許瑩萍 王 凌
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院暨婦產(chǎn)科研究所,上海市女性生殖內(nèi)分泌相關(guān)疾病重點實驗室,上海 200011)
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趨化因子在雌激素調(diào)控骨代謝中的作用及其機制①
許瑩萍 王 凌
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院暨婦產(chǎn)科研究所,上海市女性生殖內(nèi)分泌相關(guān)疾病重點實驗室,上海 200011)
無論年輕人或老年人,骨代謝平衡是維系機體健康的重要因素。骨代謝失衡會引起一系列疾病,如:骨質(zhì)疏松癥、軟骨病、骨硬化等。在男性和女性體內(nèi),雌激素是眾所周知的骨代謝調(diào)控因子,它主要通過調(diào)節(jié)骨形成和骨吸收來維持內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)。早在75年前,F(xiàn)uller-Albright就已經(jīng)注意到,更年期雌激素減少與機體骨密度降低有關(guān)[1]。雌激素通過各種途徑調(diào)控骨代謝。巨噬細胞集落刺激因子(Macrophage colony stimulating factor ,M-CSF)、核因子κB受體激動劑配體(Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)、護骨素(Osteoprotegerin,OPG)、激活蛋白-1(Activating protein-1,AP-1)、 核因子κB(Nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)、SP-1、腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)、 白介素-1(Interleukin-1,IL-1)、IL-6、IL-7、IL-17等因子在雌激素調(diào)控骨代謝中均扮演重要角色[2-8]。
在過去的數(shù)十年中,研究者更多地關(guān)注于雌激素和骨代謝之間的關(guān)系。但雌激素是否通過調(diào)控趨化因子從而影響骨代謝的研究卻很少。趨化因子在雌激素調(diào)控骨代謝中發(fā)揮重要的作用。本文旨在對目前關(guān)于雌激素是否通過調(diào)控趨化因子從而影響骨代謝的相關(guān)研究進行總結(jié)。為我們進一步探討骨代謝性疾病的新療法提供了一個新的靶點。
趨化因子共包含了40多位成員,根據(jù)其4個半胱氨酸殘基位于蛋白質(zhì)氨基末端的位置被分為4個亞群,分別稱為C、CC、CXC、CX3C。趨化因子是細胞因子家族的第一位成員,以其具有誘導(dǎo)向靶細胞趨化作用的能力命名[9]。趨化因子是低分子量趨化性細胞因子超家族的成員,通過某些途徑可與7個跨膜區(qū)域的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體相互作用[10,11]。趨化因子的兩大重要功能是自我平衡和促炎。自穩(wěn)性趨化因子通常參與淋巴細胞的遷移和定位。機體感染時產(chǎn)生促炎癥性趨化因子,主要刺激白細胞趨化、誘導(dǎo)白細胞遷移至受傷或感染的部位,或激活白細胞以提高其在宿主免疫應(yīng)答中的作用[9]。不同的趨化因子通過它們特殊的膜轉(zhuǎn)運G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體在機體免疫應(yīng)答中扮演多種角色。例如,CXCL1(KC) 和CXCL2(MIP-2)通過誘導(dǎo)中性粒細胞參與一線固有免疫[12-14],CCL5(RANTES)則作用于單核細胞和巨噬細胞[15],還有其他的一些趨化因子可參與骨代謝,如:CXCL12[16]、CCL3[17]等。此外,趨化因子在細胞增殖、分化、激活、轉(zhuǎn)移、免疫耐受、造血作用、新生血管形成、病毒或細胞間相互作用、癌細胞代謝等方面都可發(fā)揮作用[18,19]。
趨化因子受體可分為CR、CCR、CXCR和CX3CR,由10個CCR家族成員,7個CXCR家族成員和其他的一些受體(XCR1、CCRL1、CCRL2、CX3CR1)組成。當(dāng)趨化因子與趨化因子受體細胞外部分結(jié)合時,受體的三級結(jié)構(gòu)會發(fā)生改變,使受體細胞內(nèi)部分結(jié)合并激活G蛋白[20]。趨化因子通過與其相對應(yīng)的趨化因子受體結(jié)合發(fā)揮它的作用。趨化因子對不同的病原體能產(chǎn)生特異性應(yīng)答。趨化因子能介導(dǎo)這些復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)功能歸咎于在免疫應(yīng)答過程中趨化因子誘導(dǎo)的特定細胞亞群上趨化因子受體動態(tài)表達模式、時機、種類[21]。CXCL8 (IL-8)是其中一個被研究最多的CXC趨化因子,它有兩種受體,分別是CXCR1和CXCR2。其他的一些趨化因子,如CXCL10 (IP-10)、CXCL12 (SDF-1)、CXCL13 (BCA-1)只結(jié)合于一種受體,分別為CXCR3、CXCR4、CXCR5。
2.1 趨化因子和成骨細胞生物學(xué)功能 類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者滑膜和血清中CXCL8、CXCL9、CXCL10和CCL20等炎癥因子的水平增加。人成骨細胞表達這些趨化因子受體(CXCR1、CCR6)。但是成骨細胞并不表達CXCL9和CXCL10的受體CXCR3。在Pathak等[22]的研究中,CXCL8和CCL20并不顯著抑制成骨細胞增殖或基質(zhì)蛋白,如:Ⅰ型膠原(Collagentype 1,COL1)、骨橋蛋白(Osteopontin,OPN)和骨鈣素(Osteocalcin,OCN)的基因表達,但能促進成骨細胞IL-6表達,從而促進了成骨細胞介導(dǎo)的破骨細胞生成。骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(Osteoarthritis,OA)和外傷(Posttraumatic,PT)患者成骨細胞表達高水平CXCR3、CXCR5和低水平CXCR1、CXCR4。這表明在OA和PT患者骨組織重建區(qū)域,成骨細胞表達CXCL12/CXCR4和CXCL13/CXCR5。證據(jù)表明,與PT患者相比,OA患者成骨細胞產(chǎn)生更多的CXCL13,但CXCL12在OA患者和PT患者中的表達并無差別[23]。Lisignoli等[23]的研究表明,刺激OA和PT患者的CXCL8和CXCL10對成骨細胞增殖并無作用。但是,刺激OA患者的CXCL12 和 CXCL13卻引起了明顯的成骨細胞增殖,相同條件對PT患者卻不產(chǎn)生作用。所以,CXCR4和CXCR5受體(CXCL12和CXCL13)僅誘導(dǎo)OA患者成骨細胞明顯增殖和上調(diào)Ⅰ型膠原蛋白mRNA表達。這個結(jié)論同時也可被中和、抑制實驗證實。人成骨細胞能表達CXCL8和CXCL1[24]。在人間充質(zhì)干細胞(human mesenchymal stem cells,hMSCs)向成骨細胞系分化的過程中,合成的糖皮質(zhì)激素、地塞米松能增加hMSCs產(chǎn)生CXCL8和CXCL1,從而刺激hMSCs向成骨細胞分化[25]。成骨細胞表達趨化因子CXCL12及其受體CXCR4。CXCL12-CXCR4信號通路在維持骨骼內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)中起到關(guān)鍵作用。Shahnazari等[16]的實驗用cre-loxp技術(shù)條件性敲除小鼠成骨細胞上的CXCR4,觀察到骨量明顯減少和骨松質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的改變。成骨細胞特異性CXCR4敲除對間充質(zhì)干細胞池以及間充質(zhì)干細胞向成骨細胞或脂肪細胞分化產(chǎn)生深刻的影響。成骨細胞CXCL12-CXCR4信號通路能反饋調(diào)節(jié)破骨細胞前體池大小且在調(diào)節(jié)骨形成和骨吸收上發(fā)揮多種功能。骨髓瘤骨病(Myeloma bone disease,MBD)患者成骨細胞表達CCR1明顯高于健康個體。CCL3是一種促炎性蛋白,又稱為巨噬細胞炎性蛋白1α(Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha ,MIP-1α),它通過削弱礦化活性抑制成骨細胞分化、增殖和成骨潛能,降低OCN、RUNT相關(guān)性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子2(Runt-related transcription factor 2,RUNX2)和Osx水平,刺激MBD破骨細胞活性。使用CCL3抗體能提高OCN、Runx2和Osx水平且部分恢復(fù)成骨細胞活性[26]。Vallet等[27]研究表明,CCL3通過上調(diào)細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(Extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)活性和減少成骨轉(zhuǎn)錄因子osterix從而抑制成骨細胞活性。
2.2 趨化因子和破骨細胞 在正畸牙移動過程中,CCR5缺陷小鼠抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)陽性的破骨細胞數(shù)量和組織蛋白酶K、金屬蛋白酶13(Metalloprotease 13,MMP13)、RANKL的表達明顯高于野生型小鼠。然而, RUNX2、OCN、IL-10、骨吸收調(diào)節(jié)因子和OPG在CCR5缺陷的小鼠中的表達低于野生型小鼠。組織蛋白酶K、RANKL和MMP13是破骨細胞分化標(biāo)記。RUNX2和OCN是成骨細胞分化標(biāo)記。因此,在正畸牙移動過程中,CCR5可能通過下調(diào)破骨細胞數(shù)量來抑制牙槽骨吸收[28]。一些研究報道,CCR5出現(xiàn)在骨質(zhì)溶解部位[29],用CCR5拮抗劑處理可消除多發(fā)性骨髓瘤的溶骨作用[30]和改善關(guān)節(jié)炎相關(guān)的骨丟失[31,32]。RANKL誘導(dǎo)破骨細胞高表達趨化因子配體CCL9(MIP-1γ)、CCL22(MDC)、CCL25(TECK)和CXCL13(BLC/BCA-1)。同理,其相應(yīng)趨化因子受體CCR1、CCR3和CX3CR1的表達在破骨細胞上也占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。CCL9是破骨細胞的主要產(chǎn)物,通過作用于CCR1刺激破骨細胞胞漿運動和極化。CCL9對破骨細胞的反應(yīng)與CCL3(MIP-1a)對破骨細胞的趨化作用相似,CCL3同樣是通過結(jié)合CCR1發(fā)揮作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCL9及其受體CCR1是破骨細胞表達的主要趨化因子配體和受體種類[33]。
基質(zhì)細胞衍生因子1 a(Stromal cell-derived factor 1a,SDF-1a)又稱為CXCL12。多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(Multiple myeloma,MM)患者的CXCL12主要由基質(zhì)細胞、成骨細胞和破骨細胞產(chǎn)生[34],且CXCL12的受體CXCR4是骨吸收的調(diào)節(jié)因子。研究表明藤黃酸(Gambogic acid,GA)通過抑制NF-κB與CXCR4啟動子的結(jié)合下調(diào)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細胞CXCR4mRNA的表達。GA通過抑制SDF1a/CXCR4信號通路從而抑制多發(fā)性骨髓瘤介導(dǎo)的破骨細胞生成[35]。Diamond 等[36]的研究表明,骨髓瘤小鼠模型SDF-1a表達增加會顯著增加破骨細胞數(shù)量和骨丟失。
CCL3是一種破骨細胞生成性趨化因子。成骨細胞和破骨細胞表達CCR1和CCR5。CCL3通過結(jié)合CCR1和CCR5在壓力誘導(dǎo)的牙槽骨重塑中起到關(guān)鍵作用。實驗證實,CCL3敲除小鼠和CCR1敲除小鼠牙槽骨重建明顯被削弱。使用CCR5和CCR1的拮抗劑Met-RANTE處理野生型小鼠也能得到相同的結(jié)果。CCL3敲除小鼠的RANK、RANKL和TNF-α處于低水平,在機械負(fù)荷下骨吸收減少[37]。有研究證實,CCL3不僅上調(diào)破骨細胞表達RANKL,且增加TNF-α的轉(zhuǎn)錄,誘導(dǎo)破骨細胞-成骨細胞相互作用,增加破骨細胞分化和最終的骨吸收[17]。機械負(fù)荷(例如:正畸力)上調(diào)牙槽骨和牙周軟組織表達CCL3和CCR1。CCL3可能通過招募、辨別和激活破骨細胞前體細胞和成骨細胞而介導(dǎo)骨重建[38]。CCL3介導(dǎo)的骨重建效應(yīng)很大程度上通過CCL3-CCR1軸完成[37]。然而,CCL3對牙周病相關(guān)的骨丟失并無影響[39]。在另外的研究中,牙周病患者CCR5被證實可以增加感染相關(guān)的骨丟失,阻止機械負(fù)荷誘導(dǎo)的骨吸收[28,40]??傊?,在不同的刺激下或不同的疾病中,趨化因子在骨重建過程的作用并不完全相同。
調(diào)節(jié)性T細胞(regulatory T cells,Treg cells)抑制骨髓骨吸收和破骨細胞分化。 CXCL12-CXCR4軸的表達對Treg細胞遷移和在骨髓停留至關(guān)重要。Treg細胞上CXCR4的表達與雌激素有關(guān),但CXCL12的表達與雌激素?zé)o關(guān)。 去勢(Ovariectomied,OVX)鼠雌激素缺乏顯著減少Treg細胞表面CXCR4的表達,減少骨髓Treg細胞數(shù)量。總之,去勢鼠雌激素缺乏通過抑制Treg細胞CXCR4表達和Treg細胞遷移,減少骨髓Treg細胞數(shù)量,從而導(dǎo)致Treg細胞抑制破骨細胞分化這一功能缺失,最終導(dǎo)致骨吸收[41]。IL-17主要由Th17細胞產(chǎn)生,構(gòu)成某些自身免疫性疾病(尤其類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎)的驅(qū)動力。IL-17可上調(diào)滑膜成纖維細胞的數(shù)量,從而產(chǎn)生更多CXCL8,CXCL8吸引中性粒細胞到達關(guān)節(jié)部位,IL-17通過這一機制來增強RA患者關(guān)節(jié)炎癥[42,43]。IL-17通過刺激破骨細胞生成在炎癥誘導(dǎo)的骨丟失中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。一些研究表明,在EAE或抗原誘導(dǎo)的關(guān)節(jié)炎(Antigen-induced arthritis,AIA)患者中,雌激素減少IL-17的產(chǎn)生[44-46]。CCR6-CCL20通路表達于Th17細胞,在Th17細胞遷移至炎癥部位過程中發(fā)揮重要的作用[47]。在建立的關(guān)節(jié)炎模型中,雌激素結(jié)合于雌激素受體-α,增強淋巴結(jié)Th17細胞表達CCR6和CCL20,導(dǎo)致淋巴結(jié)Th17細胞的數(shù)量處于較高水平,且通過阻止Th17細胞向關(guān)節(jié)遷移使關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)Th17細胞的數(shù)量處于較低水平[48]。
趨化因子在雌激素調(diào)控骨代謝中發(fā)揮重要的作用,這一研究為我們進一步探討骨代謝性疾病的新療法提供了一個新的靶點。
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[收稿2016-01-13 修回2016-04-25]
(編輯 張曉舟)
10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2016.11.028
①本文受上海市醫(yī)學(xué)引導(dǎo)類項目(15401932200)、上海市浦江人才計劃(11PJ1401900)、國家自然科學(xué)基金(30801502)、日本學(xué)術(shù)振興會海外博士后研究員項目(P08471)、國家自然科學(xué)基金(81401171)、國家自然科學(xué)基金(31571196)和上海市高峰學(xué)科(中西醫(yī)結(jié)合)建設(shè)項目(20150407)資助。
許瑩萍(1991年-),女,在讀碩士,主要從事神經(jīng)-生殖內(nèi)分泌-免疫調(diào)節(jié)研究,E-mail:ypxu14@fudan.edu.cn。
及指導(dǎo)教師:王 凌(1977年-),女,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,副研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事神經(jīng)-生殖內(nèi)分泌-免疫調(diào)節(jié)研究,E-mail:dr.wangling@fudan.edu.cn。
R711
A
1000-484X(2016)11-1699-05