李靈歡,姚元發(fā),李漢兵
(浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理學(xué)科,浙江杭州 310014)
PM2.5對(duì)胰島素抵抗的影響及機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
李靈歡,姚元發(fā),李漢兵
(浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理學(xué)科,浙江杭州 310014)
大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,被人體吸入的顆粒物PM2.5不但能引起炎癥,而且會(huì)增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的胰島素抵抗(IR),誘發(fā)和加重糖尿病。PM2.5誘發(fā)和加重IR的分子機(jī)制涉及內(nèi)皮功能紊亂、炎癥因子、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激和線粒體應(yīng)激等,從而引起細(xì)胞的生理功能發(fā)生變化。本文綜述了PM2.5對(duì)IR影響的最新研究成果,特別是對(duì)機(jī)制的研究。
PM2.5;胰島素抵抗;糖尿病
隨著生活水平的提高和生活方式的變化,糖尿病的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升的趨勢(shì),嚴(yán)重危害人類的健康。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2014年患糖尿病人數(shù)達(dá)4.22億,約占全球總?cè)丝诘?.5%[1]。在糖尿病患者中,>90%的患者屬于2型糖尿?。╰ype 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM),而大量的流行病學(xué)研究顯示胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)伴隨T2DM的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[2]。在近幾十年里,工業(yè)化帶來的危害也越來越明顯,特別是在大氣污染方面,嚴(yán)重影響了人們的身心健康。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計(jì),2012年大約有700萬人死于空氣污染,占全球因環(huán)境引起死亡人數(shù)的1/8[3],>90%糖尿病患者是由于環(huán)境和生活習(xí)慣因素引起的[4]。在環(huán)境危害中,空氣污染的危害最廣,其中大氣污染物中的顆粒物對(duì)人體損傷最大,尤其是PM2.5。長期吸入PM2.5會(huì)引起人體大范圍炎癥反應(yīng)及氧化應(yīng)激,從而誘發(fā)心血管和代謝性疾病[5]。本文主要綜述了PM2.5對(duì)IR的影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制。
空氣中的顆粒污染物按空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)粒徑不同可分為粗顆粒(2.5~10 μm,PM10)、細(xì)顆粒(0.1~2.5 μm,PM2.5)及超細(xì)顆粒(<0.1 μm)3類[6]。它們是一類復(fù)雜的混合物,由固態(tài)和液態(tài)的有機(jī)物以及無機(jī)物組成。顆粒物的主要成分有硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽、氨化物、氯化鈉、碳、礦塵和水[3]。目前>3/4的人生活在PM2.5超出世界衛(wèi)生組織空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地區(qū)[7]。近年來我國出現(xiàn)了大范圍的霧霾天氣,2013年呂效譜等[8]挑選了我國8個(gè)重點(diǎn)城市,以大氣中PM2.5濃度和粒徑分布等作為研究對(duì)象,進(jìn)行深入的分析。分析結(jié)果顯示,PM2.5平均超標(biāo)2.34倍,其中河北省石家莊市污染最為嚴(yán)重,PM2.5/PM10比值平均為0.72,北京地區(qū)高達(dá)0.98。主要成分及相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在該霧霾形成中,機(jī)動(dòng)車產(chǎn)生的尾氣污染是主要原因。
胰島素信號(hào)通路主要包括胰島素受體(insulin receptor,InsR)與胰島素結(jié)合并自身磷酸化,磷酸化的InsR具有酪氨酸激酶活性,可使胰島素受體底物(insulin receptor substrate,IRS)的酪氨酸磷酸化。酪氨酸磷酸化的IRS能激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)?;罨腜I3K使細(xì)胞膜上的磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸磷酸化變成磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸(phosphatidyl inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate,PIP3)。然后分別激活以下2條信號(hào)通路:①磷脂酰肌醇依賴蛋白激酶活化與PIP3結(jié)合的蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB/ AKT),活化的AKT使葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白4(glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)囊泡表面的AKT底物160 ku蛋白磷酸化,使AKT底物160 ku蛋白失去GTP酶活性,從而使Rab蛋白被GTP活化,作用于下游效應(yīng)物。最后活化肌動(dòng)蛋白和招募囊泡胞吐復(fù)合物,使GLUT4儲(chǔ)存囊泡由細(xì)胞內(nèi)移動(dòng)到細(xì)胞膜上,完成GLUT4轉(zhuǎn)位[9-10]。②PIP3還可活化非典型蛋白激酶Cλ和ζ,活化蛋白激酶Cλ和ζ直接調(diào)節(jié)GLUT4轉(zhuǎn)位,促進(jìn)葡萄糖攝?。?1-12]。
IR是指正常劑量的胰島素產(chǎn)生的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)低于正常范圍的現(xiàn)象,機(jī)體代償性地分泌更多的胰島素,以維持血糖平衡。IR通常會(huì)引起多種代謝性紊亂的疾病,統(tǒng)稱代謝綜合征。IR主要是由于InsR/IRS1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4等信傳號(hào)出現(xiàn)障礙,導(dǎo)致骨骼肌、肝和脂肪等靶胰島素敏感組織對(duì)胰島素介導(dǎo)的葡萄糖攝取及利用下降[13-14];IR也發(fā)生在內(nèi)皮等組織。
目前大量實(shí)驗(yàn)和流行病學(xué)研究表明,PM2.5會(huì)誘導(dǎo)氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致葡萄糖代謝紊亂和IR,誘發(fā)和加重T2DM[15-17]。Brook等[17-18]對(duì)美國密歇根州的25名健康非吸煙人員進(jìn)行5 d PM2.5暴露,發(fā)現(xiàn)空腹血糖、胰島素和體內(nèi)平穩(wěn)態(tài)模式評(píng)估-IR(homeostasis mode assessment-IR,HOMA-IR)升高,及對(duì)北京地區(qū)248名受試者進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)受試者HOMA-IR顯著提高。Yan等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),高脂飲食的大鼠進(jìn)行PM2.5懸浮液支氣管滴注后,HOMA-IR明顯提高。但PM2.5導(dǎo)致IR的相關(guān)機(jī)制仍不明確,目前報(bào)道的主要機(jī)制如下。
3.1 內(nèi)皮功能紊亂
內(nèi)皮能釋放血管活性分子,參與心血管活動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)和維持機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)。空氣中顆粒污染物會(huì)介導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,導(dǎo)致外周組織葡萄糖攝取減少[20]。Sun等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)人和動(dòng)物長期暴露在PM2.5環(huán)境中,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞PI3K-AKT-一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)信號(hào)通路出現(xiàn)障礙,使內(nèi)皮功能發(fā)生改變,導(dǎo)致NO產(chǎn)生減少,降低了NO擴(kuò)血管作用,從而可能引起IR。Haberzettl等[22]報(bào)道,小鼠短期吸入PM2.5會(huì)引起肺氧化應(yīng)激,減少血管內(nèi)皮NOS磷酸化,先導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮IR,再導(dǎo)致骨骼肌、肝和脂肪組織等IR。Sun等[23]研究結(jié)果表明,吸入PM2.5對(duì)主動(dòng)脈和肝胰島素信號(hào)通路造成一定影響。PM2.5對(duì)主動(dòng)脈的損傷是由于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞AKT磷酸化水平變化造成的,同時(shí)也研究了在胰島素刺激下小鼠PM2.5吸入時(shí)長與AKT磷酸化水平的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)吸入空氣中PM2.530 min后,就可使AKT磷酸化水平下降,導(dǎo)致胰島素信號(hào)異常。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著PM2.5的吸入,人體主動(dòng)脈中PKC βⅡ表達(dá)量也會(huì)隨之增多,同時(shí)抗胰島素受體底物1也增加,表明PKC βⅡ可能與IR相關(guān)。
3.2 炎癥因子
Brook等[18]報(bào)道,只需短期吸入低濃度PM2.5即可降低健康人的胰島素敏感程度。Thiering等[24]對(duì)長期生活在高濃度污染物環(huán)境中的兒童進(jìn)行HOMA-IR分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)他們HOMA-IR顯著性提高。Sun等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),將小鼠飼養(yǎng)在高濃度PM2.5環(huán)境中24周,糖耐量明顯降低。Rajagopalan等[25]報(bào)道,長期生存在PM2.5環(huán)境中,人體的腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白細(xì)胞介素6(inter?leukin-6,IL-6)、瘦素和抵抗素水平升高。TNF-α能使人體胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)發(fā)生障礙,導(dǎo)致IR。Gupta等[26]報(bào)道了TNF-α可使InsR的β亞基受胰島素刺激的酪氨酸磷酸化減弱,降低InsR活性,從而抑制與下游底物結(jié)合。TNF-α也可以先活化c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase,JNK),再使IRS1的307位絲氨酸磷酸化,或直接使IRS1的307位或612位絲氨酸磷酸化,抑制酪氨酸磷酸化,使IRS1的活性降低,以及降低IR,IRS1和GLUT4基因表達(dá)[27]。TNF-α還可通過誘導(dǎo)脂肪細(xì)胞iNOS表達(dá),使IRS1與PI3K結(jié)合,并活化p85和p110亞基,但無法激活其下游底物[28]。以上這幾種途徑均會(huì)減少GLUT4轉(zhuǎn)位,抑制細(xì)胞對(duì)葡萄糖的攝取,導(dǎo)致IR。
Wang等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),炎癥因子CRP和IL-6可能通過IR引起糖尿病。CRP水平升高糖尿病患病率會(huì)增加26%,IL-6水平升高糖尿病患病率會(huì)增加31%。CRP是全身炎癥反應(yīng)重要生物標(biāo)志物,它可激活處于非活性狀態(tài)的NF-κB,激活的NF-κB可誘導(dǎo)IR[30],NF-κB還可加重炎癥反應(yīng),促使細(xì)胞內(nèi)炎性因子表達(dá),最后由炎癥因子作用于IRS1和IRS2,使胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)障礙,導(dǎo)致IR[31]。Kim等[32]報(bào)道,PM2.5中的脂溶性物質(zhì)可活化NF-κB和活化蛋白1(activator protein-1,AP-1)影響胰島素信號(hào)通路。Zheng等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5通過激活JNK-AP-1、NF-κB和Toll樣受體4引起肝炎,并發(fā)現(xiàn)肝、骨骼肌和脂肪組織中IRS1的636位和1101位絲氨酸磷酸化水平升高,阻礙了IRS1-AKT信號(hào)通路,可能是導(dǎo)致IR的關(guān)鍵因素。
IL-6是趨化因子家族中的一種細(xì)胞因子,可由多種細(xì)胞分泌。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)吸入12.1 μg·m-3的PM2.5小鼠5 d后,IL-6基因表達(dá)量明顯提高,用PM2.52.5 mg·kg-1懸浮液支氣管滴注大鼠24 h后,IL-6水平就會(huì)顯著提高[34-35]。Senn等[36]在正常胰島素水平和高IL-6水平的狀態(tài)下培養(yǎng)原代肝細(xì)胞和HepG2細(xì)胞系,顯示IL-6能使IRS1酪氨酸磷酸化水平降低,以及降低PI3K的p85亞基與IRS1的結(jié)合率,抑制胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致IR。IL-6可抑制胰島素信號(hào)通路中IRS1和GLUT4等相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄活動(dòng)和表達(dá)[27]。在肝中,IL-6可以通過活化信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3,激活細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制因子3(suppressor of cytokine signaling-3,SOCS-3)。SOCS-3能與InsR 960位酪氨酸結(jié)合,抑制InsR與IRS1或IRS2結(jié)合,從而阻斷下游信號(hào)通路,誘導(dǎo)肝IR[37-38]。
瘦素、脂聯(lián)素和抵抗素是脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的重要因子。Liu等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn),KKAy小鼠吸入PM2.5后,瘦素水平升高和脂聯(lián)素水平降低,引起脂肪組織功能紊亂,可能與IR有關(guān)。PM2.5吸入后會(huì)誘導(dǎo)脂肪組織體積減少,細(xì)胞對(duì)胰島素敏感度下調(diào),導(dǎo)致IR[20,40]。Steppan等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn),抵抗素雖對(duì)IRS1絕對(duì)水平無影響,但能誘導(dǎo)SOCS-3基因表達(dá),表達(dá)的SOCS-3蛋白能與InsR酪氨酸殘基結(jié)合,使其酪氨酸磷酸化水平約降低40%,IRS1磷酸化水平約降低40%,IRS1與下游PI3K結(jié)合能力約下降50%,AKT活化約減少40%,導(dǎo)致IR。Liu等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5吸入小鼠的IRS水平無變化,但其酪氨酸磷酸化水平下降,使PI3K-AKT通路受抑制,導(dǎo)致IR。結(jié)合這2項(xiàng)研究說明,PM2.5可能通過抵抗素誘導(dǎo)SOCS-3基因表達(dá)導(dǎo)致IR。Liu等[43]用抵抗素培養(yǎng)大鼠肝癌細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)IRS1,IRS2及AKT蛋白表達(dá)水平和磷酸化水平都明顯降低,表明抵抗素會(huì)抑制IRS-PI3K-AKT信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)。Benomar等[44]報(bào)道,抵抗素影響IRS1的307位絲氨酸被磷酸化,導(dǎo)致IR。抵抗素可能通過抑制GLUT4基因表達(dá)及蛋白活性,從而減少葡萄糖的攝取,導(dǎo)致IR[45]。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn),抵抗素還有可能作用于Toll樣受體4[44,46],給PM2.5導(dǎo)致IR提供了新的可能機(jī)制。
還有其他炎癥因素引起IR,但具體機(jī)制不明確。PM2.5會(huì)引起人體肝的炎癥反應(yīng),胰島素信號(hào)紊亂,并抑制過氧化物酶體增殖體激活受體α和γ,促進(jìn)肝糖原分解,間接導(dǎo)致IR[33]。Xu等[47]對(duì)長期暴露在PM2.5環(huán)境中的人群進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)PM2.5不會(huì)導(dǎo)致全身性的炎癥,但會(huì)引起局部組織器官炎癥,導(dǎo)致肺部、內(nèi)臟脂肪組織和系統(tǒng)性的IR,主要由于在肝、骨骼肌和脂肪組織胰島素通路中AKT的473位絲氨酸磷酸化降低,使胰島素信號(hào)通路障礙。Liu等[48]發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5環(huán)境中普通小鼠,肝IRS1的612位酪氨酸和AKT的473位絲氨酸磷酸化降低,但在CCR2-/-小鼠中卻無變化,表明CCR2通路在IR過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。Xu等[35]報(bào)道,吸入PM2.5小鼠在第5天,肺脂肪組織中巨噬細(xì)胞數(shù)量發(fā)生了明顯變化,在第21天,巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤附睪脂肪組織達(dá)到峰值。因此認(rèn)為,巨噬細(xì)胞可能是脂肪組織炎癥反應(yīng)和IR的重要介質(zhì)。Rao等[49]報(bào)道,PM2.5可能通過活化IκB激酶β(IκB kinase β,IKKβ)引起中樞神經(jīng)炎癥,導(dǎo)致IR。
3.3 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激也被稱為未折疊或錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白質(zhì)應(yīng)答。長期吸入PM2.5可導(dǎo)致內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激和選擇性激活錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白質(zhì)應(yīng)答信號(hào)通路,尤其肺和肝[50-51]。長期生活在PM2.5條件下,會(huì)引起內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,導(dǎo)致肝中活化的肌醇需求激酶1α增加,活化的肌醇需求激酶1α可以磷酸化和活化JNK,從而抑制胰島素信號(hào)通路,降低了外周組織對(duì)胰島素的敏感程度,導(dǎo)致IR[50,52-53]。Laing等[50]長期對(duì)小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5可引起內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,并觸發(fā)活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子4和內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)源性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達(dá)。在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激條件下,活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子4能使LIPIN2基因過度轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而使PKC ε活化?;罨腜KCε使InsR信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)受阻,導(dǎo)致IR[54-55]。PM2.5可引起內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,也會(huì)誘導(dǎo)NF-κB氧化應(yīng)激通路,可能影響糖脂代謝,導(dǎo)致IR[42]。S?rensen等[56]報(bào)道,吸入PM2.5后,PM2.5中的活性物質(zhì)會(huì)對(duì)體內(nèi)的蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪進(jìn)行氧化。因此,Thiering等[24]認(rèn)為,PM2.5引起的氧化應(yīng)激可能是導(dǎo)致IR的主要原因。
3.4 線粒體應(yīng)激
據(jù)報(bào)道,長達(dá)10個(gè)月的PM2.5吸入會(huì)使內(nèi)臟脂肪組織的線粒體數(shù)目和肩胛間的線粒體體積減少及功能損傷,可導(dǎo)致IR[47,57]。線粒體功能損傷后產(chǎn)生過多的活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)可活化各種絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶,它們可使IRS磷酸化,導(dǎo)致IR。此外,ROS可通過活化IKKβ,激活促炎因子和炎癥因子,使IRS1絲氨酸磷酸化,進(jìn)一步加劇IR[31]。Liu等[58]發(fā)現(xiàn),使用IKKβ抑制劑可能有助于改善IR。PM2.5暴露會(huì)使脂肪組織解偶聯(lián)蛋白1(uncoupling protein-1,UCP1)表達(dá)下調(diào),引起線粒體功能障礙[47]。Xu等[59]發(fā)現(xiàn),吸入含鎳量較高的PM2.5小鼠與吸入普通PM2.5小鼠相比,棕色脂肪組織UCP1表達(dá)量明顯降低,胰島素敏感度顯著降低。這表明PM2.5可能通過鎳降低UCP1表達(dá),使線粒體功能障礙,導(dǎo)致IR。線粒體功能損傷會(huì)導(dǎo)致線粒體對(duì)脂質(zhì)代謝能力降低,使代謝物甘油二酯累積。在骨骼肌和肝中,細(xì)胞內(nèi)積累的甘油二酯可變構(gòu)激活PKC,激活的PKC可使IRS1的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸位點(diǎn)磷酸化,抑制IRS1酪氨酸磷酸化,減少了IRS1與InsR結(jié)合,使下游的胰島素信號(hào)受阻,引起骨骼肌和肝IR[60]。在肝細(xì)胞中,線粒體功能損傷會(huì)產(chǎn)生過多的ROS,而后者可活化凋亡信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1,活化后的凋亡信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1可激活JNK,再由活化的JNK使IRS1的絲氨酸磷酸化,并抑制酪氨酸磷酸化,引起IR[61]。孕婦長期暴露在PM2.5環(huán)境中,會(huì)引起其和新生兒的線粒體內(nèi)的DNA損傷[62]。
PM2.5會(huì)誘發(fā)和加重糖尿病,該過程與IR有著密切的聯(lián)系,但具體機(jī)制仍不明確。PM2.5引發(fā)IR主要機(jī)制包括內(nèi)皮功能紊亂、炎癥因子、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激和線粒體應(yīng)激。目前雖有很多研究項(xiàng)目聚焦PM2.5與IR,但研究也存在諸多困難和問題。如:①相關(guān)的文章未明確給出該研究所用PM2.5的組成成分和來源,盡管可能都用采集的空氣作為研究樣品;②不能排除平行實(shí)驗(yàn)中其他顆粒物的干擾及PM2.5評(píng)估系統(tǒng)誤差;③也有肥胖、生活境況、教育背景和地理環(huán)境等其他因素改變研究對(duì)象的敏感度;④無法確保HOMA-IR的敏感度[3,18];⑤PM2.5影響的范圍較廣,所涉及的生理改變較多,無法對(duì)某單一因素進(jìn)行完整的闡述。因此,希望通過完善對(duì)該機(jī)制深入研究中的不足,為應(yīng)對(duì)新環(huán)境下糖尿病防治提供理論基礎(chǔ)和有效的預(yù)防措施,降低糖尿病發(fā)生率。有研究表明,在日常飲食中攝入適量的亞硝酸鹽,可促進(jìn)GLUT4囊泡轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),有助于改善IR[63]。Boonloh等[64]發(fā)現(xiàn),米糠蛋白水解物有助于改善大鼠IR和減少促炎因子的表達(dá)。除了飲食改善,還要加強(qiáng)體育鍛煉,這樣有助于線粒體的生物合成,促進(jìn)對(duì)ATP的利用,減少ROS的生成,改善線粒體功能,從而改善IR。
[1]Collaboration NRF.Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980:a pooled analysis of 751 populationbased studies with 4.4 million participants[J].Lancet,2016,387(10027):1513-1530.
[2]Festa A,Hanley AJ,Tracy RP,D′agostino R,Haffner SM.Inflammation in the prediabetic state is related to increased insulin resistance rather than decreased insulin secretion[J].Circulation,2003,108(15):1822-1830.
[3]Esposito K,Petrizzo M,Maiorino MI,Bellastella G,Giugliano D.Particulate matter pollutants and risk of type 2 diabetes:a time for concern?[J].Endo?crine,2016,51(1):32-37.
[4]Bhatnagar A.Could dirty air cause diabetes?[J].Circulation,2009,119(4):492-494.
[5]Kampfrath T,Maiseyeu A,Ying Z,Shah Z,Deiuliis JA,Xu X,et al.Chronic fine particulate matter exposure induces systemic vascular dysfunction via NADPH oxidase and TLR4 pathways[J].Circ Res,2011,108(6):716-726.
[6]Donaldson K,Stone V,Clouter A,Renwick L,MacNee W.Ultrafine particles[J].Occup Environ Med,2001,58(3):211-216.
[7]Van Donkelaar A,Martin RV,Brauer M,Boys BL. Use of satellite observations for long-term expo?sure assessment of global concentrations of fine particulate matter[J].Environ Health Perspect,2015,123(2):135-143.
[8]Lv XP,Cheng HR,Wang ZW,Zhang F.Analysis of a wide range haze pollution in China[J].J Hunan Univ Sci&Tech:Nat Sci Edit(湖南科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版),2013,28(3):104-110.
[9]Sakamoto K,Holman GD.Emerging role for AS160/TBC1D4 and TBC1D1 in the regulation of GLUT4 traffic[J].Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2008,295(1):E29-E37.
[10]Tan SX, Ng Y, Burchfield JG, Ramm G,Lambright DG,St?ckli J,et al.The Rab GTPaseactivating protein TBC1D4/AS160 contains an atyp?ical phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with plasma membrane phospholipids to facilitate GLUT4 trafficking in adipocytes[J].Mol Cell Biol,2012,32(24):4946-4959.
[11]Choi K,Kim YB.Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes[J].Korean J Intern Med,2010,25(2):119-129.
[12]Farese RV,Sajan MP,Yang H,Li P,Mastorides S,Gower WR,et al.Muscle-specific knockout of PKC-lambda impairs glucose transport and induces metabolic and diabetic syndromes[J].JClin Invest,2007,117(8):2289-2301.
[13]Dzamko N,Van Denderen BJ,Hevener AL,J?rgensen SB,Honeyman J,Galic S,et al. AMPK beta1 deletion reduces appetite,preventing obesity and hepatic insulin resistance[J].J Biol Chem,2010,285(1):115-122.
[14]Goustin AS,Abou-Samra AB.The“thrifty”gene encoding Ahsg/Fetuin-A meets the insulin receptor:insights into the mechanism of insulin resistance[J].Cell Signal,2011,23(6):980-990.
[15]Park SK,Wang W.Ambient air pollution and type 2 diabetes:a systematic review of epidemiologic research[J].Curr Environ Health Rep,2014,1(3):275-286.
[16]Meo SA,Memon AN,Sheikh SA,Rouq FA,Usmani AM,Hassan A,et al.Effect of environ?mental air pollution on type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2015,19(1):123-128.
[17]Brook RD,Sun Z,Brook JR,Zhao X,Ruan Y,Yan J,et al.Extreme air pollution conditions adversely affect blood pressure and insulin resis?tance:the air pollution and cardiometabolic dis?ease study[J].Hypertension,2016,67(1):77-85.
[18]Brook RD,Xu X,Bard RL,Dvonch JT,Morishita M,Kaciroti N,et al.Reduced metabolic insulin sensitivity following sub-acute exposures to low levels of ambient fine particulate matter air pollution[J].Sci Total Environ,2013,448:66-71.
[19]Yan YH,Chou CC,Lee CT,Liu JY,Cheng TJ. Enhanced insulin resistance in diet-induced obese rats exposed to fine particles by instillation[J].Inhal Toxicol,2011,23(9):507-519.
[20]Balti EV,Echouffo-Tcheugui JB,Yako YY,Kengne AP. Air pollution and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2014,106(2):161-172.
[21]Sun Q,Wang A,Jin X,Natanzon A,Duquaine D,Brook RD,et al.Long-term air pollution exposure and acceleration of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in an animal model[J].JAMA,2005,294(23):3003-3010.
[22]Haberzettl P,O′Toole TE,Bhatnagar A,Conklin DJ. Exposure to fine particulate air pollution causes vascular insulin resistance by inducing pulmonary oxidative stress[J/OL].Environ Health Perspect,2016,(2016-06-12)[2016-04-29]http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/EHP212.
[23]Sun Q,Yue P,Deiuliis JA,Lumeng CN,Kamp?frath T,Mikolaj MB,et al.Ambient air pollution exaggerates dipose inflammation and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity[J].Circulation,2009,119(4):538-546.
[24] Thiering E,Cyrys J,Kratzsch J,Meisinger C,Hoffmann B,Berdel D,et al.Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and insulin resistance in children:results from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts[J].Diabetologia,2013,56(8):1696-1704.
[25]Rajagopalan S,Brook RD.Air pollution and type 2 diabetes:mechanistic insights[J].Diabetes,2012,61(12):3037-3045.
[26]Gupta D,Varma S,Khandelwal RL.Long-term effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment on insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells and HepG2 cells overexpressing constitutively active Akt/PKB[J].J Cell Biochem,2007,100(3):593-607.
[27]Rotter V,Nagaev I,Smith U.Interleukin-6(IL-6)induces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is,like IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha,overexpressed in human fat cells from insulin-resis?tant subjects[J].J Biol Chem,2003,278(46):45777-45784.
[28]Perreault M,Marette A.Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle[J].Nat Med,2001,7(10):1138-1143.
[29]Wang X,Bao W,Liu J,Ouyang YY,Wang D,Rong S,et al.Inflammatory markers and risk of type 2 diabetes:a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].Diabetes Care,2013,36(1):166-175.
[30]Yuan M,Konstantopoulos N,Lee J,Hansen L,Li ZW,Karin M,et al.Reversal of obesity-and dietinduced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of IKKbeta[J].Science,2001,293(5535):1673-1677.
[31]Baker RG,Hayden MS,Ghosh S.NF-κB,inflam?mation,and metabolic disease[J].Cell Metab,2011,13(1):11-22.
[32]Kim JH,Hong YC.GSTM1,GSTT1,and GSTP1 polymorphisms and associations between air pol?lutants and markers of insulin resistance in elderly Koreans[J].Environ Health Perspect,2012,120(10):1378-1384.
[33]Zheng Z,Xu X,Zhang X,Wang A,Zhang C,Hüttemann M,et al.Exposure to ambient particu?late matter induces a NASH-like phenotype and impairs hepatic glucose metabolism in an animal model[J].J Hepatol,2013,58(1):148-154.
[34]Park EJ,Roh J,Kim Y,Park K,Kim DS,Yu SD. PM2.5collected in a residential area induced Th1-type inflammatory responses with oxidative stress in mice[J].Environ Res,2011,111(3):348-355.
[35] Xu X,Jiang SY,Wang TY,Bai Y,Zhong M,Wang A,et al.Inflammatory response to fine particulate air pollution exposure:neutrophilversusmonocyte[J].PLoS One,2013,8(8):e71414.
[36]Senn JJ,Klover PJ,Nowak IA,Mooney RA.Interleukin-6 induces cellular insulin resistance in hepa?tocytes[J].Diabetes,2002,51(12):3391-3399.
[37]Ueki K,Kondo T,Kahn CR.Suppressor of cyto?kine signaling 1(SOCS-1)and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate pro?teins by discrete mechanisms[J].Mol Cell Biol,2004,24(12):5434-5446.
[38]De Filippo G,Rendina D,Moccia F,Rocco V,Campanozzi A.Interleukin-6,soluble interleukin-6 receptor/interleukin-6 complex and insulin resis?tance in obese children and adolescents[J].J Endocrinol Invest,2015,38(3):339-343.
[39]Liu C,Bai Y,Xu X,Sun L,Wang A,Wang TY,et al.Exaggerated effects of particulate matter air pollution in genetic typeⅡ diabetes mellitus[J].Part Fibre Toxicol,2014,11(1):27.
[40]Sun L,Liu C,Xu X,Ying Z,Maiseyeu A,Wang A,et al.Ambient fine particulate matter and ozone exposures induce inflammation in epicardial and perirenal adipose tissues in rats fed a high fructose diet[J].Part Fibre Toxicol,2013,10(1):43.
[41]Steppan CM,Wang J,Whiteman EL,Birnbaum MJ,Lazar MA.Activation of SOCS-3 by resistin[J].Mol Cell Biol,2005,25(4):1569-1575.
[42]Liu C,Ying Z,Harkema J,Sun Q,Rajagopalan S. Epidemiological and experimental links between air pollution and type 2 diabetes[J].Toxicol Pathol,2013,41(2):361-373.
[43]Liu F,Yang T,Wang B,Zhang M,Gu N,Qiu J,et al.Resistin induces insulin resistance,but does not affect glucose output in rat-derived hepatocytes[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2008,29(1):98-104.
[44]Benomar Y,Gertler A,De Lacy P,Crépin D,Ould Hamouda H,Riffault L,et al.Central resistin overexposure induces insulin resistance through Toll-like receptor 4[J].Diabetes,2013,62(1):102-114.
[45]Sheng CH,Du ZW,Song Y,Wu XD,Zhang YC,Wu M,et al.Human resistin inhibits myogenic differentiation and induces insulin resistance in myocytes[J].Biomed Res Int,2013:804632.
[46]Jiang Y,Lu L,Hu Y,Li Q,An C,Yu X,et al. Resistin induces hypertension and insulin resis?tance in mice via a TLR4-dependent pathway[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:22193.
[47]Xu X,Liu C,Xu Z,Tzan K,Zhong M,Wang A,et al.Long-term exposure to ambient fine particu?late pollution induces insulin resistance and mito chondrial alteration in adipose tissue[J].ToxicolSci,2011,124(1):88-98.
[48]Liu C,Xu X,Bai Y,Wang TY,Rao X,Wang A,et al.Air pollution-mediated susceptibility to inflam?mation and insulin resistance:influence of CCR2 pathways in mice[J].Environ Health Perspect,2014,122(1):17-26.
[49]Rao X,Montresor-Lopez J,Puett R,Rajagopalan S,Brook RD.Ambient air pollution:an emerging risk factor for diabetes mellitus[J].Curr Diab Rep,2015,15(6):603.
[50]Laing S,Wang G,Briazova T,Zhang C,Wang A,Zheng Z,et al.Airborne particulate matter selec?tively activates endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the lung and liver tissues[J].Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,2010,299(4):C736-C749.
[51]Velasco G.Endoplasmic reticulum stressed by pol?lution.Focus on″airborne particulate matter selec?tively activates endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the lung and liver tissues″[J].Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,2010,299(4):C727-C728.
[52]Mendez R,Zheng Z,F(xiàn)an Z,Rajagopalan S,Sun Q,Zhang K.Exposure to fine airborne particulate matter induces macrophage infiltration,unfolded protein response,and lipid deposition in white adipose tissue[J].Am J Transl Res,2013,5(2):224-234.
[53]?zcan U,Cao Q,Yilmaz E,Lee AH,Iwakoshi NN,?zdelen E,et al.Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity,insulin action,and type 2 diabetes[J].Science,2004,306(5695):457-461.
[54]Hiratani K,Haruta T,Tani A,Kawahara J,Usui I,Kobayashi M.Roles of mTOR and JNK in serine phosphorylation,translocation,and degradation of IRS-1[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2005,335(3):836-842.
[55]Ryu D,Seo WY,Yoon YS,Kim YN,Kim SS,Kim HJ,et al.Endoplasmic reticulum stress pro?motes LIPIN2-dependent hepatic insulin resistance[J].Diabetes,2011,60(4):1072-1081.
[56]S?rensen M,Daneshvar B,Hansen M,Dragsted LO,Hertel O,Knudsen L,et al.Personal PM2.5exposure and markers of oxidative stress in blood[J].Environ HealthPerspect,2003,111(2):161-166.
[57]Xu Z,Xu X,Zhong M,Hotchkiss IP,Lewandowski RP,Wagner JG,et al.Ambient particulate air pollution induces oxidative stress and alterations of mito?chondria and gene expression in brown and white adipose tissues[J].Part Fibre Toxicol,2011,8(1):20.
[58]Liu C,F(xiàn)onken LK,Wang A,Maiseyeu A,Bai Y,Wang TY,et al.Central IKKβ inhibition prevents air pollution mediated peripheral inflammation andexaggeration of typeⅡdiabetes[J].Part Fibre Toxicol,2014,11(1):53.
[59]Xu X,Rao X,Wang TY,Jiang SY,Ying Z,Liu C,et al.Effect of co-exposure to Nickel and partic?ulate matter on insulin resistance and mitochondri?al dysfunction in a mouse model[J].Part Fibre Toxicol,2012,9(1):40.
[60]Kim JA,Wei YZ,Sowers JR.Role of mitochondri?al dysfunction in insulin resistance[J].Circ Res,2008,102(4):401-414.
[61]Nishikawa T,Kukidome D,Sonoda K,F(xiàn)ujisawa K,Matsuhisa T,Motoshima H,et al.Impact of mito?chondrial ROS production in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance[J].Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2007,77(Suppl 1):S161-S164.
[62]Grevendonk L, Janssen BG, Vanpoucke C, Lefebvre W,Hoxha M,Bollati V,et al.Mitochon?drial oxidative DNA damage and exposure to par?ticulate air pollution in mother-newborn pairs[J].Environ Health,2016,15(1):10.
[63] Jiang H,Torregrossa AC,Potts A,Pierini D,Aranke M, Garg HK,etal.Dietary nitrite improves insulin signaling through GLUT4 translo?cation[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2014,67:51-57.
[64]Boonloh K,Kukongviriyapan V,Kongyingyoes B,Kukongviriyapan U, Thawornchinsombut S,Pannangpetch P.Rice bran protein hydrolysates improve insulin resistance and decrease proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in rats fed a high carbohydrate-high fat diet[J].Nutrients,2015,7(8):6313-6329.
Effect of ambient fine particulate matter(PM2.5)upon insulin resistance and its mechanism:research progress
LI Ling-huan,YAO Yuan-fa,LI Han-bing
(Department of Pharmacology,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310014,China)
A large number of experimental and epidemiological studies have shown that inhaled ambient fine particulate matter(PM2.5)could induce stress inflammation,enhance insulin resistance(IR),increase the risk for developing diabetes mellitus(DM)and lead to exacerbation of DM.The mecha?nisms of PM2.5resulting in or aggravating insulin resistance include endothelial dysfunction,endoplasmic reticulum stress,mitochondrial stress and inflammation factors,thus leading to the change in cellular func?tions.This review discussed the latest research findings about the effects of PM2.5on IR,especially the mechanisms.
PM2.5;insulin resistance;diabetes mellitus
LI Han-bing,E-mail:hanbing.li@163.com,Tel:(0571)88320535
R994.6
A
1000-3002-(2016)11-1230-07
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.11.016
Foundation item:The project supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY14H310003)
2016-06-08 接受日期:2016-09-08)
(本文編輯:賀云霞)
浙江省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(LY14H310003)
李靈歡,碩士研究生,主要從事胰島素抵抗與糖脂代謝研究;李漢兵,博士,副教授,主要從事胰島素抵抗與代謝綜合征研究。
李漢兵,E-mail:hanbing.li@163.com,Tel:(0571)88320535