董 超,高 潔,翟曉晨,吳 捷
(1.西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院藥理學(xué)系,陜西西安 710061;2.西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部第二附屬醫(yī)院,陜西西安 710004)
·綜 述·
Kv1.5鉀離子通道阻滯劑的研究進(jìn)展
董 超1,高 潔2,翟曉晨1,吳 捷1
(1.西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院藥理學(xué)系,陜西西安 710061;2.西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部第二附屬醫(yī)院,陜西西安 710004)
Kv1.5鉀離子通道僅在人心房肌中表達(dá),因而特異性Kv1.5通道阻滯劑對(duì)心房具有高度選擇性,不引發(fā)室性心律失常,故極有可能成為未來(lái)房顫治療的新型主導(dǎo)藥物之一。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Kv1.5通道阻滯劑對(duì)陣發(fā)性、持續(xù)性和永久性3種不同類型的房顫均有治療作用,作用機(jī)制主要涉及延長(zhǎng)心肌細(xì)胞動(dòng)作電位復(fù)極時(shí)程和有效不應(yīng)期。本文就Kv1.5通道的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及其阻滯劑的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,希望能為新型房顫治療藥物的研發(fā)提供一定線索和啟示。
Kv1.5通道;鉀通道阻滯劑;心房顫動(dòng)
心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)是一種臨床上常見(jiàn)的心律失常,根據(jù)其發(fā)作特點(diǎn)分為陣發(fā)性、持續(xù)性和永久性。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,中國(guó)人群的房顫發(fā)病率約為0.77%,隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)發(fā)病率逐年升高,80歲以上人群的群體發(fā)病率高達(dá)7.5%[1]。房顫不僅會(huì)引起頭暈、心悸等身體不適癥狀,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致心肌梗死、心力衰竭和腦梗死等疾?。?]。目前,房顫的治療手段主要有導(dǎo)管消融手術(shù)、外科消融手術(shù)、電復(fù)律和藥物治療。其中藥物治療主要用于控制心率、心搏節(jié)律和抗凝[3],但總體療效并不十分理想。對(duì)于頻繁發(fā)作的陣發(fā)性房顫,傳統(tǒng)治療藥物僅能減少發(fā)作次數(shù)和發(fā)作時(shí)間,很難將持續(xù)性房顫復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)成正常的竇性心律。胺碘酮和多非利特等均存在著嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng),特別是可引起更為嚴(yán)重的室性心律失常,如危及生命的尖端扭轉(zhuǎn)型室性心動(dòng)過(guò)速(torsade de pointes,TdP)。目前房顫治療藥物研究的最新靶點(diǎn)包括心臟超快速延遲性整流鉀離子通道(ultrarapid com?ponent of the delayed rectifier K+current,IKur或Kv1.5)和乙酰膽堿激活鉀離子通道(acetylcholineactivated K+current,IKACh)[4]。由于這2種靶通道蛋白僅在人心房肌中表達(dá)[5],因而它們?yōu)榉款澾x擇性治療藥物的研發(fā)提供了極有前景的作用靶點(diǎn)。其中屬于電壓依賴性鉀離子通道(Kv)亞型的Kv1.5通道阻滯劑的研發(fā)不斷涌現(xiàn),并且已有新藥問(wèn)世?,F(xiàn)就Kv1.5鉀離子通道阻滯劑的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。
與其他Kv一樣,Kv1.5通道也是主要由4個(gè)相同的α亞基以對(duì)稱的方式圍繞而成,中央是離子孔道。每個(gè)亞基含6次跨膜α螺旋片段(S1~S6,圖1A),S5和S6之間的孔道鏈接部分、S5和S6部分片段的側(cè)面共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)離子孔道,供鉀離子在孔道中流動(dòng)(圖1B)。每個(gè)α亞基的氨基(N)端和羧基(C)端位于胞質(zhì)內(nèi)。S5和S6之間的孔道鏈接上存在一個(gè)被稱為選擇性濾器的特殊位置,鉀離子就是經(jīng)此跨細(xì)胞膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的[6]。
Kv1.5通道的特點(diǎn)是激活迅速,激活后幾乎立即出現(xiàn)外向電流。通道電流主要在心房肌細(xì)胞動(dòng)作電位復(fù)極的1相和2相起作用,一直持續(xù)到動(dòng)作電位復(fù)極的3相,且失活緩慢。房顫發(fā)生后,Kv1.5通道蛋白及其編碼基因KCNA5在心房中表達(dá)出現(xiàn)不同程度的變化。Yamashita等[6]研究表明,陣發(fā)性房性心動(dòng)過(guò)速30 min后,大鼠心房中Kv1.5 mRNA表達(dá)增多。而Brundel等[7]臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)性房顫患者的心房肌細(xì)胞中Kv1.5通道蛋白表達(dá)降低。盡管持續(xù)性房顫患者心房Kv1.5通道蛋白表達(dá)減少,但心肌細(xì)胞其他離子通道(如內(nèi)向型的IL-Ca、IKr和Ito通道蛋白等)也同時(shí)減少,其綜合后的結(jié)果使心房有效不應(yīng)期(effective refractory period,ERP)和動(dòng)作電位時(shí)程(action potential duration,APD)縮短[5]。此時(shí),阻滯Kv1.5通道仍有可能延長(zhǎng)ERP和APD,對(duì)抗房顫。
圖1 Kv1.5 α亞基的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu).Kv1.5通道的每個(gè)α亞基包含6次跨膜α螺旋片段(S1-S6),N端和C端位于胞質(zhì)內(nèi).孔域是由S5段、S6段以及孔環(huán)區(qū)(包括選擇性濾器)組成(A);Kv1.5通道α亞基2個(gè)對(duì)立的孔域結(jié)構(gòu),H463,T468,T479,T480,T485,A487,I502,I508,L510,V512和V516等11個(gè)關(guān)鍵氨基酸殘基所在的位置(B)。
有學(xué)者采用多聚酶鏈反應(yīng)為基礎(chǔ)的位點(diǎn)變異法對(duì)Kv1.5通道構(gòu)成基因進(jìn)行人工變異后觀察變異通道功能,同時(shí)還利用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)接模擬軟件進(jìn)行阻滯劑分子與通道擬合分析[4,8-10],結(jié)果顯示,Kv1.5通道選擇性濾器上的T480、通道外嘴上的A487、S6片段上的I502,I508,I512,L510和V516等氨基酸殘基是諸多Kv1.5通道阻滯劑潛在的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)。Kojima等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),丙泊酚(異丙酚)對(duì)T480A,I502A,I508A和V516A等Kv1.5變異通道的阻滯作用顯著減弱,表明位于選擇性濾器上的T480及S6域的I502,I508和V516這4個(gè)氨基酸殘基與丙泊酚對(duì)Kv1.5通道的阻滯作用密切相關(guān)。Bai等[9]觀察了花生四烯酸對(duì)T462 C,H463C,T479A,T480A,R487V,I502A,A501V,I508A,V512A和 V516A等Kv1.5變異通道的作用,并利用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)接模擬軟件進(jìn)行化合物與通道的嵌合分析。結(jié)果也印證了位于選擇性濾器上的T480、通道外嘴上的A487和S6片段上的I508,I512和V516是花生四烯酸在Kv1.5通道上的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)。上述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與我們對(duì)化合物L(fēng)Y294002的觀察相一致,即LY294002對(duì)Kv1.5通道的阻滯作用涉及上述相關(guān)位點(diǎn)[10]。
陣發(fā)性房顫的特點(diǎn)是房顫持續(xù)時(shí)間<48 h,7 d內(nèi)可自行轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)為竇性心律,但會(huì)反復(fù)發(fā)作。頻繁發(fā)作,則極有可能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌掷m(xù)性房顫甚至是永久性房顫。2010年9月獲歐洲食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局批準(zhǔn)上市的維納卡蘭(vernakalent)是首個(gè)用于治療房顫的Kv1.5通道阻滯劑類藥物,臨床主要用于持續(xù)時(shí)間<7 d的非外科術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫和持續(xù)時(shí)間<3 d的外科術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)。英國(guó)喬治亞大學(xué)和加拿大蒙特利爾大學(xué)的2個(gè)課題組分別對(duì)維納卡蘭等進(jìn)行的一系列房性心律轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)[11-12],結(jié)果都證明了維納卡蘭比胺碘酮更為安全有效。但研究結(jié)果也顯示[13-14],維納卡蘭對(duì)持續(xù)性房顫和永久性房顫患者的治療效果并不十分理想。
維納卡蘭是一種多離子通道阻滯劑,不僅可選擇性地阻滯IKur及IKACh通道,從而延長(zhǎng)心房肌細(xì)胞的ERP達(dá)到轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)新發(fā)房顫的作用[15]。同時(shí),維納卡蘭還可對(duì)鈉離子通道產(chǎn)生頻率依賴性的阻滯,此作用也有益于消除心房組織的快速顫動(dòng)。雖然臨床已證實(shí)維納卡蘭可有效地治療新發(fā)房顫,但考慮到其可能存在的潛在危險(xiǎn),且缺乏大規(guī)模長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用后的臨床觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),因而美國(guó)食品藥物管理局(FDA)未批準(zhǔn)其在美國(guó)上市,該藥目前也未進(jìn)入我國(guó)市場(chǎng)。此外,F(xiàn)ord等[16]分別在竇性心律患者和陣發(fā)性房顫患者、永久性房顫患者離體右心房小梁上觀察了Kv1.5通道阻滯劑XEN-DO103對(duì)動(dòng)作電位的影響。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),XEN-DO103在2~3 Hz高頻刺激下可延長(zhǎng)陣發(fā)性房顫患者心房組織的APD90和ERP。
持續(xù)性房顫的特點(diǎn)是房顫持續(xù)時(shí)間大于48 h,此類患者大多需要電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)或藥物轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)。目前正在研究的一些Kv1.5通道阻滯劑有望成為治療持續(xù)性房顫的有效藥物。其中AZD7009可以延長(zhǎng)APD90和ERP,Crijns等[17]的研究表明,給持續(xù)性房顫患者靜脈注射AZD7009可將持續(xù)性房顫患者的心律轉(zhuǎn)為竇性,且轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間隨濃度的增加而縮短,AZD7009 1.5,2.0和2.5 mmol·L-1血藥濃度的轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間分別是62,55和26 min。 Geller等[18]和Aunes等[19]采用雙盲對(duì)照方法研究表明,靜脈注射AZD7009可復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)持續(xù)性房顫患者心律,且不會(huì)引發(fā)TdP。不同學(xué)者對(duì)另一種著名的化合物AVE0118的研究結(jié)果顯示[20-21],AVE0118可使山羊?qū)嶒?yàn)性持續(xù)房顫轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)率提高至63%,且不引起室性心律失常。其作用被認(rèn)為主要是通過(guò)阻滯IKur和Ito通道從而延長(zhǎng)心房不應(yīng)期來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,其對(duì)抗房顫的作用或許還與抑制IKACh通道有一定關(guān)系[22]。但近期有研究顯示,AVE0118延長(zhǎng)心房ERP作用與選擇性阻滯鈉通道有關(guān)[23]。
永久性房顫是指不能轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)為竇性心律或在轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)后24 h內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)者。該類房顫患者心房不像正常人一樣有規(guī)律的搏動(dòng),而是表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)不規(guī)則顫動(dòng)。對(duì)永久性房顫的治療主要以控制心室頻率為主,同時(shí)還要輔以抗凝治療。Ford等[16]在永久性房顫患者離體右心房小梁上觀察到Kv1.5通道阻滯劑XEN-DO103可延長(zhǎng)永久性房顫患者心房APD90和ERP,不論是1 Hz還是2~3 Hz刺激頻率,均有此作用。采用隨機(jī)雙盲實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步觀察XEN-DO103對(duì)正常人心電圖的影響,結(jié)果并未發(fā)現(xiàn)QTc出現(xiàn)異常。Loose等[24]分別觀察了Kv1.5通道阻滯劑MK-0448對(duì)永久性房顫患者、陣發(fā)性房顫患者和竇性心律患者右心房小梁動(dòng)作電位的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),MK-0448可使永久性房顫患者右心房小梁APD90及ERP延長(zhǎng)。上述結(jié)果提示,Kv1.5通道阻滯劑對(duì)永久性房顫具有治療作用,但結(jié)果還有待臨床觀察驗(yàn)證。
由于Kv1.5通道蛋白僅在人心房中表達(dá),使得Kv1.5通道作為一種房顫治療的新靶點(diǎn)受到很多學(xué)者推崇。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)有很大差異的多種化合物都存在Kv1.5通道阻滯作用,如糖皮質(zhì)激素[25]、抗抑郁藥[26-27]、吲哚衍生物[28]、1-芳氧哌嗪衍生物[29]、四氫萘芳基磺酰胺[30]、二苯基磷酰胺和二苯基磷氧化物[31]、苯氨基雜環(huán)化合物[32]、異吲哚啉酮類化合物[33]、楊梅酮[34]和異糖精胺[35]。目前已知的大多數(shù)化合物對(duì)Kv1.5通道的阻滯劑作用與它們對(duì)Kv1.5通道S6片段或選擇性濾器上的位點(diǎn)的影響有關(guān)。離體心房觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),它們均可選擇性地延長(zhǎng)心房APD90和ERP。由于大多數(shù)化合物對(duì)多種心臟離子通道具有阻滯作用,因而其延長(zhǎng)心房APD90和ERP的作用也有可能是通過(guò)非Kv1.5通道阻滯作用或同時(shí)影響多種離子通道來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的[24]。盡管Kv1.5通道阻滯劑的作用存在一定爭(zhēng)議[4-5],但有關(guān)新化合物的研究仍持續(xù)受到熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注。當(dāng)然,作為一種極具發(fā)展前景的新型房顫治療藥物,Kv1.5通道阻滯劑的研發(fā)目前也面臨著很大挑戰(zhàn):①現(xiàn)有的大多數(shù)Kv1.5通道阻滯劑為多通道阻滯劑,特異性并不十分理想;②大多數(shù)Kv1.5阻滯劑的作用都是通過(guò)離體心肌組織、轉(zhuǎn)基因細(xì)胞或動(dòng)物房顫模型篩選出來(lái)的,對(duì)人體治療效果如何還有待進(jìn)一步的臨床觀察;③已在歐洲上市的首個(gè)Kv1.5通道阻滯劑維納卡蘭缺乏大規(guī)模長(zhǎng)期臨床觀察數(shù)據(jù),作為同類藥物的先導(dǎo)者需要進(jìn)一步對(duì)其療效和安全性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià);④Kv1.5晶體尚未合成,目前計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)接模擬主要使用的是Kv1.2或Kv1.3的晶體結(jié)構(gòu),可能對(duì)新阻滯劑的研發(fā)有一定影響。
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Research progress in Kv1.5 channel blockers
DONG Chao1,GAO Jie2,ZHAI Xiao-chen1,WU Jie1
(1.Department of Pharmacology,School of Basic Medical Science,Xi′an Jiaotong University,Xi′an 710061,China;2.Second Affiliated Hospital,School of Basic Medical Science,Xi′an Jiaotong University,Xi′an 710004,China)
The Kv1.5 potassium channel is only expressed in human atrial myocytes,so specific Kv1.5 channel blockers have high selectivity to atria and will not trigger ventricular arrhythmias.There?fore,Kv1.5 channel blockers are likely to become a new leading drug for atrial fibrillation(AF)treat?ment in the future.Literature has revealed that Kv1.5 channel blockers have therapeutic effect on all the three types of AF:paroxysmal,persistent,and permanent.The mechanisms underlying the AF treatment by Kv1.5 channel blockers are probably related to the prolongation of the action potential du?ration and effective refractory period in atrial myocytes.In the present paper,we briefly described the structural characteristics of Kv1.5 channel and reviewed the research progress in Kv1.5 channel block?ers,hoping to provide some clues for the study and development of new AF therapeutics.
Kv1.5 channel;potassium channel blockers;atrial fibrillation
WU Jie,E-mail:wujie@mail.xjtu.edu.cn,Tel:(029)82655165
R966
A
1000-3002(-2016)10-1097-05
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.10.002
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81273501);and National Natural Science Foundation of China(81470378)
2016-04-05 接受日期:2016-08-01)
(本文編輯:?jiǎn)?虹)
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81273501);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81470378)
董 超,女,碩士研究生,主要從事心血管藥理學(xué)研究;吳 捷,男,博士,教授,主要從事心血管藥理學(xué)研究。
吳 捷,E-mail:wujie@mail.xjtu.edu.cn,Tel:(029)82655165
中國(guó)藥理學(xué)與毒理學(xué)雜志2016年10期