許文萱,張自力,趙士峰,張 峰,吳 麗,陸 茵,2,鄭仕中,2
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理學(xué)教研室,2.江蘇省中藥藥效與安全性評(píng)價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,江蘇南京 210023)
法尼酯衍生物X受體在慢性肝病中的作用及機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
許文萱1,張自力1,趙士峰1,張 峰1,吳 麗1,陸 茵1,2,鄭仕中1,2
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理學(xué)教研室,2.江蘇省中藥藥效與安全性評(píng)價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,江蘇南京 210023)
法尼酯衍生物X受體(farnesoid X receptor,F(xiàn)XR)在膽汁酸代謝、脂代謝、糖代謝等物質(zhì)代謝過(guò)程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。慢性肝臟疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展與機(jī)體代謝功能紊亂密切相關(guān)。近期研究顯示,作為代謝調(diào)控關(guān)鍵因子,F(xiàn)XR在慢性肝臟疾病中,如病毒性肝炎、酒精性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪肝、肝纖維化、肝癌等扮演著重要角色。該文就近年來(lái)FXR在慢性肝臟疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中的作用及機(jī)制作一綜述,旨在為抗纖維化研究及藥物研發(fā)提供新的視角和治療靶標(biāo)。
FXR;病毒性肝炎;酒精性脂肪肝;非酒精性脂肪肝;肝纖維化;肝癌
肝病系指肝臟的正常生理和生化功能在各種病因的作用下發(fā)生障礙而出現(xiàn)的一系列臨床癥狀與體征,主要包括病毒性肝炎、酒精性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪肝、肝纖維化、肝癌等[1]。近年來(lái),肝病的發(fā)病率和致死率不斷上升,嚴(yán)重影響著人類(lèi)健康與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。深入研究慢性肝病的發(fā)病機(jī)制,尋求有效的防治措施對(duì)于人類(lèi)的健康具有廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的意義。
肝臟是機(jī)體最重要的物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化器官。肝損傷時(shí),解毒功能減弱,機(jī)體代謝發(fā)生紊亂,促使疾病進(jìn)一步惡化。新近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),法尼酯衍生物X受體(farnesoid X receptor,F(xiàn)XR)在物質(zhì)代謝以及腸道菌群穩(wěn)態(tài)中發(fā)揮重要作用,通過(guò)多種途徑調(diào)控肝病及其并發(fā)癥的轉(zhuǎn)歸[2]。本文簡(jiǎn)要綜述FXR在肝臟疾病中的作用,旨在為靶向FXR開(kāi)發(fā)新型肝病治療藥物提供理論依據(jù)。
1995年人類(lèi)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)法尼醇能夠激活FXR,隨后確認(rèn)了膽汁酸為其內(nèi)源性配體,因此FXR亦被稱為膽汁酸受體[3-4]。人類(lèi)FXR基因位于12q 23.1染色體上,由76 997個(gè)堿基組成,包括11個(gè)外顯子及10個(gè)內(nèi)含子。FXR基因包括FXRα和FXRβ,人和小鼠有4種FXRα同源亞型,分別為FXRα1、FXRα2、FXRα3和FXRα4,此外小鼠FXRβ亞型包括FXRβ1和FXRβ2,而人的FXRβ為假基因[5-6]。FXR是激素核受體超家族的成員,其結(jié)構(gòu)與其他核受體相似,主要包括:(1)N端高度保守的DNA結(jié)合區(qū),介導(dǎo)核受體與DNA特定反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合;(2)N端配體非依賴性轉(zhuǎn)錄激活功能區(qū)(AF-1);(3)C端保守程度較低的配體結(jié)合區(qū)域,介導(dǎo)受體二聚化;(4)C端配體依賴性激活功能區(qū)域(AF-2)[7]。FXR屬于配體激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,內(nèi)源性配體或人工合成配體(如GW4064)與FXR上的配體結(jié)合區(qū)域結(jié)合后,誘導(dǎo)其空間構(gòu)象改變,以單體的形式或與視黃醛衍生物受體結(jié)合形成異源二聚體,與靶基因啟動(dòng)子上的FXR反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合,調(diào)控靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[3-4]。
FXR廣泛分布于多種組織器官,尤其在肝臟、小腸等與膽汁酸合成代謝密切相關(guān)的器官中高度表達(dá)[8]。大量膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)化為膽汁酸后,激活FXR,繼而誘導(dǎo)小異源二聚體伴侶表達(dá),負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)膽汁酸合成限速酶膽固醇7′-羥化酶活性,抑制膽汁酸進(jìn)一步合成,因此FXR對(duì)膽汁酸穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)控至關(guān)重要[9-10]。另外,F(xiàn)XR還能調(diào)控脂、糖代謝[11]。FXR-/-小鼠常自發(fā)形成高脂血癥,并伴隨著腸道膽固醇攝取能力異常增強(qiáng),糖耐量明顯下降,產(chǎn)生胰島素抵抗,這一系列病理性改變可能與FXR參與調(diào)節(jié)脂質(zhì)與糖類(lèi)代謝相關(guān)基因有關(guān)[12-14]。激活肝臟中FXR可通過(guò)多種途徑促進(jìn)肝糖原合成,抑制糖異生[15]。因此,F(xiàn)XR有望成為治療膽汁淤積性肝病、脂肪肝和糖尿病等疾病的新靶點(diǎn)。
2.1 FXR與病毒性肝炎 病毒性肝炎是常見(jiàn)的流行性傳染病,主要由肝炎病毒感染引起,發(fā)病率較高且傳染性極強(qiáng),全球范圍內(nèi)有超過(guò)5億人罹患病毒性肝炎,其中以乙型肝炎(HBV)、丙型肝炎(HCV)較為常見(jiàn),其發(fā)病過(guò)程與FXR密切相關(guān)。
臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HCV患者血清中膽汁酸含量偏高。Na-kamuta等[16]對(duì)70位HCV患者的肝組織進(jìn)行檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)FXR表達(dá)異常增加。Oehler等[17]對(duì)免疫缺陷uPA轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠注射HBV患者的肝細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠肝組織中FXR表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)。這些結(jié)果表明FXR病理性改變?cè)诓《拘愿窝椎陌l(fā)病過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。盡管目前對(duì)于FXR與病毒協(xié)同作用誘發(fā)病毒性肝炎的研究已取得階段性成果,然而其中機(jī)制仍有待進(jìn)一步闡明。Curtil等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),在Huh-7肝癌細(xì)胞系中,F(xiàn)XR特異性激動(dòng)劑GW4064以劑量依賴性的方式增強(qiáng)HBV核心啟動(dòng)子活性及前基因組RNA的合成。也有研究表明,膽汁酸能夠迅速誘導(dǎo)HCV感染細(xì)胞內(nèi)HCV基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[19]。而FXR抑制劑孕二烯二酮?jiǎng)t能明顯削弱HCV的自我復(fù)制能力[20]。這些結(jié)果直接表明FXR與肝炎病毒的復(fù)制密切相關(guān)。此外,Tong等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)鈉離子/牛磺膽酸共轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide,NTCP)可介導(dǎo)HBV進(jìn)入肝細(xì)胞,阻斷NTCP能夠抑制HBV進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)。作為FXR的靶基因,F(xiàn)XR激活后往往導(dǎo)致NCTP表達(dá)下調(diào),間接表明FXR活化可能阻礙HBV進(jìn)入肝細(xì)胞[22]。這與FXR促進(jìn)HBV病程發(fā)展的結(jié)果相悖,提示我們FXR對(duì)病毒性肝炎的調(diào)控機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,因此詳細(xì)闡述FXR的調(diào)控作用并針對(duì)其開(kāi)發(fā)作用于病毒感染不同階段的藥物迫在眉睫。
2.2 FXR與酒精性肝病 酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver dis-ease,ALD)屬于脂肪性肝病,隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,ALD發(fā)病率逐年升高。目前普遍認(rèn)為,酒精在肝臟中代謝干擾了肝臟脂肪酸氧化過(guò)程,引起肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)甘油三酯堆積,同時(shí)酒精代謝產(chǎn)生大量活性氧(reactive oxygen spe-cies,ROS)導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞損傷,引發(fā)炎癥,最終導(dǎo)致ALD發(fā)生[23]。眾多臨床證據(jù)表明ALD患者常伴隨膽汁淤積癥狀,提示FXR可能介導(dǎo)ALD發(fā)生[24]。
Wu等[25]采用Lieber-DeCarli酒精液體飼料構(gòu)建小鼠酒精性脂肪肝模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)模型小鼠血清中ALT升高,肝臟可見(jiàn)明顯的肝細(xì)胞氣球樣變、脂肪變性,并伴有炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),F(xiàn)XR表達(dá)雖未減少但活性明顯降低。對(duì)模型小鼠給予FXR激動(dòng)劑WAY-362450則明顯改善其酒精性脂肪肝病理特征。再以酒精液體飼料對(duì)FXR-/-小鼠造模,發(fā)現(xiàn)相較于野生型小鼠,F(xiàn)XR-/-小鼠肝臟病變程度明顯加深。Livero等[26]也證實(shí),激活FXR能夠減輕乙醇誘導(dǎo)小鼠肝脂肪變性及氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。深入的機(jī)制研究發(fā)現(xiàn),酒精誘導(dǎo)下,肝臟中乙?;竝300表達(dá)明顯上升,且去乙?;窼IRT1表達(dá)明顯下降,乙?;疐XR失去活性[25]。此外,F(xiàn)XR還通過(guò)下調(diào)CYP2E1表達(dá),減少ROS產(chǎn)生,減輕肝臟氧化應(yīng)激[26]。目前的研究初步明確了FXR參與調(diào)節(jié)酒精性脂肪肝的病理進(jìn)程,因此深入研究FXR功能,有助于我們更好地理解ALD的發(fā)病機(jī)制,為抗ALD研究提供新思路。
2.3 FXR與非酒精性脂肪肝病 非酒精性脂肪肝(nonal-coholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是由除病毒、酒精外的多種因素誘導(dǎo)發(fā)生,以肝細(xì)胞甘油三酯異常堆積、彌漫性脂肪變性為主要特點(diǎn)的臨床病理綜合征。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展與胰島素抵抗、脂肪代謝紊亂等因素緊密相關(guān),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FXR對(duì)NAFLD發(fā)病過(guò)程的多環(huán)節(jié)存在調(diào)控作用[27]。
2.3.1 FXR與胰島素敏感性 NAFLD往往與葡萄糖耐量異常、高胰島素血癥、脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂等胰島素抵抗相關(guān)疾病并存。大量研究結(jié)果指出,F(xiàn)XR缺失導(dǎo)致糖耐量異常及胰島素抵抗[28-29]。Ma等[15]利用GW4064處理高脂飲食的C57BL/6小鼠,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)激活FXR可明顯改善高脂飲食所致的高胰島素血癥,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體胰島素敏感性。這些體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)間接說(shuō)明FXR作為胰島素感受器,其活化能夠增強(qiáng)胰島素敏感性。然而關(guān)于FXR調(diào)控肝臟胰島素敏感性的具體機(jī)制尚不清楚。一方面基因敲除小鼠的應(yīng)用進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)了FXR在胰島素敏感性調(diào)控中的關(guān)鍵作用。FXR-/-小鼠出現(xiàn)輕微的脂肪組織萎縮,循環(huán)系統(tǒng)游離脂肪酸水平明顯升高,肝臟甘油三酯嚴(yán)重堆積的癥狀[28-29]。這表明FXR-/-小鼠可能出現(xiàn)胰島素抵抗現(xiàn)象,脂肪組織通過(guò)脂肪分解作用釋放游離脂肪酸向肝臟大量輸送,促進(jìn)肝臟中脂質(zhì)合成增強(qiáng)。另一方面,F(xiàn)XR激動(dòng)劑可增強(qiáng)3T3-L1脂肪細(xì)胞中胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及葡萄糖攝取,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分化及胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)堆積,可見(jiàn)FXR對(duì)胰島素敏感性的調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)維持肝臟脂質(zhì)穩(wěn)態(tài)舉足輕重[30]。
2.3.2 FXR與脂肪生成 脂肪變性是NAFLD最鮮明的病理學(xué)特征,肝臟中脂質(zhì)大量堆積并且常常伴隨著高脂血癥。近年來(lái)隨著FXR在調(diào)控肝臟脂肪從頭合成中的關(guān)鍵作用被不斷認(rèn)識(shí),F(xiàn)XR在NAFLD中的調(diào)脂作用研究逐漸成為熱點(diǎn)。
Kong等[31]對(duì)LDLr-/-FXR-/-雙敲除小鼠給予高脂飼料飼養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)FXR缺失明顯加重小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝炎病理癥狀。Duran-Sandoval等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),和野生型小鼠相比,禁食后再進(jìn)食時(shí),F(xiàn)XR-/-小鼠肝臟糖酵解和脂肪生成基因表達(dá)明顯增加,表明FXR缺失能增強(qiáng)糖酵解途徑,為脂肪生成提供大量底物。后續(xù)的體外研究驗(yàn)證了這一結(jié)果,GW4064處理小鼠原代肝細(xì)胞后,葡萄糖誘導(dǎo)的相關(guān)基因表達(dá)及葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)基因的啟動(dòng)子活性均有所下降。Zhang等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FXR激動(dòng)劑WAY-362450能明顯減少非酒精性脂肪肝炎模型小鼠肝臟中甘油三酯的堆積。這一作用可能與其抑制肝臟中脂質(zhì)合成相關(guān)基因,如固醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白-1c及其靶基因的表達(dá)有關(guān)。這些研究表明FXR經(jīng)配體激活后能夠減輕脂肪肝病變程度,推測(cè)其可能通過(guò)抑制肝臟糖酵解,減少脂肪從頭合成,有利于NAFLD預(yù)后。
2.4 FXR與肝纖維化 肝纖維化是多種慢性肝病的共同病理過(guò)程,是肝臟損傷后自我修復(fù)的代償性反應(yīng)。多種致病因素如肝炎病毒、肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積等均可導(dǎo)致肝纖維化發(fā)生,若無(wú)有效的治療措施,可發(fā)展成肝硬化甚至肝癌[34]。
肝損傷時(shí),壞死的肝臟實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放多種促炎性因子,通過(guò)旁分泌途徑刺激間質(zhì)細(xì)胞如枯否氏細(xì)胞、肝星狀細(xì)胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC)等活化,進(jìn)一步加重纖維化[34]。新近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂多糖誘導(dǎo)下,F(xiàn)XR-/-小鼠比野生型小鼠出現(xiàn)更嚴(yán)重的肝組織壞死及炎癥[35]。同時(shí),GW4064能明顯抑制高脂飼料飼養(yǎng)的小鼠肝臟巨噬細(xì)胞釋放促炎性因子,改善炎癥反應(yīng)[36]。體外機(jī)制研究發(fā)現(xiàn),激活FXR改善炎癥反應(yīng)的作用可能是由STAT3及NF-κB信號(hào)介導(dǎo)的[35,37]。盡管如此,也有文獻(xiàn)提出FXR持續(xù)過(guò)度活化可能加重炎癥反應(yīng)。Qin等[38]用膽酸處理小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠肝臟中ICAM-1、VCAM-1、血清淀粉樣蛋白A2和TNF-α表達(dá)明顯增多,體外利用GW4064處理人肝細(xì)胞進(jìn)一步研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)FXR明顯增強(qiáng)ICAM-1啟動(dòng)子的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。上述研究結(jié)果表明FXR對(duì)炎癥的調(diào)控可能存在雙向性,這種雙向性可能是由FXR功能的多樣性及模型的缺陷等多種原因造成的,但不可否認(rèn)的是,F(xiàn)XR在不同病因誘導(dǎo)的肝纖維化炎癥反應(yīng)中具有重要作用,因此FXR對(duì)肝臟炎癥的影響及具體調(diào)控機(jī)制仍亟待闡明。
HSC的活化是肝纖維化的中心環(huán)節(jié),其活化后分泌大量細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),其過(guò)度沉積導(dǎo)致肝臟正常結(jié)構(gòu)與功能遭到破壞[34]。體內(nèi)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),激活FXR能明顯降低肝纖維化標(biāo)志基因α-SMA、I型膠原α1、TGF-β1表達(dá),同時(shí)減輕膽管結(jié)扎致大鼠肝纖維化程度。隨后的研究進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)了FXR激活后通過(guò)抑制HSC的活化發(fā)揮抗肝纖維化效應(yīng)[39]。目前PPARγ在HSC活化過(guò)程中的關(guān)鍵作用基本得到了公認(rèn)[40]。Renga等[41]通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)XR能夠誘導(dǎo)PPARγ表達(dá),暗示FXR抑制HSC活化的作用可能由PPARγ介導(dǎo)。
肝臟受損后,膽汁酸代謝功能產(chǎn)生障礙,導(dǎo)致膽汁持續(xù)淤積,迫使肝臟進(jìn)一步損傷,最終形成膽汁性肝纖維化及肝硬化。肝臟在膽汁淤積情況下通過(guò)負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)保護(hù)肝臟免受膽汁酸的進(jìn)一步損害,最重要的方式是抑制膽汁酸從頭合成途徑及腸道對(duì)膽汁酸的重吸收,減輕肝臟膽汁淤積[42]。FXR作為膽汁酸感受器,在膽汁穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)中起重要作用。在膽汁淤積性肝纖維化模型中,F(xiàn)XR的活性明顯降低,由此打斷了FXR參與的膽汁酸穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié),促進(jìn)膽汁在肝臟中淤積損傷肝臟。Fiorucci等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)給予FXR人工合成配體6-ECDCA處理,大鼠肝臟纖維化程度得到改善。Meng等[43]發(fā)現(xiàn)激活FXR能夠抑制CYP7A1,減少膽汁酸合成并促進(jìn)其與甘氨酸或?;撬岬任镔|(zhì)結(jié)合并代謝,同時(shí)下調(diào)NTCP的表達(dá)從而減少肝臟對(duì)膽汁酸重吸收,上調(diào)膽鹽輸出系統(tǒng)BSEP,MRP2及MDR2的表達(dá)促進(jìn)膽汁酸外排。由此可見(jiàn)激活FXR,恢復(fù)其對(duì)膽汁酸穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)控是治療膽汁淤積性肝纖維化的良好策略。
2.5 FXR與肝癌 肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是病毒性肝炎、肝硬化等肝病進(jìn)程的最終歸宿,其發(fā)病率居惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率第六位,我國(guó)每年約有14萬(wàn)人死于肝癌。肝癌一直是世界各國(guó)學(xué)者的研究焦點(diǎn),但其發(fā)生發(fā)展的具體病理機(jī)制仍不清楚。隨著FXR在多種肝病中的作用不斷被闡明,近年來(lái)FXR在肝癌中的作用逐漸成為新的研究熱點(diǎn)。
Huang等[44]對(duì)小鼠進(jìn)行肝臟部分切除手術(shù),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)FXR能促進(jìn)肝臟再生。肝損傷后通過(guò)再生恢復(fù)肝重及功能,正常的肝臟修復(fù)完成后其修復(fù)活動(dòng)會(huì)準(zhǔn)確停止,而長(zhǎng)期慢性肝損傷會(huì)導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞重復(fù)壞死及再生,使肝細(xì)胞再生過(guò)程失控最終導(dǎo)致癌變發(fā)生[45]。Deuschle等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn),HCC患者肝臟中FXR表達(dá)異常降低。Yang等[47]報(bào)道,F(xiàn)XR-/-小鼠出生后15周內(nèi)可自發(fā)形成肝癌,而野生型小鼠體內(nèi)則未觀察到類(lèi)似現(xiàn)象。而體外利用RNA干擾技術(shù)使FXR基因沉默能夠促進(jìn)Huh7肝癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移及侵襲[48]。除肝細(xì)胞癌變,F(xiàn)XR-/-小鼠肝臟中還觀察到明顯的肝細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死,細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)蛋白Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1表達(dá)增加,表明FXR對(duì)肝細(xì)胞命運(yùn)具有重要作用[49]。這些結(jié)果說(shuō)明FXR缺失很可能是誘導(dǎo)肝癌發(fā)生的重要原因之一,其機(jī)制可能是FXR缺失導(dǎo)致肝臟正常再生能力受損,致使肝細(xì)胞重復(fù)壞死及代償性增殖,當(dāng)肝細(xì)胞的自我修復(fù)異常時(shí)往往促進(jìn)肝癌發(fā)生。此外,Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中的作用已得到廣泛證實(shí),而FXR缺失能激活Wnt/β-catenin通路從而促進(jìn)HCC進(jìn)程[50]。上述結(jié)果共同表明了FXR可能是通過(guò)促進(jìn)肝臟再生修復(fù),抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),從而對(duì)肝臟起保護(hù)作用,減少肝臟癌變的發(fā)生,提示FXR在肝臟的再生及肝癌形成中的地位不可小覷。
綜上所述,核受體FXR不僅參與膽汁酸平衡的調(diào)節(jié),還調(diào)控肝臟中脂代謝、糖代謝等相關(guān)環(huán)節(jié),在慢性肝臟疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。目前,人工合成的FXR激動(dòng)劑6-ECDCA作為原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化治療藥物,已進(jìn)入Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)。同樣另一FXR激動(dòng)劑WAY-362450擬用于治療非酒精性脂肪肝,現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入I期臨床試驗(yàn)[51]。隨著人們對(duì)FXR的認(rèn)識(shí)加深,靶向于FXR的藥物研究將成為新的研究熱點(diǎn)與焦點(diǎn),期待為慢性肝病的防治帶來(lái)新的突破。
但不可否認(rèn)的是,目前人們對(duì)FXR的認(rèn)識(shí)尚不全面,限制了FXR靶向藥物的開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用。如FXR與其他核受體或轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之間存在怎樣的相互作用關(guān)系,它們通過(guò)何種途徑或機(jī)制來(lái)影響慢性肝病的病理進(jìn)程,如何利用藥物干預(yù)這些環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)逆轉(zhuǎn)慢性肝病的發(fā)展,仍有待更加深入的探究和思考。因此,鑒于FXR對(duì)肝臟功能的多方面調(diào)控,進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)、加深FXR在肝臟疾病中的作用及機(jī)制的研究并研發(fā)以FXR為治療靶點(diǎn)的防治藥物十分重要。
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Progress on roles and mechanisms of farnesoid X receptor(FXR)in chronic liver diseases
XU Wen-xuan1,ZHANG Zi-li1,ZHAO Shi-feng1,ZHANG Feng1,WU Li1,LU Yin1,2,ZHENG Shi-zhong1,2
(1.Dept of Pharmacology,College of Pharmacy,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210023,China;2.Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210023,China)
Farnesoid X receptor(FXR)plays a key role in me-tabolism of substance,such as bile acid,lipid,glucose,(etc).Newly published credible discoveries have claimed that as a reg-ulatory hub in metabolism,F(xiàn)XR is closely linked with diverse chronic liver diseases,including viral hepatitis,alcoholic fatty liver disease,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.This review summarizes the roles and mechanisms of FXR during the courses of chronic liver dis-eases,aiming at providing novel insights and therapeutic target for antifibrotic research and drug development.
FXR;viral hepatitis;alcoholic fatty liver disease;non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;hepatic fibrosis;hepatocellular carcinoma
時(shí)間:2016-2-26 10:20 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/34.1086.R.20160226.1020.008.html
10.3969/j.issn.1001-1978.2016.03.004
A
1001-1978(2016)03-0314-06
R-05;R392.11;R575.5;R735.7;R975.5;R977.6
2015-10-21,
2015-12-21
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No 81270514,31401210);江蘇省自然科學(xué)基金青年基金(No BK20140955);江蘇省高校自然科學(xué)研究面上項(xiàng)目(No 14KJB310011);江蘇高校優(yōu)秀科技創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)計(jì)劃;江蘇高校優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)科建設(shè)工程資助項(xiàng)目(No ysxk-2010)
許文萱(1991-),女,碩士生,研究方向:天然藥物預(yù)防和治療腫瘤與肝纖維化,Tel:025-85811246,E-mail:m1ro_520@hotmail.com;鄭仕中(1962-),男,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:天然藥物預(yù)防和治療腫瘤與肝纖維化,通訊作者,Tel:025-85811246,E-mail:nytws@163.com