環(huán)體系25 μL: SYBR premix( 2×) 12.5 μL,目的基因上、下游引物各0.5 μL,cDNA模板2.0 μL,ddH2O 9.5 μL。PCR反應(yīng)條件: 94℃預(yù)變性4 min、95℃變性40 s,60℃退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,循環(huán)35次; 72℃延伸1 min。采用瓊脂糖電泳檢測(cè)PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物,GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量以2-ΔΔCt表示。
1.3細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染及相關(guān)指標(biāo)觀察
1.3.1細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染將對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的MKN-45細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為轉(zhuǎn)染組、空載體組、對(duì)照組。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄獲取GKN1全長(zhǎng)cDNA,將其克隆到pcDNA3.1表達(dá)載體通過(guò)脂質(zhì)體2000轉(zhuǎn)染至轉(zhuǎn)染組;轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)24 h,更換培養(yǎng)基,加入遺傳霉素G418,調(diào)整G418在培養(yǎng)基中的終濃度為1 mg/mL;細(xì)胞在G418存在的情況下培養(yǎng)8周,采用Western blotting法篩選穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染并表達(dá)GKN1的MKN-45細(xì)胞。空載體組轉(zhuǎn)染空載體;對(duì)照組不予處理,僅加入等量培養(yǎng)液。
1.3.2相關(guān)指標(biāo)觀察
1.3.2.1細(xì)胞增殖活性采用MTT法。取各組細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)24 h后,接種于96孔板,調(diào)整細(xì)胞數(shù)為2× 103個(gè)/孔,每孔設(shè)兩個(gè)復(fù)孔。使用MTT試劑盒檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖活性,每孔加入5 mg/mL MTT,培養(yǎng)4 h后棄上清。加入150 μL二甲基亞砜,搖床低速震蕩10 min。采用酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定490 nm處各孔吸光度( OD值),即細(xì)胞增殖活性,連續(xù)檢測(cè)5 d。
1.3.2.2細(xì)胞遷移力采用細(xì)胞劃痕試驗(yàn)。調(diào)整各組細(xì)胞密度為5×104/mL,接種至6孔板中,每孔設(shè)兩個(gè)復(fù)孔。細(xì)胞完全貼壁后,用200 μL微量加樣槍頭在6孔板中劃出一條穿過(guò)貼滿(mǎn)孔底細(xì)胞的直線(xiàn)PBS洗去漂浮細(xì)胞,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞。于劃痕試驗(yàn)即刻及實(shí)驗(yàn)后24、48、72 h,采用倒置顯微鏡觀察并記錄從遷移起點(diǎn)至遷移最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞核間距,每個(gè)視野選擇10個(gè)觀測(cè)點(diǎn)。劃痕寬度越大,表示細(xì)胞遷移力越低。
1.3.2.3 MMP-2、MMP-9、NF-κB p65蛋白表達(dá)采用Western blotting法。取各組細(xì)胞,PBS沖洗2次,胰蛋白酶消化后收集細(xì)胞至2.0 mL離心管中加入預(yù)冷的含蛋白酶抑制劑RIPA的細(xì)胞裂解液150 μL,渦旋震蕩后離心,吸取上清,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線(xiàn)法測(cè)定蛋白濃度。采用SDS-PAGE濃縮膠及分離膠電泳,轉(zhuǎn)印蛋白至PVDF膜; 5%脫脂奶粉封閉,一抗孵育,洗膜3次;二抗孵育,洗膜3次;化學(xué)發(fā)光顯色定影。以GAPDH為內(nèi)參,采用Fluorchem軟件分析蛋白條帶灰度值,目的蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量以目的蛋白條帶灰度值與內(nèi)參條帶灰度值的比值表示。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料以珋x±s表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 MGC803、MKN-45及HFE-145細(xì)胞GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較人胃癌細(xì)胞MGC803、MKN-45中GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量分別為0.172 ±0.024、0.231±0.031,非腫瘤性上皮細(xì)胞HFE 145中GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量為1.024±0.264;多組間比較,P<0.05;兩種人胃癌細(xì)胞GKN1 mR NA相對(duì)表達(dá)量均低于HFE-145細(xì)胞,P均<0.05。
2.2各組細(xì)胞增殖活性比較培養(yǎng)第1、2天,各組細(xì)胞增殖活性比較,P均>0.05。培養(yǎng)第3、4、5天轉(zhuǎn)染組細(xì)胞增殖活性均低于空載體組和對(duì)照組,P均<0.05。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 各組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)細(xì)胞增殖活性比較(珔x±s)
2.3各組劃痕寬度比較各組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)劃痕寬度比較,見(jiàn)表2。
表2 各組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)劃痕寬度比較(珔x±s)
2.4各組MMP-2、MMP-9、NF-κB p65蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較轉(zhuǎn)染組MMP-2、MMP-9、NF-κB p65蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量均低于空載體組、對(duì)照組,P均<0.05;空載體組、對(duì)照組上述指標(biāo)比較,P均>0.05。見(jiàn)表3、圖1。
表3 各組MMP-2、MMP-9、NF-κB p65蛋白表達(dá)比較(相對(duì)表達(dá)量,珔x±s)
圖1 各組細(xì)胞MMP-2、MMP-9及NF-κB p65蛋白表達(dá)
流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,全球每年42%的胃癌新發(fā)患者來(lái)自中國(guó),35%的胃癌死亡患者也來(lái)自中國(guó)。GKN屬于胃腸道黏膜特異性表達(dá)蛋白,其家族包括3個(gè)成員,即GKN1、GKN2、GKN3,主要表達(dá)于胃組織細(xì)胞,少量表達(dá)于子宮、胎盤(pán)和十二指腸細(xì)胞。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GKN1在胃癌組織中的表達(dá)顯著降低,具有胃癌特異性腫瘤抑制基因作用。本研究中人胃癌細(xì)胞MGC803、MKN-45中GKN1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量均明顯低于非腫瘤性上皮細(xì)胞HFE-145,與胃癌組織中的研究結(jié)果相一致,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了GKN1的抑癌基因作用。
為明確GKN1對(duì)胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的作用及其機(jī)制,本研究構(gòu)建了GKN1表達(dá)載體,并穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染至MKN-45細(xì)胞。結(jié)果顯示,MKN-45細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染后的增殖活性遷移力顯著下降。侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是腫瘤重要的生物學(xué)特征,癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移的前提條件是對(duì)相鄰胃黏膜細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)和基底膜的破壞和降解,而MMP在這一過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用[6]。MMP家族發(fā)揮降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)和基底膜的作用,其中以MMP-2和MMP-9尤為顯著[7,8]。多種腫瘤組織中可見(jiàn)MMP-2 和MMP-9的高表達(dá)[9,10],有研究顯示,胃癌組織中MMP-2的表達(dá)與胃癌浸潤(rùn)程度及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[11,12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,隨著GKN1表達(dá)上調(diào)胃癌細(xì)胞MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)均明顯降低,說(shuō)明抑制MMP家族蛋白表達(dá)是GKN1抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制之一。大量研究顯示,NF-κB可通過(guò)調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡而促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[13],其關(guān)鍵功能單位是p65亞基,多種腫瘤中可見(jiàn)NF-κB p65表達(dá)異常[14,15]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染GKN1表達(dá)載體的MKN-45細(xì)胞NF-κB p65蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著降
低,提示GKN1的高表達(dá)會(huì)導(dǎo)致NF-κB p65的失活,繼而引發(fā)細(xì)胞增殖活性和遷移力的下降。
綜上所述,GKN1具有胃癌抑制基因作用,在胃癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)降低;激活GKN1表達(dá)可顯著抑制胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖活性和遷移力,其機(jī)制可能與抑制MMP家庭蛋白表達(dá)和NF-κB信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。GKN1可作為胃癌診療的潛在靶點(diǎn),為胃癌的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療提供新的思路。
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收稿日期:( 2015-06-19)
通信作者簡(jiǎn)介:張洪偉( 1964-),男,主任醫(yī)師,主要從事消化道腫瘤的診療工作。E-mail: zhanghw@ fmmu.edu.cn
作者簡(jiǎn)介:第一齊京鵬( 1979-),男,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事胸腹部腫瘤的診療工作。E-mail: qijing396@ sina.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金資助項(xiàng)目( 81301804)。
文章編號(hào):1002-266X( 2015) 32-0001-04
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R573.9
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.32.001