張 典 高興春 姜鳳良 彌 曼
(西安醫(yī)學院醫(yī)學免疫學教研室,陜西 西安 710021)
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·綜 述·
多糖的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用研究進展
張 典 高興春 姜鳳良 彌 曼1
(西安醫(yī)學院醫(yī)學免疫學教研室,陜西 西安 710021)
多糖;免疫調(diào)節(jié);腫瘤
隨著增齡老年人免疫功能逐漸降低。免疫相關(guān)疾病,如慢性炎癥、腫瘤等疾病發(fā)病率不斷提高。真菌多糖具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗炎和抗腫瘤等活性。多糖作為天然活性物質(zhì),最大的優(yōu)點是毒副作用極小,來源廣泛。本文通過PubMed搜索關(guān)于多糖的文章(只包括以英文發(fā)表的文章),目的是通過評估關(guān)于多糖的特異性免疫效果,為多糖化合物免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用研究提供理論依據(jù)。
1 多糖對健康人群和動物免疫功能的影響
在健康動物研究中的結(jié)果表明:各種葡聚糖產(chǎn)品的免疫刺激作用,包括赭鱗蘑菇(赭鱗蘑菇多糖水提取物)〔1〕、香菇(香菇多糖)〔2〕、釀酒酵母(β-1,3-葡聚糖)〔3,4〕、海帶(昆布多糖)〔5〕、桑黃(桑黃多糖水,乙醇沉淀提取)〔6〕、西洋參、三島柴胡(呋喃糖)等〔7,8〕,可以增強健康動物的免疫功能。瓜爾豆半乳甘露聚糖(瓜爾膠)或高甲氧基果膠誘導(dǎo)老年動物抗體的分泌〔9〕。對于健康的成年人,食用裙帶菜中褐藻糖膠提取物,發(fā)現(xiàn)既有免疫刺激又有免疫抑制的作用,包括增加CD34+細胞數(shù)量;刺激基質(zhì)細胞衍生因子-1(stromal-derived factor-1)、干擾素(IFN)-γ分泌;降低血液中白細胞和淋巴細胞數(shù)量〔10〕。從西洋參中提取的三七呋喃糖可明顯降低健康老年人急性呼吸道疾病的發(fā)病率和癥狀持續(xù)時間〔11〕。
2 多糖抗感染、抗炎和抗過敏作用
口服多糖抗感染、抗炎和抗過敏作用已得到證實??诜帑溨兴苄云暇厶堑膭游锱c給予巰基乙酸鹽、氯膦酸鹽或單純皰疹病毒I型(HSV-I)注射,具有明顯的抗感染和抗炎作用〔12,13〕??诜ゲ级嗵堑膭游锔腥敬竽c桿菌和口服啤酒酵母多糖的動物感染金黃色葡萄球菌、白色的動物念珠菌后,均表現(xiàn)出多糖的抗感染作用〔14,15〕。釀酒酵母β-1,3、1-6葡聚糖降低成人季節(jié)性過敏性鼻炎患者IL-4、IL-5水平和嗜酸性粒細胞百分比,同時增加鼻分泌液中IL-12的含量〔16〕。炎癥性腸病動物模型表明,巖藻聚糖硫酸酯〔17〕、瓜爾豆半乳甘露聚糖〔18〕、蘋果果膠〔19〕、混合多糖補充劑〔20〕,均有明顯的抗炎作用。多糖通過增強機體的非特異性免疫功能,如提高血清溶菌酶活性、增強NK細胞的細胞毒作用等,抵抗病原微生物的侵襲。本課題組使用致炎劑(葡聚糖硫酸鈉)和致癌劑(氧化偶氮甲烷),建立小鼠結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)結(jié)直腸癌動物模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)蘋果渣中提取的蘋果多糖可顯著預(yù)防小鼠結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生,其機制與抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路有關(guān)〔21〕。
3 多糖抗癌作用
自從20世紀50年代發(fā)現(xiàn)真菌多糖具有抗癌作用后,又發(fā)現(xiàn)地衣、花粉等許多植物均含有多糖類化合物,并進行分離提純,確定了其化學結(jié)構(gòu)、物理化學性質(zhì)、藥理作用,尤其對多糖類化合物的抗腫瘤作用進行深入研究。大量的腫瘤動物模型均顯示多糖具有抗腫瘤作用。來自蘑菇的水提取物或水、酸處理后得到的葡聚糖均有抗癌作用〔22〕。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)靈芝多糖提取物〔23〕、海帶多糖〔24〕、香菇多糖〔25〕、釀酒酵母多糖〔26〕、蘋果多糖〔21〕,均可降低腫瘤的發(fā)生率。癌細胞植入動物體內(nèi),建立動物腫瘤模型后,給予云芝多糖,發(fā)現(xiàn)云芝多糖可降低腫瘤生長速度和血管密度〔27〕。寧夏枸杞多糖、香菇多糖和蘑菇多糖被證明可活化腫瘤動物模型的免疫系統(tǒng)〔28〕。
臨床研究顯示云芝多糖可以通過增加血液中NK細胞活性,淋巴細胞的細胞毒作用,輔助性T細胞的比例,提高晚期胃癌、結(jié)腸癌和直腸癌患者的生存率〔23〕。Tsang等〔29〕研究顯示,晚期肺癌病人使用云芝多糖,可增加抗體IgM 、IgG和白細胞總數(shù)和中性粒細胞計數(shù)。Ahn等〔30〕進行的卵巢或子宮內(nèi)膜癌患者隨機對照試驗顯示,蘑菇葡聚糖可增加NK細胞活性和減少化療的副作用。蘆薈多糖的人體試驗結(jié)果顯示可增加維生素C和E血漿的生物利用度〔31〕。多糖的攝入對營養(yǎng)素和藥物吸收的影響,目前還不清楚。
在嚙齒類動物急性和慢性毒性試驗顯示,多糖產(chǎn)品是安全的〔32~34〕。目前多糖產(chǎn)品因為還沒有得到充分的結(jié)構(gòu)特征證明,這一點已成為關(guān)注熱點。
4 多糖對免疫功能的作用〔35〕
考慮到消化道極其復(fù)雜的環(huán)境,研究者據(jù)此推測,部分水解的腸道細菌多糖片段可以結(jié)合到腸上皮細胞,發(fā)揮對局部或全身免疫系統(tǒng)的影響;或被吸收入血,可能對各組織器官產(chǎn)生的影響。研究表明〔35〕植物多糖能明顯提高環(huán)磷酰胺所致免疫抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬細胞的吞噬百分數(shù)及吞噬指數(shù);顯著刺激小鼠B淋巴細胞增殖,提高小鼠巨噬細胞RAW264.7吞噬中性紅的能力以及RAW264.7分泌NO的能力;增強NK細胞的細胞毒作用并促進IL-2的產(chǎn)生;顯著提高CD4/CD8陽性細胞百分率;促進脾細胞中細胞因子IL-2的mRNA表達。另外,多糖能夠減少免疫抑制劑諸如細胞毒性、機體抗感染能力下降、對骨髓造血細胞的生長抑制等副作用〔27〕。目前,學者們利用代謝組學和基因組學,檢測和跟蹤多糖,正在研究多糖的生物轉(zhuǎn)化,包括它們的生物利用度和其代謝過程。多糖類膳食調(diào)節(jié)劑,需要更好探討多糖攝入的最佳時機和持續(xù)時間。只有少數(shù)報道,已經(jīng)研究了多糖的攝取時間以實現(xiàn)最佳效益。目前明確,蘑菇多糖其免疫效果依賴于合用益生元〔27〕。
文獻中記錄的多種膳食多糖,包括口服攝入的葡聚糖、果膠、雜聚糖、葡甘露聚糖、巖藻聚糖硫酸酯、半乳甘露聚糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖和混合多糖產(chǎn)品對于嚙齒類動物有明顯影響。對不同動物組織具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,包括血液、胃腸道和脾。另外,多糖的攝入,對健康成人降低呼吸道致炎劑過敏反應(yīng)、提高腫瘤患者的生存率都有一定作用。葡聚糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、巖藻聚糖硫酸酯對健康成人和口腔潰瘍患者具有一定的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。但多糖文獻是高度異源的,并沒有提供多糖產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)等。安全性和毒性研究表明,這些多糖產(chǎn)品在很大程度上有很好的耐受性。這次文獻綜述對多糖的免疫調(diào)節(jié)、指導(dǎo)未來的研究提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。
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〔2016-01-30修回〕
(編輯 曲 莉)
國家自然科學基金資助項目(No.81402063);陜西省教育廳項目(No.15JK1636);西安醫(yī)學院校級課題(No.2015DOC09)
彌 曼(1960-),女,教授,主要從事腫瘤藥理學研究。
張 典(1976-),女,博士,副教授,主要從事腫瘤免疫藥理學研究。
R284
A
1005-9202(2016)21-5448-03;
10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2016.21.107
1 西安醫(yī)學院藥理學教研室